Radon–Nikodym theorem: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:23, 22 October 2014

in order to indicate the direction

This time can be good, the one facing the wall, hands, mouse knife, cut a few people even rub Cengceng belt, rushing pants came down, bare hairy thighs, stunned no one would dare bend waist mention.

him shoving a security guard's shirt cut injured hand wrapped in a large, wrapped 財布ケイトスペード in horror found sitting untouched Wang Qian, the lofty, elusive Du Shu master, this time to see the mouse is angry from the heart, lift one foot to kick the old man was Gu Lulu rolled on the ground, the standard is not vent brother tried to stamp his legs, while stamp edge swore:

'Fuck you had a ハンドバッグケイトスペード force, not a good when the gambler, but also play with kate spade バッグ guns knife ...... I play when the police find Liangqian easy it is also special What I inserted a knife.'

At this point, the advance team has stormed into the building, in order to indicate the direction, out of the mouse to ケイトスペード財布通販 push the door open, place a few boxes of chips fling, when Lang Lang rolled over the ground, rolling down the stairs down a lot, direct indicates a follow-up team tracking from.

internal バッグケイトスペード security forces is not without foot seven or eight armed guards, just stuck in the hallway, 相关的主题文章：

also be sure to want to truly reflect on the organization

Required to truthfully report to the organization ...... last night to now, more than a dozen hours, all what happened in detail after you repeat it again, especially with a horse Shuo contact details. 'Any Red City Road.

'contact, no, I'm not trying to curry favor with curry favor, give them something to do.' I sin road.

'gave you bribe is not it?' Any red city once thought. More than sin smiled, the kind Zeixiao, each turned over loot he muttered not happy, either whispered the old: 財布ケイトスペード 'These, also be sure to want to truly ケイトスペードクラッチバッグ reflect on the organization, handed over in full, all the stolen money, do Do not born ケイトスペードバッグ激安 crooked heart appropriation ah, a lot of Secret Service is ケイトスペード財布セール to grasp the severity of a mistake in the above. '

'Oh, bribery, how turned ah, you ah.' I sin laughed.

'ah? send you a woman? 'old office was shocked, it seems that the other ケイトスペード財布ゴールド side really willing to lower costs.

'No, sent three.' I sin bristling three fingers, and then facing staggering any way with the old: 'Do not stare at me, I press organizations require full access 相关的主题文章：

cars and tickets

The details of the crime than it is to help him recalled, unexpectedly poor results, the time has been a long time, to see how this one Jiunangfandai goods, to remember a beautiful girl approached, he looked good, it almost on a sticky, more wonderful in yes, back to the waiting room did not undress, tigers too drunk himself ケイトスペードマザーズバッグ down, this booing, things anesthesia are saved.

'then? was not subsequently contact you ...... kate spade マザーズバッグ this cheat.' I sin asked.

came with ケイトスペードニューヨーク財布 Interpol stunned, Liu Erhu slightly surprised: 'The really contacted, she said to me that the economizer return tickets and car, so I gave her some money, anyway, I do not care which one hundred kate spade 財布ゴールド and eight thousand Wan's ...... I was on this thing to worry about it, she said kate spade マザーズバッグ I be suspicious, and would talk to her condition, she is also straightforward, said first coal ticket sent to me ...... '

'So, you get coal ticket?' I asked the crime.

刘二虎 nodded and continued with: 'ticket to return to the courier to only return to half ...... send her to contact me, and said to her thousands of dollars, cars and tickets, my table , phone Han, are put on board 相关的主题文章：

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-In [[computer science]], '''top-down parsing''' is a parsing strategy where one first looks at the highest level of the [[parse tree]] and works down the parse tree by using the rewriting rules of a [[formal grammar]]. [[LL parser]]s are a type of parser that uses a top-down parsing strategy.
+== in order to indicate the direction ==
-Top-down parsing is a strategy of analyzing unknown data relationships by hypothesizing general [[parse tree]] structures and then considering whether the known fundamental structures are compatible with the hypothesis. It occurs in the analysis of both natural [[language]]s and [[computer language]]s.
+This time can be good, the one facing the wall, hands, mouse knife, cut a few people even rub Cengceng belt, rushing pants came down, bare hairy thighs, stunned no one would dare bend waist mention.<br><br>him shoving a security guard's shirt cut injured hand wrapped in a large, wrapped [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html 財布 ケイトスペード] in horror found sitting untouched Wang Qian, the lofty, elusive Du Shu master, this time to see the mouse is angry from the heart, lift one foot to kick the old man was Gu Lulu rolled on the ground, the standard is not vent brother tried to stamp his legs, while stamp edge swore:<br><br>'Fuck you had a [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード] force, not a good when the gambler, but also play with [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-4.html kate spade バッグ] guns knife ...... I play when the police find Liangqian easy it is also special What I inserted a knife.'<br><br>At this point, the advance team has stormed into the building, in order to indicate the direction, out of the mouse to [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-7.html ケイトスペード 財布 通販] push the door open, place a few boxes of chips fling, when Lang Lang rolled over the ground, rolling down the stairs down a lot, direct indicates a follow-up team tracking from.<br><br>internal [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html バッグ ケイトスペード] security forces is not without foot seven or eight armed guards, just stuck in the hallway,
+相关的主题文章：
+ <ul>
+   <li>[http://pujiang.mala.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=3204616 http://pujiang.mala.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=3204616]</li>
+   <li>[http://www.imc-e.net/thread-1311650-1-1.html http://www.imc-e.net/thread-1311650-1-1.html]</li>
+   <li>[http://tour.holm.ru/cgi-bin/guest.cgi http://tour.holm.ru/cgi-bin/guest.cgi]</li>
+ </ul>
-Top-down parsing can be viewed as an attempt to find left-most derivations of an input-stream by searching for [[parse tree|parse-trees]] using a top-down expansion of the given [[formal grammar]] rules. Tokens are consumed from left to right. Inclusive choice is used to accommodate [[ambiguity]] by expanding all alternative right-hand-sides of grammar rules.<ref name="AhoSethiUllman 1986">{{cite book |last1=Aho |first1=Alfred V. |authorlink1=Alfred Aho |last2=Sethi |first2=Ravi |authorlink2=Ravi Sethi |last3=Ullman |first3=Jeffrey D. |authorlink3=Jeffrey Ullman |title=Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools |year=1986 |publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. |isbn=978-0201100884 |edition=Rep. with corrections.}}</ref>
+== also be sure to want to truly reflect on the organization ==
-Simple implementations of top-down parsing do not terminate for [[left recursion|left-recursive]] grammars, and top-down parsing with backtracking may have [[Exponential time|exponential]] time complexity with respect to the length of the input for ambiguous [[Context-free grammar|CFGs]].<ref name="AhoUllman 1972">{{cite book |last1=Aho |first1=Alfred V. |authorlink1=Alfred Aho |last2=Ullman |first2=Jeffrey D. |authorlink2=Jeffrey Ullman |title=The Theory of Parsing, Translation, and Compiling (Volume 1: Parsing.) |year=1972 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |isbn=978-0139145568 |edition=Repr.}}</ref> However, more sophisticated top-down parsers have been created by Frost, Hafiz, and Callaghan <ref name="FrostHafizCallaghan 2007">Frost, R., Hafiz, R. and Callaghan, P. (2007) " Modular and Efficient Top-Down Parsing for Ambiguous Left-Recursive Grammars ." ''10th International Workshop on Parsing Technologies (IWPT), ACL-SIGPARSE '', Pages: 109 - 120, June 2007, Prague.</ref><ref name="FrostHafizCallaghan 2008">Frost, R., Hafiz, R. and Callaghan, P. (2008) " Parser Combinators for Ambiguous Left-Recursive Grammars." '' 10th International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages (PADL), ACM-SIGPLAN '', Volume 4902/2008, Pages: 167-181, January 2008, San Francisco.</ref> which do [[#Accommodating left recursion in top-down parsing|accommodate ambiguity and left recursion]] in polynomial time and which generate polynomial-sized representations of the potentially exponential number of parse trees.
+Required to truthfully report to the organization ...... last night to now, more than a dozen hours, all what happened in detail after you repeat it again, especially with a horse Shuo contact details. 'Any Red City Road.<br><br>'contact, no, I'm not trying to curry favor with curry favor, give them something to do.' I sin road.<br><br>'gave you bribe is not it?' Any red city once thought. More than sin smiled, the kind Zeixiao, each turned over loot he muttered not happy, either whispered the old: [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html 財布 ケイトスペード] 'These, also be sure to want to truly [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペード クラッチバッグ] reflect on the organization, handed over in full, all the stolen money, do Do not born [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード バッグ 激安] crooked heart appropriation ah, a lot of Secret Service is [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-1.html ケイトスペード 財布 セール] to grasp the severity of a mistake in the above. '<br><br>'Oh, bribery, how turned ah, you ah.' I sin laughed.<br><br>'ah? send you a woman? 'old office was shocked, it seems that the other [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード 財布 ゴールド] side really willing to lower costs.<br><br>'No, sent three.' I sin bristling three fingers, and then facing staggering any way with the old: 'Do not stare at me, I press organizations require full access
+相关的主题文章：
+ <ul>
+   <li>[http://www.main-family.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi http://www.main-family.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi]</li>
+   <li>[http://entheogenwiki.org/wiki/User:Vmutakszbh#let.27s_work_together_to_get_it_to..27_Dong_Shao_Jun_emphasizes http://entheogenwiki.org/wiki/User:Vmutakszbh#let.27s_work_together_to_get_it_to..27_Dong_Shao_Jun_emphasizes]</li>
+   <li>[http://kometonya.com/cgi/oomiya1/bbs14.cgi http://kometonya.com/cgi/oomiya1/bbs14.cgi]</li>
+ </ul>
-==Programming language application==
+== cars and tickets ==
-A [[compiler]] parses input from a programming language to assembly language or an internal representation by matching the incoming symbols to  [[Formal_grammar#The_syntax_of_grammars|production rules]]. Production rules are commonly defined using [[Backus-Naur form]]. An [[LL parser]] is a type of parser that does top-down parsing by applying each production rule to the incoming symbols, working from the left-most symbol yielded on a production rule and then proceeding to the next production rule for each non-terminal symbol encountered. In this way the parsing starts on the Left of the result side (right side) of the production rule and evaluates non-terminals from the Left first and, thus, proceeds down the parse tree for each new non-terminal before continuing to the next symbol for a production rule.
-For example:
+The details of the crime than it is to help him recalled, unexpectedly poor results, the time has been a long time, to see how this one Jiunangfandai goods, to remember a beautiful girl approached, he looked good, it almost on a sticky, more wonderful in yes, back to the waiting room did not undress, tigers too drunk himself [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペード マザーズバッグ] down, this booing, things anesthesia are saved.<br><br>'then? was not subsequently contact you ...... [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html kate spade マザーズバッグ] this cheat.' I sin asked.<br><br>came with [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布] Interpol stunned, Liu Erhu slightly surprised: 'The really contacted, she said to me that the economizer return tickets and car, so I gave her some money, anyway, I do not care which one hundred [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html kate spade 財布 ゴールド] and eight thousand Wan's ...... I was on this thing to worry about it, she said [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html kate spade マザーズバッグ] I be suspicious, and would talk to her condition, she is also straightforward, said first coal ticket sent to me ...... '<br><br>'So, you get coal ticket?' I asked the crime.<br><br>刘二虎 nodded and continued with: 'ticket to return to the courier to only return to half ...... send her to contact me, and said to her thousands of dollars, cars and tickets, my table , phone Han, are put on board
+相关的主题文章：
-* <math>A \rightarrow aBC</math>
+ <ul>
-* <math>B \rightarrow c \mid cd</math>
-* <math>C \rightarrow df \mid eg</math>
+   <li>[http://www.juntingzx.com/plus/feedback.php?aid=123 http://www.juntingzx.com/plus/feedback.php?aid=123]</li>
-would match <math>A \rightarrow aBC</math> and attempt to match <math>B \rightarrow c \mid cd</math> next. Then <math>C \rightarrow df \mid eg</math> would be tried. As one may expect, some languages are more [[ambiguity|ambiguous]] than others. For a non-ambiguous language in which all productions for a non-terminal produce distinct strings: the string produced by one production will not start with the same symbol as the string produced by another production. A non-ambiguous language may be parsed by an LL(1) grammar where the (1) signifies the parser reads ahead one token at a time. For an ambiguous language to be parsed by an LL parser, the parser must lookahead more than 1 symbol, e.g. LL(3).
+   <li>[http://wuliting.com/?action-viewcomment-itemid-1884 http://wuliting.com/?action-viewcomment-itemid-1884]</li>
-The common solution to this problem is to use an [[LR parser]], which is a type of [[shift-reduce parser]], and does [[bottom-up parsing]].
+   <li>[http://momake.sakura.ne.jp/cgi/sengoku/index.cgi http://momake.sakura.ne.jp/cgi/sengoku/index.cgi]</li>
-== Accommodating left recursion in top-down parsing ==
+ </ul>
-A [[formal grammar]] that contains [[left recursion]] cannot be [[parsing|parsed]] by a naive [[recursive descent parser]] unless they are converted to a weakly equivalent right-recursive form. However, recent research demonstrates that it is possible to accommodate left-recursive grammars (along with all other forms of general [[Context-free grammar|CFGs]]) in a more sophisticated top-down parser by use of curtailment. A [[recognizer|recognition]] algorithm which accommodates [[ambiguity|ambiguous]] grammars and curtails an ever-growing direct left-recursive parse by imposing depth restrictions with respect to input length and current input position, is described by Frost and Hafiz in 2006.<ref name="FrostHafiz2006">Frost, R. and Hafiz, R. (2006) " A New Top-Down Parsing Algorithm to Accommodate Ambiguity and Left Recursion in Polynomial Time." ''ACM SIGPLAN Notices'', Volume 41 Issue 5, Pages: 46 - 54.</ref> That algorithm was extended to a complete [[parsing]] algorithm to accommodate indirect (by comparing previously computed context with current context) as well as direct left-recursion in [[polynomial]] time, and to generate compact polynomial-size representations of the potentially exponential number of parse trees for highly ambiguous grammars by Frost, Hafiz and Callaghan in 2007.<ref name="FrostHafizCallaghan 2007"/> The algorithm has since been implemented as a set of [[parser combinator]]s written in the [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]] programming language. The implementation details of these new set of combinators can be found in a paper <ref name="FrostHafizCallaghan 2008"/> by the authors, which was presented in PADL'08.
-The [http://www.cs.uwindsor.ca/~hafiz/proHome.html X-SAIGA] site has more about the algorithms and implementation details.
-== Time and space complexity of top-down parsing ==
-When top-down parser tries to parse an [[ambiguous]] input with respect to an ambiguous CFG, it may need exponential number of steps (with respect to the length of the input) to try all alternatives of the CFG in order to produce all possible parse trees, which eventually would require exponential memory space. The problem of exponential time complexity in top-down parsers constructed as sets of mutually recursive functions has been solved by Norvig in 1991.<ref name=" Norvig 1991">Norvig, P. (1991) “Techniques for automatic memoisation with applications to context-free parsing.” ''Journal - Computational Linguistics'' Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages: 91 - 98.</ref> His technique is similar to the use of dynamic programming and state-sets in [[Earley parser|Earley's algorithm]] (1970), and tables in the [[CYK algorithm]] of Cocke, Younger and Kasami.
-The key idea is to store results of applying a parser <code> p </code> at position <code> j </code> in a memotable and to reuse results whenever the same situation arises. Frost, Hafiz and Callaghan<ref name="FrostHafizCallaghan 2007"/><ref name="FrostHafizCallaghan 2008"/> also use [[memoization]] for refraining redundant computations to accommodate any form of CFG in [[polynomial]] time ([[Big O notation|Θ]](n<sup>4</sup>) for left-recursive grammars and [[Big O notation|Θ]](n<sup>3</sup>) for non left-recursive grammars). Their top-down parsing algorithm also requires polynomial space for potentially exponential ambiguous parse trees by 'compact representation' and 'local ambiguities grouping'. Their compact representation is comparable with Tomita’s compact representation of [[bottom-up parsing]].<ref name=" Tomita1985">Tomita, M. (1985) “Efficient Parsing for Natural Language.” ''Kluwer, Boston, MA''.</ref>
-Using PEG's, another representation of grammars, packrat parsers provide an elegant and powerful parsing algorithm. See [[Parsing expression grammar]].
-==Disagreement with Facts==
-While LR can be said to be better for languages it is also backwards to specify.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}
-LL can be small and powerful and readable, although it can be slower.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} The time taken depends greatly on the BNF (table) just as a bad table would cause LALR problems.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}  LL can require a lot of memory.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}  [http://sourceforge.net/projects/bnf2xml/ bnf2xml] supports styles of recursion, and etc: expression isn't a problem with LL.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}  An LALR with a long path back to the top has more problems than an LL with a short path to the next element.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}
-==See also==
-* [[Bottom-up parsing]]
-* [[Parsing]]
-* [[Recursive descent parser]]
-* [[Parsing expression grammar]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.cs.uwindsor.ca/~hafiz/proHome.html X-SAIGA] - eXecutable SpecificAtIons of GrAmmars
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Top-Down Parsing}}
-[[Category:Parsing algorithms]]
-[[cs:Syntaktická analýza shora dolů]]
-[[ko:하향식 파싱]]
-[[hr:Parsiranje od vrha prema dnu]]
-[[ja:トップダウン構文解析]]
-[[pl:Analiza zstępująca]]
-[[ro:Parsare top-down]]
-[[ru:Нисходящий синтаксический анализ]]
-[[sr:Анализа наниже]]
-[[uk:Метод рекурсивного спуску]]

Radon–Nikodym theorem: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:23, 22 October 2014

in order to indicate the direction

also be sure to want to truly reflect on the organization

cars and tickets

Navigation menu

Search