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{{Infobox book | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> | |||
| name = Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe | |||
| title_orig = | |||
| translator = | |||
| image = [[File:Cycles of Time Penrose 2010.jpg|150px]] | |||
| caption = Bodley Head 1st edition front cover | |||
| author = [[Roger Penrose]] | |||
| illustrator = | |||
| cover_artist = Getty Images | |||
| country = United Kingdom | |||
| language = English | |||
| series = | |||
| subject = Science, Mathematics, [[Cosmology]], [[Physics]] | |||
| publisher = [[Bodley Head]] (UK) | |||
[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] (US) | |||
| release_date = 23 September 2010 | |||
May 3, 2011 (US) | |||
| media_type = Print (hardback) | |||
| pages = 288 pp. | |||
| isbn = 978-0-224-08036-1 | |||
| oclc= | |||
| congress = QB991.C92 P46 2010 | |||
| preceded_by = [[The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe]] | |||
| followed_by = | |||
}} | |||
'''''Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe''''' is a science book by [[mathematical physicist]] [[Roger Penrose]] published by [[The Bodley Head]] in 2010. The book outlines Penrose's [[Conformal Cyclic Cosmology]] (CCC) model, which is an extension of [[general relativity]] but opposed to the widely supported multidimensional [[String theory|string theories]] and [[Inflation (cosmology)|cosmological inflation]] following the [[Big Bang]]. | |||
==Contents== | |||
* Preface | |||
* Acknowledgements | |||
* Prologue | |||
===Part 1. The Second Law and its underlying mystery=== | |||
* 1.1 The relentless march of randomness | |||
* 1.2 Entropy, as state counting | |||
* 1.3 Phase space, and Boltzmann's definition of entropy | |||
* 1.4 The robustness of the entropy concept | |||
* 1.5 The inexorable increase of entropy into the future | |||
* 1.6 Why is the past different? | |||
===Part 2. The oddly special nature of the Big Bang=== | |||
* 2.1 Our expanding universe | |||
* 2.2 The ubiquitous microwave background | |||
* 2.3 Space-time, null cones, metrics, conformal geometry | |||
* 2.4 Black holes and space-time singularities | |||
* 2.5 Conformal diagrams and conformal boundaries | |||
* 2.6 Understanding the way the Big Bang was special | |||
===Part 3. Conformal cyclic cosmology=== | |||
* 3.1 Connecting with infinity | |||
* 3.2 The structure of CCC | |||
* 3.3 Earlier pre-Big-Bang proposals | |||
* 3.4 Squaring the Second Law | |||
* 3.5 CCC and quantum gravity | |||
* 3.6 Observational implications | |||
* "Epilogue" | |||
* "Appendices" | |||
* "Notes" | |||
* "Index" | |||
==Synopsis== | |||
Penrose examines implications of the [[Second law of thermodynamics|Second Law]] of Thermodynamics and its inevitable march toward a maximum [[entropy]] state of the [[universe]]. Illustrating entropy in terms of information state [[phase space]] (with 1 dimension for every [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degree of freedom]]) where particles end up moving through ever larger grains of this phase space from smaller grains over time due to random motion. He disagrees with [[Stephen Hawking]]'s back-track<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hawking|first=S.W.|title=Information Loss in Black Holes|journal=Physical Review D|date=18 July 2005|year=2005|volume=72|issue=8 |pages=084013|arxiv=hep-th/0507171 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013 |bibcode = 2005PhRvD..72h4013H }}</ref> over whether [[Black hole information paradox|information is destroyed]] when matter enters [[black holes]]. Such information loss would non-trivially lower total entropy in the universe as the black holes wither away due to [[Hawking radiation]], resulting in a loss in phase space degrees of freedom. | |||
Penrose goes on further to state that over enormous scales of time (beyond 10<sup>100</sup> years), distance ceases to be meaningful as all [[mass]] breaks down into extremely [[red shift|red-shifted]] [[photon]] energy, whereupon time has no influence, and the universe continues to expand without event <math>\rightarrow \infty</math>. This period from Big Bang to infinite expansion Penrose defines as an [[aeon]]. The smooth [[no-hair theorem|“hairless”]] [[Infinity|infinite]] oblivion of the previous aeon becomes the low-entropy Big Bang state of the next aeon cycle. [[Conformal geometry]] preserves the angles but not the distances of the previous aeon, allowing the new aeon universe to appear quite small at its inception as its phase space starts anew. | |||
Penrose cites concentric rings found in the [[WMAP]] [[cosmic microwave background]] survey as preliminary evidence for his model, as he predicted black hole collisions from the previous aeon would leave such structures due to ripples of [[gravitational waves]]. | |||
==Reception== | |||
Most nonexpert critics (nonscientists) have found the book a challenge to fully comprehend; a few such as ''[[Kirkus reviews]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe – Review|journal=Kirkus Reviews|date=4/1/2011|year=2011|month=April}}</ref> and Doug Johnstone for ''[[The Scotsman]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnstone|first=Doug|title=Book reviews: The Grand Design {{!}} Cycles of Time|url=http://living.scotsman.com/books/Book-reviews-The-Grand-Design.6538072.jp|accessdate=26 May 2011|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=19 September 2010}}</ref> appreciate the against the grain innovative ideas Penrose puts forth. [[Quantum (book)|Manjit Kumar]] reviewing for ''[[The Guardian]]'' admires the [[Russian doll]] geometry play of the CCC concept, framing it as an idea of which [[M. C. Escher]] "would have approved".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Manjit|title=Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe by Roger Penrose – review|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/oct/16/cycles-time-roger-penrose-review|accessdate=27 May 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 October 2010}}</ref> Graham Storrs for the ''New York Journal of Books'' concedes that this is not the book that an unambitious lay person should plunge into.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Storrs|first=Graham|title=Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe|journal=New York Journal of Books|date=3 May 2011|accessdate=26 May 2011|url=http://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/review/cycles-time-extraordinary-new-view-universe}}</ref> The American fiction writer [[Anthony Doerr]] in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' writes "Penrose has never shied away from including mathematics in his texts, and kudos to his publisher for honoring that wish. That said, the second half of ''Cycles of Time'' offers some seriously hard sledding" "If you'll forgive a skiing metaphor, ''Cycles of Time'' is a black diamond of a book."<ref>{{cite news|last=Doerr|first=Anthony|title=The music of physics|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-28691694.html|accessdate=15 April 2012|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|agency=(subscription required)}}</ref> | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{Empty section|date=September 2011}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
{{Roger Penrose}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cycles of Time (book)}} | |||
[[Category:2010 books]] | |||
[[Category:Science books]] | |||
[[Category:Cosmology books]] | |||
[[Category:Physics books]] | |||
[[Category:Information theory]] | |||
[[Category:Works by Roger Penrose]] | |||
[[Category:The Bodley Head books]] |
Latest revision as of 02:50, 11 January 2013
Template:EngvarB 30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Template:Infobox book
Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe is a science book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose published by The Bodley Head in 2010. The book outlines Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) model, which is an extension of general relativity but opposed to the widely supported multidimensional string theories and cosmological inflation following the Big Bang.
Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Prologue
Part 1. The Second Law and its underlying mystery
- 1.1 The relentless march of randomness
- 1.2 Entropy, as state counting
- 1.3 Phase space, and Boltzmann's definition of entropy
- 1.4 The robustness of the entropy concept
- 1.5 The inexorable increase of entropy into the future
- 1.6 Why is the past different?
Part 2. The oddly special nature of the Big Bang
- 2.1 Our expanding universe
- 2.2 The ubiquitous microwave background
- 2.3 Space-time, null cones, metrics, conformal geometry
- 2.4 Black holes and space-time singularities
- 2.5 Conformal diagrams and conformal boundaries
- 2.6 Understanding the way the Big Bang was special
Part 3. Conformal cyclic cosmology
- 3.1 Connecting with infinity
- 3.2 The structure of CCC
- 3.3 Earlier pre-Big-Bang proposals
- 3.4 Squaring the Second Law
- 3.5 CCC and quantum gravity
- 3.6 Observational implications
- "Epilogue"
- "Appendices"
- "Notes"
- "Index"
Synopsis
Penrose examines implications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and its inevitable march toward a maximum entropy state of the universe. Illustrating entropy in terms of information state phase space (with 1 dimension for every degree of freedom) where particles end up moving through ever larger grains of this phase space from smaller grains over time due to random motion. He disagrees with Stephen Hawking's back-track[1] over whether information is destroyed when matter enters black holes. Such information loss would non-trivially lower total entropy in the universe as the black holes wither away due to Hawking radiation, resulting in a loss in phase space degrees of freedom.
Penrose goes on further to state that over enormous scales of time (beyond 10100 years), distance ceases to be meaningful as all mass breaks down into extremely red-shifted photon energy, whereupon time has no influence, and the universe continues to expand without event . This period from Big Bang to infinite expansion Penrose defines as an aeon. The smooth “hairless” infinite oblivion of the previous aeon becomes the low-entropy Big Bang state of the next aeon cycle. Conformal geometry preserves the angles but not the distances of the previous aeon, allowing the new aeon universe to appear quite small at its inception as its phase space starts anew.
Penrose cites concentric rings found in the WMAP cosmic microwave background survey as preliminary evidence for his model, as he predicted black hole collisions from the previous aeon would leave such structures due to ripples of gravitational waves.
Reception
Most nonexpert critics (nonscientists) have found the book a challenge to fully comprehend; a few such as Kirkus reviews[2] and Doug Johnstone for The Scotsman[3] appreciate the against the grain innovative ideas Penrose puts forth. Manjit Kumar reviewing for The Guardian admires the Russian doll geometry play of the CCC concept, framing it as an idea of which M. C. Escher "would have approved".[4] Graham Storrs for the New York Journal of Books concedes that this is not the book that an unambitious lay person should plunge into.[5] The American fiction writer Anthony Doerr in The Boston Globe writes "Penrose has never shied away from including mathematics in his texts, and kudos to his publisher for honoring that wish. That said, the second half of Cycles of Time offers some seriously hard sledding" "If you'll forgive a skiing metaphor, Cycles of Time is a black diamond of a book."[6]
Notes
References
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- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite news