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In [[astronomy]], '''interplanetary scintillation''' refers to random fluctuations in the intensity of [[radio wave]]s of [[Sky|celestial]] origin, on the timescale of a few seconds. It is analogous to the [[Twinkling (astronomy)|twinkling]] one sees looking at [[star]]s in the [[sky]] at night, but in the radio part of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] rather than the [[visible spectrum|visible one]]. Interplanetary scintillation is the result of radio waves traveling through fluctuations in the density of the [[electron]] and [[proton]]s that make up the [[solar wind]]. | |||
==Early study== | |||
Scintillation in radio waves due to the [[ionosphere]] was observed as early as 1951 by [[Antony Hewish]], and he then reported irregularities in radiation received during an observation of a bright radio source in [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] in 1954.<ref>Hewish (1955), p. 238.</ref> Hewish considered various possibilities, and suggested that irregularities in the [[solar corona]] would cause [[scattering]] by [[refraction]] and could produce the irregularities he observed.<ref>Hewish (1955), pp. 242–244.</ref> A decade later, while making [[astrometric]] observations of several bright sources of celestial radio waves using a [[radio interferometer]], Hewish and two collaborators reported "unusual fluctuations of intensity" in a few of the sources.<ref>Hewish (1964), p. 1214.</ref> The data strongly supported the notion that the fluctuations resulted from irregularities in the density of the [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] associated with the [[solar wind]], which the authors called interplanetary scintillation,<ref>Hewish (1964), p. 1215.</ref> and is recognized as the "discovery of the interplanetary scintillation phenomenon."<ref>Alurkar (1997), p. 38.</ref> | |||
In order to study interplanetary scintillation, Hewish built the [[Interplanetary Scintillation Array]] at the [[Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory]]. The array consisted of 2,048 [[dipole]]s over almost five [[acre]]s of land, and was built to constantly survey the sky at a time resolution of about 0.1 [[second]]s. This high time resolution set it apart from many other [[radio telescope]]s of the time, as astronomers did not expect emission from an object to feature such rapid variation.<ref>Manchester (1977), pp. 1–2.</ref> Soon after observations were under way, Hewish's student [[Jocelyn Bell]] turned this assumption on its head, when she noticed a signal which was soon recognized as emanating from a new class of object, the [[pulsar]]. Thus "it was an investigation of interplanetary scintillation that led to the discovery of pulsars, even though the discovery was a by-product rather than the purpose of the investigation."<ref>Lyne (1990). p. 4.</ref> | |||
==Cause== | |||
Scintillation occurs as a result of variations in the [[refractive index]] of the medium through which waves are traveling. The [[solar wind]] is a [[plasma (physics)|plasma]], composed primarily of [[electron]]s and lone [[proton]]s, and the variations in the index of refraction are caused by variations in the [[density]] of the plasma.<ref>Jokipii (1973), pp. 11–12.</ref> Different indices of refraction result in [[phase (waves)|phase]] changes between waves traveling through different locations, which results in [[interference (physics)|interference]]. As the waves interfere, both the [[frequency]] of the wave and its [[angular size]] are broadened, and the intensity varies.<ref>Alurkar (1997), p. 11.</ref> | |||
==Applications== | |||
===Solar wind=== | |||
As interplanetary scintillation is caused by the [[solar wind]], measurements of interplanetary scintillation "be utilized as valuable and inexpensive probes of the solar wind."<ref>Jokipii (1973), p. 1.</ref> As already noted, the observed information, the intensity fluctuations, is related to the desired information, the structure of the solar wind, through the phase change experienced by waves traveling through the solar wind. The [[root mean square]] (RMS) intensity fluctuations are often expressed relative to the mean intensity from the source, in a term called the scintillation index, which is written as | |||
<math> | |||
m = \frac{\langle \Delta I^2 \rangle^{1/2}}{\langle I \rangle}. | |||
</math> | |||
This can be related to the phase deviation caused by turbulence in the solar wind by considering the incident [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] plane wave, and yields | |||
<math> | |||
m \approx \sqrt{2}\Delta \phi.</math><ref>Alurkar (1997), p. 45.</ref> | |||
The next step, relating the phase change to the density structure of the solar wind, can be made more simple by assuming that the density of the plasma is highest towards the sun, which allows the "thin screen approximation." Doing so eventually gives an RMS deviation for the phase of | |||
<math> | |||
\phi_{RMS} = \lambda r_e \left( a L \right)^{1/2} \left[ \langle \delta N^2 \rangle \right]^{1/2},</math><ref>Alurkar (1997), pp. 39–45.</ref> | |||
where <math>\lambda</math> is the wavelength of the incoming wave, <math>r_e</math> is the [[classical electron radius]], <math>L</math> is the thickness of the "screen," or the length scale over which the majority of the scattering takes place, <math>a</math> is the typical size scale of density irregularities, and <math>\delta N^2</math> is the root mean squared variation of the electron density about the mean density. Thus interplanetary scintillation can be used as a probe of the density of the solar wind. Interplanetary scintilation measurements may also be used to infer the velocity of the solar wind.<ref>Jokipii (1973), pp. 23–25.</ref> | |||
Stable features of the solar wind can be particularly well studied. At a given time, observers on [[Earth]] have a fixed line of sight through the solar wind, but as the Sun rotates over an approximately month long [[Rotational period|period]], the perspective on Earth changes. It is then possible to do "[[tomographic reconstruction]] of the distribution of the solar wind" for the features of the solar wind which remain static.<ref>{{cite web | title = Murchison Widefield Array: Interplanetary Scintillation | url = http://www.mwatelescope.org/science/shi/ips.html | accessdate = 2009-07-20}}</ref> | |||
===Compact sources=== | |||
The [[power spectrum]] that is observed from a source which has experienced interplanetary scintillation is dependent upon the [[angular size]] of the source.<ref>Shishov (1978).</ref> Thus interplanetary scintillation measurements can be used to determine the size of compact radio sources, such as [[active galactic nuclei]].<ref>Artyukh (2001), p. 185</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Interplanetary space]] | |||
*[[Interplanetary medium]] | |||
*[[Interplanetary dust]] | |||
*[[Interplanetary dust cloud]] | |||
*[[Interplanetary magnetic field]] | |||
*[[Interstellar space]] | |||
*[[Interstellar medium]] | |||
*[[interstellar dust]] | |||
*[[Intergalactic space]] | |||
*[[Intergalactic medium]] | |||
*[[Intergalactic dust]] | |||
*[[List of plasma (physics) articles]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
* {{cite journal | author = Artyukh, Vadim S. | title = Investigations of AGNs by the interplanetary scintillation method | journal = Astrophysics and Space Science | volume = 278 | issue = 1/2 | pages = 185–188 | year = 2001 | bibcode = 2001Ap&SS.278..185A | doi = 10.1023/A:1013154728238}} | |||
* {{cite book | author = Alurkar, S.K. | title = Solar and Interplanetary Disturbances | publisher = World Scientific | location = Singapore | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-981-02-2925-2 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=tLzZGvQ4Cl8C}} | |||
* {{cite journal | author = Hewish, A. | authorlink = Antony Hewish | title = The Irregular Structure of the Outer Regions of the Solar Corona | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | volume = 228 | year = 1955 | pages = 238–251 | jstor = 99619 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1955.0046 | issue = 1173|bibcode = 1955RSPSA.228..238H }} | |||
* {{cite journal | author = Hewish, A., Scott, P.F., and Wills, D. | title = Interplanetary Scintillation of Small Diameter Radio Sources | journal = Nature | volume = 203 | issue = 4951 | pages = 1214–1217 | year = 1964 | month = September | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v203/n4951/abs/2031214a0.html | doi = 10.1038/2031214a0|bibcode = 1964Natur.203.1214H }} | |||
* {{cite journal | author = Jokipii, J.R. | title = Turbulence and Scintillations in the Interplanetary Plasma | journal = Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–28 | year = 1973 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000245 | bibcode = 1973ARA&A..11....1J}} | |||
* {{cite book | author = Lyne, A.G., and Graham-Smith, F. | title = Pulsar astronomy | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-521-83954-9 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=AK9N3zxL4ToC}} | |||
* {{cite book | author = Manchester, R.N., and Taylor, J.H. | title = Pulsars | publisher = W.H. Freeman and Company | location = San Francisco | year = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-7167-0358-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=vFRsHgAACAAJ}} | |||
* {{cite journal | author = Shishov, V.I., Shishova, T.D. | title = The influence of the source sizes on the interplanetary scintillation spectra - Theory | journal = Astronomicheskii Zhurnal | volume = 55 | year = 1978 | pages = 411–418 | bibcode = 1978AZh....55..411S}} | |||
[[Category:Observational astronomy]] | |||
[[Category:Radio astronomy]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:49, 26 October 2013
In astronomy, interplanetary scintillation refers to random fluctuations in the intensity of radio waves of celestial origin, on the timescale of a few seconds. It is analogous to the twinkling one sees looking at stars in the sky at night, but in the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum rather than the visible one. Interplanetary scintillation is the result of radio waves traveling through fluctuations in the density of the electron and protons that make up the solar wind.
Early study
Scintillation in radio waves due to the ionosphere was observed as early as 1951 by Antony Hewish, and he then reported irregularities in radiation received during an observation of a bright radio source in Taurus in 1954.[1] Hewish considered various possibilities, and suggested that irregularities in the solar corona would cause scattering by refraction and could produce the irregularities he observed.[2] A decade later, while making astrometric observations of several bright sources of celestial radio waves using a radio interferometer, Hewish and two collaborators reported "unusual fluctuations of intensity" in a few of the sources.[3] The data strongly supported the notion that the fluctuations resulted from irregularities in the density of the plasma associated with the solar wind, which the authors called interplanetary scintillation,[4] and is recognized as the "discovery of the interplanetary scintillation phenomenon."[5]
In order to study interplanetary scintillation, Hewish built the Interplanetary Scintillation Array at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. The array consisted of 2,048 dipoles over almost five acres of land, and was built to constantly survey the sky at a time resolution of about 0.1 seconds. This high time resolution set it apart from many other radio telescopes of the time, as astronomers did not expect emission from an object to feature such rapid variation.[6] Soon after observations were under way, Hewish's student Jocelyn Bell turned this assumption on its head, when she noticed a signal which was soon recognized as emanating from a new class of object, the pulsar. Thus "it was an investigation of interplanetary scintillation that led to the discovery of pulsars, even though the discovery was a by-product rather than the purpose of the investigation."[7]
Cause
Scintillation occurs as a result of variations in the refractive index of the medium through which waves are traveling. The solar wind is a plasma, composed primarily of electrons and lone protons, and the variations in the index of refraction are caused by variations in the density of the plasma.[8] Different indices of refraction result in phase changes between waves traveling through different locations, which results in interference. As the waves interfere, both the frequency of the wave and its angular size are broadened, and the intensity varies.[9]
Applications
Solar wind
As interplanetary scintillation is caused by the solar wind, measurements of interplanetary scintillation "be utilized as valuable and inexpensive probes of the solar wind."[10] As already noted, the observed information, the intensity fluctuations, is related to the desired information, the structure of the solar wind, through the phase change experienced by waves traveling through the solar wind. The root mean square (RMS) intensity fluctuations are often expressed relative to the mean intensity from the source, in a term called the scintillation index, which is written as
This can be related to the phase deviation caused by turbulence in the solar wind by considering the incident electromagnetic plane wave, and yields
The next step, relating the phase change to the density structure of the solar wind, can be made more simple by assuming that the density of the plasma is highest towards the sun, which allows the "thin screen approximation." Doing so eventually gives an RMS deviation for the phase of
where is the wavelength of the incoming wave, is the classical electron radius, is the thickness of the "screen," or the length scale over which the majority of the scattering takes place, is the typical size scale of density irregularities, and is the root mean squared variation of the electron density about the mean density. Thus interplanetary scintillation can be used as a probe of the density of the solar wind. Interplanetary scintilation measurements may also be used to infer the velocity of the solar wind.[13]
Stable features of the solar wind can be particularly well studied. At a given time, observers on Earth have a fixed line of sight through the solar wind, but as the Sun rotates over an approximately month long period, the perspective on Earth changes. It is then possible to do "tomographic reconstruction of the distribution of the solar wind" for the features of the solar wind which remain static.[14]
Compact sources
The power spectrum that is observed from a source which has experienced interplanetary scintillation is dependent upon the angular size of the source.[15] Thus interplanetary scintillation measurements can be used to determine the size of compact radio sources, such as active galactic nuclei.[16]
See also
- Interplanetary space
- Interplanetary medium
- Interplanetary dust
- Interplanetary dust cloud
- Interplanetary magnetic field
- Interstellar space
- Interstellar medium
- interstellar dust
- Intergalactic space
- Intergalactic medium
- Intergalactic dust
- List of plasma (physics) articles
References
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Bibliography
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There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
- ↑ Hewish (1955), p. 238.
- ↑ Hewish (1955), pp. 242–244.
- ↑ Hewish (1964), p. 1214.
- ↑ Hewish (1964), p. 1215.
- ↑ Alurkar (1997), p. 38.
- ↑ Manchester (1977), pp. 1–2.
- ↑ Lyne (1990). p. 4.
- ↑ Jokipii (1973), pp. 11–12.
- ↑ Alurkar (1997), p. 11.
- ↑ Jokipii (1973), p. 1.
- ↑ Alurkar (1997), p. 45.
- ↑ Alurkar (1997), pp. 39–45.
- ↑ Jokipii (1973), pp. 23–25.
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Shishov (1978).
- ↑ Artyukh (2001), p. 185