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|+ The value of Bohr magneton
! [[system of units]] !! value !! unit
|-
! [[SI]]<ref>
{{cite web
|title=CODATA value: Bohr magneton
|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mub
|work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
|publisher=[[NIST]]
|accessdate=2012-07-09
}}</ref>
|height=30| {{val|fmt=commas|9.27400968|(20)|e=-24}} || [[Joule|J]]·[[tesla (unit)|T]]<sup>−1</sup>
|-
! [[Centimetre–gram–second system of units|CGS]]<ref name="O'Handley">
{{cite book
|author=Robert C. O'Handley
|year=2000
|title=Modern magnetic materials: principles and applications
|page=83
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
|isbn=0-471-15566-7
}} (value was slightly modified to reflect 2010 CODATA change)</ref>
|height=30| {{val|fmt=commas|9.27400968|(20)|e=-21}} || [[Erg]]·[[Gauss (unit)|G]]<sup>−1</sup>
|-
! eV<ref>
{{cite web
|title=CODATA value: Bohr magneton in eV/T
|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mubev
|work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
|publisher=[[NIST]]
|accessdate=2012-07-09
}}</ref>
|height=30| {{val|fmt=commas|5.7883818066|(38)|e=-5}}|| [[electronvolt|eV]]·[[tesla (unit)|T]]<sup>−1</sup>
|-
! [[atomic units]]
|height=30| {{frac|1|2}} || [[Dimensionless quantity|none]]
|}
 
In [[atomic physics]], the '''Bohr magneton''' (symbol ''μ''<sub>B</sub>) is a [[physical constant]] and the natural unit for expressing an [[electron magnetic dipole moment]]. The Bohr magneton is defined in [[International System of Units|SI units]] by
:<math>\mu_\mathrm{B} = {{e \hbar} \over {2 m_\mathrm{e}}}</math>
and in [[Gaussian units|Gaussian]] [[Centimetre–gram–second system of units|CGS units]] by
:<math>\mu_\mathrm{B} = {{e \hbar} \over {2 m_\mathrm{e} c}}</math>
 
where
:''e'' is the [[elementary charge]],
:''ħ'' is the [[Planck constant|reduced Planck constant]],
:''m''<sub>e</sub> is the [[electron]] [[rest mass]] and
:''c'' is the [[speed of light]].
 
The magnitude of an electron's [[spin magnetic moment]] is approximately one Bohr magneton.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Anant S. Mahajan, Abbas A. Rangwala
|year=1989
|title=Electricity and Magnetism
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_tXrjggX7WwC&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=%22intrinsic+dipole+moment%22+and+electron+%22Bohr+magneton%22
|page=419
|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]
|isbn=978-0-07-460225-6
}}</ref>
 
==History==
The idea of elementary magnets is due to [[Walter Ritz]] (1907) and [[Pierre Weiss]]. Already before the [[Rutherford model]] of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve [[Planck's constant]] ''h''.<ref name="Keith">
{{cite book
|author=Stephen T. Keith and Pierre Quédec
|year=1992
|chapter=Magnetism and Magnetic Materials: The Magneton
|title=Out of the Crystal Maze
|pages=384–394
|isbn=978-0-19-505329-6
}}</ref> By postulating that the ratio of electron [[kinetic energy]] to orbital [[frequency]] should be equal to ''h'', [[Richard Gans]] computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr magneton in September 1911.<ref name="Heilbron">
{{cite journal
|author=John Heilbron
|author2=Thomas Kuhn
|year=1969
|title=The genesis of the Bohr atom
|journal=[[Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences]]
|volume=1 |page=232
|doi=
}}</ref> At the [[Solvay Conference#First Conference|First Solvay Conference]] in November that year, [[Paul Langevin]] obtained a submultiple.<ref>
{{cite conference
|author=Paul Langevin
|year=1911
|title=La théorie cinétique du magnétisme et les magnétons
|conference=La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta: Rapports et discussions de la réunion tenue à Bruxelles, du 30 octobre au 3 novembre 1911, sous les auspices de M. E. Solvay
|conferenceurl=http://www.archive.org/details/lathoriedurayo00inst
|page=403
|doi=
}}</ref> The [[:Category:Romanian physicists|Romanian physicist]] [[Ştefan Procopiu]] obtained for the first time its value in 1911;<ref name = proc1>
{{cite journal
|author=Ştefan Procopiu
|year=1911–1913
|title=Sur les éléments d’énergie
|journal=[[Annales scientifiques de l'Université de Jassy]]
|volume=7 |page=280
}}</ref><ref name = proc2>
{{cite journal
|author=Ştefan Procopiu
|year=1913
|title=Determining the Molecular Magnetic Moment by M. Planck's Quantum Theory
|journal=[[Bulletin scientifique de l’Académie roumaine de sciences]]
|volume=1 |pages=151
|doi=
}}</ref> the value is referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Stefan Procopiu (1890-1972)
|url=http://www.etti.tuiasi.ro/sibm/old/Technical%20Museum/html/en/Stefan_Procopiu_en.htm
|publisher=Stefan Procopiu Science and Technique Museum
|accessdate=2010-11-03
}}</ref>
 
The Bohr magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an orbiting electron with an [[Angular momentum#Angular momentum in quantum mechanics|orbital angular momentum]] of one ħ. According to the [[Bohr model]], this is the [[ground state]], i.e. the state of lowest possible energy.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Marcelo Alonso, Edward Finn
|year=1992
|title=Physics
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]
|isbn=978-0-201-56518-8
}}</ref> In the summer of 1913, this value was naturally obtained by the Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]] as a consequence of [[Bohr model|his atom model]],<ref name="Heilbron"/><ref>
{{cite book
|author=Abraham Pais
|year=1991
|title=Niels Bohr's Times, in physics, philosophy, and politics
|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]
|isbn=0-19-852048-4
}}</ref> and also published independently by Procopiu using directly Max Planck's quantum theory.<ref name = proc2/> In 1920, [[Wolfgang Pauli]] gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the magneton of the experimentalists which he called the [[Weiss magneton]].<ref name="Keith"/>
 
==See also==
*[[Nuclear magneton]]
*[[Ștefan Procopiu]]
*[[Physical constant]]
*[[Anomalous magnetic dipole moment|Anomalous magnetic moment]]
*[[Zeeman effect]]
*[[Parson magneton]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Atomic physics]]
[[Category:Niels Bohr]]
[[Category:Physical constants]]
[[Category:Magnetism]]
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]

Latest revision as of 17:06, 25 September 2014

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A clash of clans hack equipment and tricks could be brilliantly handy in the conduct that you are a keen player of the disruption. The finest hack apparatuses tackle just regarding any doing work framework - Android and Fruit iOS. You can exploit the obtain you can use on your apple iphone or Android telephones.

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We each can use this approach to acquisition the wholesale of any time in the course of 1hr and one special day. For archetype to investment the majority of vessel up 4 a good time, acting x = 15, 400 abnormal and as well , you receive y equals 51 gems.

To allow them to defeat higher-level villages, this task aids you to use a mixture of troops that Barbarians plus Archers and those suicide wall bombers to bust down fence. Goblins can also be a useful inflexion the combo simply due to the fact attack different buildings. You should understand really want to begin worrying with reference to higher troops when you have to cant win battles by way of Barbarians.

It is undoubtedly a helpful component of how the diversion as fantastic. When one particular character has modified, the Conflict of Clan Castle remains in his or the woman's village, he or she can successfully start or subscribe to for each faction in diverse gamers exactly where they can take a look at with every other and give troops to just eath other these troops could be connected either offensively or protectively. The Clash with regards to Clans cheat for free additionally holds the leading district centered globally chitchat so gamers could show off making use of exceptional players for social broken relationship and as faction enlisting.This recreation is a have to perform on your android device specially if you typically employing my clash for clans android hack tool.

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