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| | Are we always having difficulties with a PC? Are you usually shopping for techniques to heighten PC performance? Then this is the article you're seeking. Here we are going to discuss a few of the most asked questions with regards to having you PC serve you well; how can I create my computer faster for free? How to make my computer run quicker?<br><br>If it is very not as big of a issue as you think it is, it may probably be resolved conveniently by running a Startup Repair or by System Restore Utility. Again it may be as easy because running an anti-virus check or cleaning the registry.<br><br>Windows is truly dumb. It only knows how to follow commands and instructions, meaning which whenever you install a system, which system has to tell Windows exactly what to do. This is done by storing an "training file" in the registry of the program. All the computer programs put these "manuals" into the registry, permitting your computer to run a broad range of programs. Whenever you load up one of those programs, Windows merely looks up the program file in the registry, and carries out its instructions.<br><br>Handling intermittent errors - when there is a message to the effect which "memory or hard disk is malfunctioning", we could put inside fresh hardware to substitute the faulty piece until the actual issue is found out. There are h/w diagnostic programs to identify the faulty portions.<br><br>Use a [http://bestregistrycleanerfix.com/registry-reviver registry reviver]. This can look a Windows registry for three kinds of keys that can definitely hurt PC performance. These are: duplicate, missing, and corrupted.<br><br>The program is designed plus built for the purpose of helping we accomplish tasks plus not be pestered by windows XP error messages. When there are errors, what do we do? Some individuals pull their hair plus cry, while those sane ones have their PC repaired, whilst those absolutely wise ones analysis to have the mistakes fixed themselves. No, these errors were not equally designed to rob you off the money plus time. There are points that you can do to really avoid this from happening.<br><br>Whenever the registry is corrupt or full of mistakes, the signs could be felt by the computer owner. The slow performance, the frequent program crashes plus the nightmare of all computer owners, the blue screen of death.<br><br>Next, there is an convenient method to deal with this problem. You are able to install a registry cleaner that you are able to get it online. This software may help you see out these errors inside your computer plus clean them. It additionally could figure out these malware plus other threats which influence the speed of your computer. So this software can speed up PC easier. We can choose one of these methods to speed up we computer. |
| {{Electoral systems}}
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| The '''Droop quota''' is the quota most commonly used in elections held under the [[Single Transferable Vote]] (STV) system. It is also sometimes used in elections held under the [[largest remainder method]] of [[party-list proportional representation]] (list PR). In an STV election the quota is the minimum number of votes a candidate must receive in order to be elected. Any votes a candidate receives above the quota are transferred to another candidate. The Droop quota was devised in 1868 by the English lawyer and mathematician [[Henry Richmond Droop]] (1831–1884) as a replacement for the earlier [[Hare quota]].
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| Today the Droop quota is used in almost all STV elections, including the forms of STV used in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Malta]] and [[Australia]], among other places. The Droop quota is very similar to the simpler [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]], which is also sometimes loosely referred to as the 'Droop quota'.
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| ==Formula==
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| Sources differ as to the exact formula for the Droop quota. As used in the Republic of Ireland the formula is usually written:
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| :<math>\left( \frac{\mbox{Total Valid Poll}}{\left(\mbox{Seats}+1 \right)} \right) + 1</math>
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| *'''Total Valid Poll''' = Total number of valid (unspoilt) votes cast in an election.
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| *'''Seats''' = Total number of seats to be filled in the election.
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| (The extra parentheses, while not strictly necessary from a mathematical standpoint, are often included in order to make the formula seem less ambiguous to non-mathematicians—if calculated out of sequence, an incorrect result would be arrived at, producing an incorrect quota.) It is important to use the ''Total Valid Poll'', which is arrived at by subtracting the [[Spoilt vote|spoiled and invalid votes]] from the total poll.
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| The Droop quota is the smallest number that guarantees that no more candidates can reach the quota than the number of seats available to be filled. Simply put, the Droop quota is the number <math>\frac{\mbox{Votes}}{\mbox{Seats}+1}+1</math> without its "decimal part". This gives the Droop quota the special property that it is the smallest integral quota which guarantees that the number of candidates able to reach this quota cannot exceed the number of seats. In a single winner election, in which STV becomes the same as [[instant-runoff voting|Instant Run-off Voting]], the Droop quota becomes a simple integral majority quota–that is, it will be equal to an absolute majority of votes.
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| While in theory every STV election should see the right number of candidates elected through reaching the quota, in practice many voters may only vote for a small proportion of the candidates on the ballot paper, such as only those candidates from one party, or even only one candidate. Those votes are known as 'NTs', or 'non transferable votes', and the effect of their removal from the total valid poll may be to reduce the total number of votes available to such an extent that the last candidate left in a race may not actually have enough votes to reach the quota. Nevertheless, in reality, as no other candidate may mathematically be able to overtake them as the candidate nearest to the quota, they may in such circumstances be deemed elected "without reaching the quota". The quota is in fact constructed to ensure that it is mathematically impossible for candidates to achieve the quota beyond the number of available seats.
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| ==An example of use in STV==
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| To see how the Droop quota works in an STV election imagine an election in which there are 2 seats to be filled and 3 candidates: Andrea, Carter and Brad. There are 102 voters. Two of these voters spoil their ballot papers. The remaining 100 voters vote as follows:
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| {| border=1
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| |valign=top|
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| '''45 voters'''
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| # Andrea
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| # Carter
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| |valign=top|
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| '''25 voters'''
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| # Carter
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| |valign=top|
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| '''30 voters'''
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| # Brad
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| |}
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| There are 102 voters but two spoil their papers so the Total Valid Poll is 100. There are 2 seats. Before rounding down the Droop quota is therefore:
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| :<math> \frac{100}{2+1} + 1 = 34 \frac{1}{3} </math>
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| Rounded down to the nearest integer the Droop quota is found to be '''34'''. To begin the count the first preferences cast for each candidate are tallied and are as follows:
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| *Andrea: 45
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| *Carter: 25
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| *Brad: 30
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| Andrea has more than 34 votes. She therefore has reached the quota and is declared elected. She has 11 votes more than the quota so these votes are transferred to Carter. The tallies therefore become:
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| *Carter: 36
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| *Brad: 30
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| Carter now has reached the quota so is declared elected. The winners of the election are therefore Andrea and Carter.
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| ==Comparison with the Hare quota==
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| {{Main|Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas}}
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| The Droop quota is smaller than the [[Hare quota]], and is more efficient when counting ballots since a candidate needs only the smaller quota to be considered elected. Overall the two quotas achieve very similar net results since a candidate cannot ''not'' be elected once they achieve the Droop quota, however the results may differ, particularly for the last seat, based on the transfer of preferences.
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| *In a [[party list proportional representation|list PR]], multi-winner election, the Hare quota is kinder to small parties than the Droop quota because they have a slightly better chance to win the final seat. The principle of proportional representation favours the Hare quota;
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| *In an STV, multi-winner election under the Hare quota it is possible for a party supported by a clear majority of voters to receive only a minority of seats if the votes are not dispersed relatively evenly across all the party's candidates. The principle of majority rule favours the Droop quota;
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| *In an STV election in which there is only one seat to be filled (in other words an [[instant-runoff voting|Instant Run-off Voting]] election) both quotas will achieve the same result.
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| The difference between the two quotas comes down to what the quota implies. Winners elected under a Hare system '''represent''' that proportion of the electorate; winners under a Droop system were '''elected''' by that proportion of the electorate.
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| The Droop quota is today the most popular quota for STV elections.
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| ==Comparison with Hagenbach-Bischoff quota==
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| The Droop quota does not absolutely guarantee that a party with the support of a solid majority of voters will not receive a minority of seats. The only quota under which this cannot happen, even in rare cases, is the slightly smaller [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]], the formula for which is identical to the Droop quota's except that the quotient is not increased to the next whole number. Another difference between the Droop and Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas is that under the Droop quota it is mathematically impossible for more candidates to reach the quota than there are seats to be filled, although ties are still possible. This can occur under Hagenbach-Bischoff but when it does it is treated as a kind of tie, with one candidate chosen at random for exclusion.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[List of democracy and elections-related topics]]
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| ==Further reading==
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| *{{cite book |first=Henry Richmond |last=Droop |title=On the Political and Social Effects of Different Methods of Electing Representatives |location=London |publisher= |year=1869 }}
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| *{{cite journal |first=Henry Richmond |last=Droop |url=http://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE24/I24P3.pdf |title=On methods of electing representatives |journal=[[Journal of the Statistical Society of London]] |volume=44 |issue=2 |year=1881 |pages=141–196 [Discussion, 197–202] }} Reprinted in ''[[Voting matters]] Issue 24'' (October 2007) pp. 7–46.
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| {{Majorities}}
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| [[Category:Single transferable vote]]
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| [[Category:Voting system quotas]]
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Are we always having difficulties with a PC? Are you usually shopping for techniques to heighten PC performance? Then this is the article you're seeking. Here we are going to discuss a few of the most asked questions with regards to having you PC serve you well; how can I create my computer faster for free? How to make my computer run quicker?
If it is very not as big of a issue as you think it is, it may probably be resolved conveniently by running a Startup Repair or by System Restore Utility. Again it may be as easy because running an anti-virus check or cleaning the registry.
Windows is truly dumb. It only knows how to follow commands and instructions, meaning which whenever you install a system, which system has to tell Windows exactly what to do. This is done by storing an "training file" in the registry of the program. All the computer programs put these "manuals" into the registry, permitting your computer to run a broad range of programs. Whenever you load up one of those programs, Windows merely looks up the program file in the registry, and carries out its instructions.
Handling intermittent errors - when there is a message to the effect which "memory or hard disk is malfunctioning", we could put inside fresh hardware to substitute the faulty piece until the actual issue is found out. There are h/w diagnostic programs to identify the faulty portions.
Use a registry reviver. This can look a Windows registry for three kinds of keys that can definitely hurt PC performance. These are: duplicate, missing, and corrupted.
The program is designed plus built for the purpose of helping we accomplish tasks plus not be pestered by windows XP error messages. When there are errors, what do we do? Some individuals pull their hair plus cry, while those sane ones have their PC repaired, whilst those absolutely wise ones analysis to have the mistakes fixed themselves. No, these errors were not equally designed to rob you off the money plus time. There are points that you can do to really avoid this from happening.
Whenever the registry is corrupt or full of mistakes, the signs could be felt by the computer owner. The slow performance, the frequent program crashes plus the nightmare of all computer owners, the blue screen of death.
Next, there is an convenient method to deal with this problem. You are able to install a registry cleaner that you are able to get it online. This software may help you see out these errors inside your computer plus clean them. It additionally could figure out these malware plus other threats which influence the speed of your computer. So this software can speed up PC easier. We can choose one of these methods to speed up we computer.