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'''Slow strain rate testing''' (SSRT), also called '''constant extension rate tensile testing''' (CERT), is a standard<ref>Standard ASTM G129-00 (2006), "Standard Practice for Slow Strain Rate Testing to Evaluate the Susceptibility of Metallic Materials to Environmentally Assisted Cracking", [[ASTM International]], 2006.</ref><ref>Standard ISO 7539-7:2005, "Corrosion of metals and alloys -- Stress corrosion testing -- Part 7: Method for slow strain rate testing", [[International Organization for Standardization]].</ref> method of testing of [[Materials science|materials]], often metals, in which the specimen is subjected to [[Deformation (engineering)|elongation]] at a constant rate. The load is varied to maintain the constant extension rate. While extended, the material is exposed to an environment (temperature, specific fluid, etc.). The method evaluates the [[corrosion]] behaviour of the material in the given environment, often the [[environmental stress fracture|environmental effects on the material fracture]] or [[stress-corrosion cracking]] susceptibility.<ref>G. M. Ugiansky, "Stress corrosion cracking: the slow strain-rate technique", ASTM International, 1979. [http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=abXk2AlcNcwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA2&dq=slow+strain+rate+testing&ots=WSPKT5Gl9P&sig=_6O8kipnQdsPEjxAIMnbZ6verGk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=slow%20strain%20rate%20testing&f=false (Google books)]</ref>
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== Effect of strain rate ==
The important characteristic of these tests is that the [[strain rate]] is low, for example extension rates selected in the range from 10<sup>−8</sup> to 10<sup>−3</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The selection of the strain rate is very important because the susceptibility to cracking may not be evident from result of tests at too low or too high strain rate.<ref>Parkins, R.N., "Slow Strain Rate Testing - 25 Years Experience". In: R. D. Kane (ed.), "Slow strain rate testing for the evaluation of environmentally induced cracking: research and engineering applications", ASTM International, 1993. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=Sj-qtrY-sxcC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=Slow+strain+rate+testing&source=bl&ots=ym5_eQd8rR&sig=n59tGbZKVIAVTR6JxAWd7I735oU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=21J-T-P4JYne9ASgmaC3Dg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Slow%20strain%20rate%20testing&f=false (Google books)]</ref>  For numerous material-environment systems, strain rates in range 10<sup>−5</sup> - 10<sup>−6</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> are used; however, the observed absence of cracking at a given strain rate should not be taken as a proof of immunity to cracking. There are known cases wherein the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking only became evident at strain rates as low as 10<sup>−8</sup> or 10<sup>−9</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The fastest strain rate that will still promote SCC for a given environment-material system is called "critical strain rate", some values are given in the table:<ref>ASM Handbook. Volume 13, Corrosion. ASM International, 1997.</ref>
 
{{Table |type=class="wikitable sortable" |title=Critical strain rates
|hdrs=Metal-environment system!!Critical strain rate, s<sup>-1</sup>
|row1=Aluminium alloys - aqueous chloride solutions{{!!}}10<sup>-4</sup> to 10<sup>-7</sup> |row2=Copper alloys - ammonia/nitrite solutions {{!!}}10<sup>-6</sup>
|row3=Titanium alloys - chloride solutions {{!!}}10<sup>-5</sup>
|row4=Steels - solutions of carbonates, hydroxides, or nitrates, or liquid ammonia{{!!}}10<sup>-6</sup>
|row5=Magnesium alloys - chromate/chloride solutions {{!!}}10<sup>-5</sup>
|row6=Stainless steel - chloride solutions {{!!}}10<sup>-6</sup>
|row7=Stainless steel - high temperature water solutions {{!!}}10<sup>-7</sup>
}}
 
Nevertheless, the method is very suitable for mechanistic studies, as well as for relative ranking of susceptibility to cracking of different alloys, or aggressiveness of environments.<ref name=raja/>
 
== The evaluation of the results ==
The evaluated parameters are:<ref name=raja>V.S. Raja and Tetsuo Shoji, "Stress corrosion cracking. Theory and practice.", Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2011.</ref>
* time to specimen failure (e.g., breakage, or from other "failure" criteria)
* [[ductility]] (by elongation  to fracture or the reduction of the area)
* [[ultimate tensile strength]] (from the maximum load)
* area under the elongation - load curve (which represents the fracture energy)
* percent of ductile/brittle fracture on the fracture surface
* threshold stress for cracking (e.g., by potential drop technique<ref>"Use of the Potential Drop Technique to Monitor Stress Corrosion Cracking. A short Applications Note." MATELECT application note STE01. Matelect Ltd. 33 Bedford Gardens, London, W8 7EF, UK, undated. [http://www.matelect.com/files/Download/StressApp.pdf (pdf)]</ref>).
 
The results of the SSRT tests are evaluated using the ratio:
 
<math>\left[ \frac {\text{result from specimen in test environment}} {\text{result from specimen in inert environment}} \right]</math>
 
The departure of the ratio below unity quantifies the increased susceptibility to cracking.
 
== See also ==
* [[Environmental stress cracking]]
* [[Rsl testing]]
* [[Tensile testing]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Corrosion]]
[[Category:Fracture mechanics]]
[[Category:Materials testing]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 3 November 2014

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