|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{other uses|Hadamard (disambiguation)}}
| | Green Coffee Bean Extract is the newest miracle fat reduction supplement. Buckle-up plus let's take a close look at what this fresh nutritional supplement has to offer. Maybe it is very the real thing, or it might be a thing of the past inside a few months. I usually advise my customers not to run out and buy everything which is advertised because the upcoming miracle cure, or weight reduction discovery.<br><br>One doesn't have to take in much of the caffeine which comes with coffee when taking in the [http://greencoffeeweightlossplan.com green coffee weight loss] supplement. It only has 20mg of caffeine per serving that is means less compared to the usual cup that has 100mg of caffeine. No should worry about that nervous, jittery feeling which regular coffee offers. Simply sit back, relax plus wait for the chlorogenic acid, the active ingredient of this certain supplement, to work its means to achieve the ideal body weight.<br><br>Weight reduction is difficult with a slow metabolism. If you experience this, then we know how difficult it is to get rid of weight. Unfortunately, several of you have had to deal with a slow metabolism our entire lives due to genetics. Then there is a means to change our metabolism plus increase our vitality levels. Adding a supplement to your daily diet will assist speed the metabolism plus give we that additional stamina we need to get by a day. Naturally, running and usual cardio exercise can generally assist as well but the supplements might add to your total metabolism.<br><br>It has become more popular place for people to roast their own coffee again, because a hobby and pass time, to get the freshest cup of coffee. It is mentioned which the roasted coffee bean starts to lose its taste after because little because 7 days. Grinding even appears to accelerate the process of changing its taste.<br><br>If you are interested in buying a coffee roaster from the marketplace, you need to take into consideration amount of qualities. First and foremost, we have to confirm that roaster we have opted for has an ability to manage the roasting level and the chaff collection. Talking regarding a coffee roaster, it may be termed as a self-contained unit whose main task is to roast green coffee beans. The principal benefit of coffee roasters is the fact that the coffee beans are roasted fresh in addition to being ground fresh. This may go a long technique in guaranteeing that you get a fresh cup of coffee.<br><br>Weight loss supplements is costly. It's hard to state an actual estimate since there is such a variety available available. Some weight reduction supplements retail for beneath twenty dollars, while others could set you back many hundreds, or more! Before you go all out paying for any ensure they are they are the real thing plus that they are affordable for you because you might want to take them for a couple or more months.<br><br>Gourmet coffee roasters are easily available for purchase with all the click of the mouse. You can purchase these roasters online and inside different department plus specialty stores. What is wonderful about owning a roaster is that you can roast only the beans you may be going to use; consequently, you are drinking the many delicious and freshest coffee possible.<br><br>This has become an essential component of the project. I recognize doing which gets observed. With the popularity of fat reduction, a passel of different fat reduction plans have been formulated. In several cases, I'm psycho and nothing is forever, not even the tight place. Didn't we? I am writing from rather painful experience. It is everyday how folks can relate to a plain episode like this. I received a free trial. That is a leading indicator. |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
| |
| {{Infobox scientist
| |
| | name = Jacques Hadamard
| |
| | image = Hadamard2.jpg
| |
| | image_size = 225px
| |
| | caption = Jacques Salomon Hadamard
| |
| | birth_date = {{birth date|1865|12|8|df=y}}
| |
| | birth_place = [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France
| |
| | death_date = {{death date and age|1963|10|17|1865|12|8|df=y}}
| |
| | death_place = Paris, France
| |
| | nationality = French
| |
| | residence = France
| |
| | field = Mathematician
| |
| | work_institution = [[University of Bordeaux]]<br />[[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]<br />[[Collège de France]]<br />[[École Polytechnique]]<br />[[École Centrale]]
| |
| | alma_mater = [[École Normale Supérieure]]
| |
| | doctoral_advisor = [[Charles Émile Picard|C. Émile Picard]]<ref>{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1942.0012}}</ref><br />[[Jules Tannery]]
| |
| | doctoral_students = [[Maurice René Fréchet]]<br />[[Marc Krasner]]<br />[[Paul Lévy (mathematician)|Paul Lévy]]<br />[[Szolem Mandelbrojt]]<br />[[André Weil]]<br />[[Xinmou Wu]]
| |
| | known_for = [[Matrix multiplication#Hadamard product|Hadamard product]]<br />[[prime number theorem|Proof of prime number theorem]]<br />[[Hadamard matrix|Hadamard matrices]]
| |
| | prizes = [[Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques]] (1892)<br />[[Prix Poncelet]] (1898) <br /> [[CNRS Gold medal]] (1956)
| |
| | religion = [[Atheism]]<ref name = "atheist" />
| |
| | footnotes =
| |
| }}
| |
| '''Jacques Salomon Hadamard''' [[ForMemRS]]<ref name="frs">{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1965.0005}}</ref> ({{IPA-fr|adamaʁ|lang}}; 8 December 1865 – 17 October 1963) was a French mathematician who made major contributions in [[number theory]], [[complex function theory]], [[differential geometry]] and [[partial differential equations]].<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Hadamard}}(or, see: this [[Webcite]] [http://www.webcitation.org/662dIIjxA "backup" copy], archived from [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hadamard.html the original])</ref><ref>{{MathGenealogy |id=24555}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Biography==
| |
| The son of a teacher, Amédée Hadamard, of [[Jewish]] descent, and Claire Marie Jeanne Picard, Hadamard was born in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles, France]] and attended the [[Lycée Charlemagne]] and [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], where his father taught. In 1884 Hadamard entered the [[École Normale Supérieure]], having been placed first in the entrance examinations both there and at the [[École Polytechnique]]. His teachers included [[Paul Tannery|Tannery]], [[Hermite]], [[Darboux]], [[Paul Émile Appell|Appell]], [[Goursat]] and [[Charles Émile Picard|Picard]]. He obtained his doctorate in 1892 and in the same year was awarded the ''Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques'' for his essay on the [[Riemann zeta function]].
| |
| | |
| In 1892 Hadamard married Louise-Anna Trénel, also of Jewish descent, with whom he had three sons and two daughters. The following year he took up a lectureship in the [[University of Bordeaux]], where he proved his [[Hadamard's inequality|celebrated inequality]] on [[determinant]]s, which led to the discovery of [[Hadamard matrix|Hadamard matrices]] when equality holds. In 1896 he made two important contributions: he proved the [[prime number theorem]], using [[complex function theory]] (also proved independently by [[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]); and he was awarded the Bordin Prize of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] for his work on [[geodesics]] in the [[differential geometry of surfaces]] and [[dynamical systems]]. In the same year he was appointed Professor of Astronomy and Rational Mechanics in Bordeaux. His foundational work on geometry and [[symbolic dynamics]] continued in 1898 with the study of geodesics on surfaces of [[negative curvature]]. For his cumulative work, he was awarded the [[Prix Poncelet]] in 1898.
| |
| | |
| After the [[Dreyfus affair]], which involved him personally because his wife was related to Dreyfus, Hadamard became politically active and a staunch supporter of [[Jew]]ish causes<ref>{{cite book |author=Hadamard, Jacques |title=An essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field / by Jacques Hadamard |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |year=1954 |pages= |isbn=0-486-20107-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> though he professed to be an atheist in his religion.<ref name = "atheist">[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Extras/Hadamard_Hermite.html Hadamard on Hermite<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shaposhnikova|first=T. O.|title=Jacques Hadamard: A Universal Mathematician|year=1999|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=978-0-8218-1923-4|pages=33–34|quote=In 1924, Hadamard recounted his meetings with Hermite: "...When Hermite loved to direct to me remarks such as: "He who strays from the paths traced by Providence crashes." These were the words of a profoundly religious man, but an atheist like me understood them very well, especially when he added at other times: "In mathematics, our role is more that of servant than master.""}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1897 he moved back to Paris, holding positions in the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] and the [[Collège de France]], where he was appointed Professor of Mechanics in 1909. In addition to this post, he was appointed to chairs of analysis at the [[École Polytechnique]] in 1912 and at the [[École Centrale]] in 1920, succeeding [[Camille Jordan|Jordan]] and Appell. In Paris Hadamard concentrated his interests on the problems of mathematical physics, in particular [[partial differential equations]], the [[calculus of variations]] and the foundations of [[functional analysis]]. He introduced the idea of ''[[well-posed problem]]'' and the ''[[method of descent]]'' in the theory of [[partial differential equation]]s, culminating in his seminal book on the subject, based on lectures given at [[Yale University]] in 1922. Later in his life he wrote on [[probability theory]] and [[mathematical education]].
| |
| | |
| Hadamard was elected to the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1916, in succession to [[Henri Poincaré|Poincaré]], whose complete works he helped edit. He was elected a foreign member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] in 1929. He visited the [[Soviet Union]] in 1930 and 1934 and China in 1936 at the invitation of Soviet and Chinese mathematicians.
| |
| | |
| Hadamard stayed in France at the beginning of the [[Second World War]] and escaped to southern France in 1940. The [[Vichy government]] permitted him to leave for the United States in 1941 and he obtained a visiting position at [[Columbia University]] in New York. He moved to London in 1944 and returned to France when the war ended in 1945.
| |
| | |
| Hadamard was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] ([[LL.D.]]) by [[Yale University]] in October 1901, during celebrations for the bicentenary of the university.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=United States|day_of_week=Thursday |date=24 October 1901 |page_number=3 |issue=36594| }}</ref> He was awarded the [[CNRS Gold medal]] for his lifetime achievements in 1956. He died in Paris in 1963, aged ninety-seven.
| |
| | |
| Hadamard's students included [[Maurice René Fréchet|Maurice Fréchet]], [[Paul Lévy (mathematician)|Paul Lévy]], [[Szolem Mandelbrojt]] and [[André Weil]].
| |
| | |
| ==On creativity==
| |
| | |
| In his book ''Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field'', Hadamard uses [[introspection]] to describe mathematical thought processes. In sharp contrast to authors who identify [[language]] and [[cognition]], he describes his own mathematical thinking as largely wordless, often accompanied by [[mental images]] that represent the entire solution to a problem. He surveyed 100 of the leading physicists of the day (approximately 1900), asking them how they did their work.
| |
| | |
| Hadamard described the experiences of the mathematicians/theoretical physicists [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[Henri Poincaré]] and others as viewing entire solutions with "sudden spontaneousness".<ref>Hadamard, 1954, pp. 13–16.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Hadamard described the process as having four steps of the five-step [[Graham Wallas]] [[creativity|creative]] process model, with the first three also having been put forth by Helmholtz:<ref>Hadamard, 1954, p. 56.</ref> Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, and Verification.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[List of things named after Jacques Hadamard]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==Publications==
| |
| * ''An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field.'' Princeton University Press, 1945; new edition under the title ''The Mathematician's Mind: The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field'', 1996; ISBN 0-691-02931-8, [http://www.archive.org/details/eassayonthepsych006281mbp Online]
| |
| *''Le problème de Cauchy et les équations aux dérivées partielles linéaires hyperboliques'', Hermann 1932 (Lectures given at Yale, Eng. trans. ''Lectures on Cauchy's problem in linear partial differential equations'', Yale University Press, Oxford University Press 1923, Reprint Dover 2003)
| |
| *''La série de Taylor et son prolongement analytique'', 2nd edn., Gauthier-Villars 1926
| |
| *''La théorie des équations aux dérivées partielles'', Peking, Editions Scientifiques, 1964
| |
| *''Leçons sur le calcul des variations'', Vol. 1, Paris, Hermann 1910, [http://www.archive.org/details/leonssurlecalc00hadauoft Online]
| |
| *''Leçons sur la propagation des ondes et les équations de l’hydrodynamique'', Paris, Hermann 1903, [http://www.archive.org/details/leconssurlaprop00hadagoog Online]
| |
| *''Four lectures on Mathematics, delivered at Columbia University 1911'', Columbia University Press 1915 (1. The definition of solutions of linear partial differential equations by boundary conditions, 2. Contemporary researches in differential equations, integral equations and integro-differential equations, 3. Analysis Situs in connection with correspondendes and differential equations, 4. Elementary solutions of partial differential equations and Greens functions), [http://www.archive.org/details/fourlecturesonma29788gut Online]
| |
| *''Leçons de géométrie élémentaire'', 2 vols., Paris, Colin, 1898, 1906 (Eng. trans: ''Lessons in Geometry'', American Mathematical Society 2008), [http://www.archive.org/details/leonsdegomtriel02hadagoog Vol. 1], [http://www.archive.org/details/leonsdegomtriel04hadagoog Vol. 2]
| |
| *''Cours d’analyse professé à l’École polytechnique'', 2 vols., Paris, Hermann 1925/27, 1930 (Vol. 1: ''Compléments de calcul différentiel, intégrales simples et multiples, applications analytiques et géométriques, équations différentielles élémentaires'', Vol. 2: ''Potentiel, calcul des variations, fonctions analytiques, équations différentielles et aux dérivées partielles, calcul des probabilités'')
| |
| *''Essai sur l'étude des fonctions données par leur développement de Taylor. Étude sur les propriétés des fonctions entières et en particulier d'une fonction considérée par Riemann'', 1893, [http://www.archive.org/details/essaisurltuded00hadauoft Online]
| |
| *''Sur la distribution des zéros de la fonction <math>\zeta(s)</math> et ses conséquences arithmétiques'', Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, Vol. 24, 1896, pp. 199–220 [http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=BSMF_1896__24__199_1 Online]
| |
| *{{Citation | last1=Hadamard | first1=Jacques | title=Lectures on Cauchy's problem in linear partial differential equations | origyear=1923 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B25O-x21uqkC | publisher=Dover Publications, New York | series=Dover Phoenix editions | isbn=978-0-486-49549-1 | year=2003 | mr=0051411 | jfm=49.0725.04}}
| |
| *{{Citation | last1=Hadamard | first1=Jacques | title=Non-Euclidean geometry in the theory of automorphic functions | origyear=1951 | url=http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0821820303 | publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | location=Providence, R.I. | series=History of Mathematics | isbn=978-0-8218-2030-8 | year=1999 | volume=17 | mr=1723250}}
| |
| *{{Citation | last1=Hadamard | first1=Jacques | title=Lessons in geometry. I | origyear=1947 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fLwydFiM7zMC | publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | location=Providence, R.I. | isbn=978-0-8218-4367-3 | year=2008 | mr=2463454}}
| |
| *{{Citation | last1=Hadamard | first1=Jacques | editor1-last=Frechet | editor1-first=M. | editor2-last=Levy | editor2-first=P. | editor3-last=Mandelbrojt | editor3-first=S. | editor4-last=Schwartz | editor4-first=Laurent | title=Œuvres de Jacques Hadamard. Tomes I, II, III, IV | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XOTuAAAAMAAJ | publisher=Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris | year=1968 | mr=0230598}}
| |
| | |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| | |
| *{{citation|title=Life and Work of Jacques Hadamard|first1=Vladimir|last1=Maz'ya|author1-link=Vladimir Gilelevich Maz'ya|first2=T. O.|last2=Shaposhnikova|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=1998|isbn=0-8218-0841-9}}.
| |
| *{{citation|title=Jacques Hadamard: a universal mathematician|first=V. G.|last= Maz'ya|first2= T. O.|last2= Shaposhnikova|authorlink1=Vladimir Gilelevich Maz'ya|publisher=American Mathematical Society/London Mathematical Society|series=History of Mathematics|volume=14|year=1998|isbn=0821819232}}
| |
| | |
| {{Authority control|VIAF=4930938|GND=118719750}}
| |
| | |
| <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| |
| {{Persondata
| |
| |NAME= Hadamard, Jacques
| |
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
| |
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= French Mathematician
| |
| |DATE OF BIRTH= 8 December 1865
| |
| |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France
| |
| |DATE OF DEATH= 17 October 1963
| |
| |PLACE OF DEATH= Paris, France
| |
| }}
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hadamard, Jacques}}
| |
| [[Category:1865 births]]
| |
| [[Category:1963 deaths]]
| |
| [[Category:19th-century French mathematicians]]
| |
| [[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]
| |
| [[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
| |
| [[Category:Collège de France faculty]]
| |
| [[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
| |
| [[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
| |
| [[Category:French atheists]]
| |
| [[Category:French Jews]]
| |
| [[Category:French mathematicians]]
| |
| [[Category:French pacifists]]
| |
| [[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
| |
| [[Category:Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)]]
| |
| [[Category:Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
| |
| [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
| |
| [[Category:Number theorists]]
| |
| [[Category:PDE theorists]]
| |
| [[Category:People from Versailles]]
| |
| [[Category:University of Paris faculty]]
| |
| [[Category:ICM 1897 Plenary and Invited Speakers]]
| |
Green Coffee Bean Extract is the newest miracle fat reduction supplement. Buckle-up plus let's take a close look at what this fresh nutritional supplement has to offer. Maybe it is very the real thing, or it might be a thing of the past inside a few months. I usually advise my customers not to run out and buy everything which is advertised because the upcoming miracle cure, or weight reduction discovery.
One doesn't have to take in much of the caffeine which comes with coffee when taking in the green coffee weight loss supplement. It only has 20mg of caffeine per serving that is means less compared to the usual cup that has 100mg of caffeine. No should worry about that nervous, jittery feeling which regular coffee offers. Simply sit back, relax plus wait for the chlorogenic acid, the active ingredient of this certain supplement, to work its means to achieve the ideal body weight.
Weight reduction is difficult with a slow metabolism. If you experience this, then we know how difficult it is to get rid of weight. Unfortunately, several of you have had to deal with a slow metabolism our entire lives due to genetics. Then there is a means to change our metabolism plus increase our vitality levels. Adding a supplement to your daily diet will assist speed the metabolism plus give we that additional stamina we need to get by a day. Naturally, running and usual cardio exercise can generally assist as well but the supplements might add to your total metabolism.
It has become more popular place for people to roast their own coffee again, because a hobby and pass time, to get the freshest cup of coffee. It is mentioned which the roasted coffee bean starts to lose its taste after because little because 7 days. Grinding even appears to accelerate the process of changing its taste.
If you are interested in buying a coffee roaster from the marketplace, you need to take into consideration amount of qualities. First and foremost, we have to confirm that roaster we have opted for has an ability to manage the roasting level and the chaff collection. Talking regarding a coffee roaster, it may be termed as a self-contained unit whose main task is to roast green coffee beans. The principal benefit of coffee roasters is the fact that the coffee beans are roasted fresh in addition to being ground fresh. This may go a long technique in guaranteeing that you get a fresh cup of coffee.
Weight loss supplements is costly. It's hard to state an actual estimate since there is such a variety available available. Some weight reduction supplements retail for beneath twenty dollars, while others could set you back many hundreds, or more! Before you go all out paying for any ensure they are they are the real thing plus that they are affordable for you because you might want to take them for a couple or more months.
Gourmet coffee roasters are easily available for purchase with all the click of the mouse. You can purchase these roasters online and inside different department plus specialty stores. What is wonderful about owning a roaster is that you can roast only the beans you may be going to use; consequently, you are drinking the many delicious and freshest coffee possible.
This has become an essential component of the project. I recognize doing which gets observed. With the popularity of fat reduction, a passel of different fat reduction plans have been formulated. In several cases, I'm psycho and nothing is forever, not even the tight place. Didn't we? I am writing from rather painful experience. It is everyday how folks can relate to a plain episode like this. I received a free trial. That is a leading indicator.