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Kendall would match proper in at Rosewood Excessive. She's fairly, has great trend sense and doubtless has a secret or two up her sleeve. As " Pretty Little Liars " fans know, Jackie is out to make Aria's life depressing, however the one place she will't get her is in school - that is, until her little sister (ender Kendall) enrolls at Rosewood Excessive [http://www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com/cold-steel-recon-1-review/ cold Steel recon 1 walmart]. Not only does Kendall seem like Jackie, however she could completely play the bitchy little sister. In any case, we've seen her naughty facet on " Preserving Up With the Kardashians " more than a few instances.<br><br>Kershaw are a quality knife manufacturer recognized for introducing quite a few necessary innovations into the trade. They are also identified for producing uniquely styled and high quality knives in quite a lot of different categories. They back up their products with a Limited Lifetime Guarantee, which suggests that you would be able to count on a Kershaw knife to last a lifetime. I've been impressed with virtually every Kershaw knives that I have ever owned. Eventually count I've 10 completely different models and every one is a high-quality knife that I am proud to personal. Let’s discover out if the Kershaw Leek collection stands as much as my scrutiny.<br><br>To be expected anytime a new popular instrument is designed there are positive to be copycat models produced by other companies. Kreg has lengthy been referred to as the most effective pocket hole jig system in the marketplace. Is this claim held by house owners? A fast search of homeowners comments on websites such [http://Www.Thebestpocketknifereviews.com/cold-steel-recon-1-review/ Benchmade Griptilian Vs Cold Steel Recon 1] as Amazon quickly present that Kreg owners love their kits. It's not uncommon to seek out that 70 or extra prospects have taken the time to return to Amazon after purchasing a Kreg system to offer optimistic opinions A lot of the critiques are in the 5 star range which is the very best evaluation score doable.<br><br>Positive if we had been all filthy wealthy our knife buying expertise can be an entire lot simpler. The truth for most of us is that we're limited to a budget and want to get the maximum efficiency inside these limits. This is the reason we pay particular consideration to value for money. Many knives in the marketplace right now are merely overpriced for what they're. The good news is that there are additionally loads of glorious value for cash options and in the event you look [http://Sss.chaoslab.ru/tracker/mim_plugs/newticket?reporter=anonymous&summary=AttributeError%3A+%27Environment%27+object+has+no+attribute+%27get_db_cnx%27&description=%5B%5Biframe+%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FHCnhZ8UhQ7k+height%3D%22360%22+width%3D%22640%22%5D%5DRECON+1%C2%AE+SERIES+Cold+Steel+is+popular+for+raising+the+bar+in+the+knife+business+and+our+Recon+1%C2%AE+tactical+folders+are+setting+a+standard+that%27s+hard+to+beat.+Why%3F+Since+they+are+as+challenging+as+nails+and+will+cut+like+a+chain+saw%21+Every+single+facet+of+their+building+has+been+more+than+engineered+to+make+them+as+robust%2C+durable+and+effective+as+humanly+possible.%0D%0A%0D%0AIf+a+particular+person+bases+their+outlook+of+stainless+steel+on+low+cost+stainless+with+alot+of+chromium+that+they+acquire+in+cheap+knives%2C+than+it%27s+understandable+why+somebody+could+see+it+that+way.+The+Salt+series+employing+rustproof+H1+steel+is+lightweight%2C+and+there+are+models+comparable+in+size+to+the+Harpy%2C+Delica%2C+Endura%2C+and+Rescue.+They+also+come+in+black.+And+strong%3F+The+Code+four%2C+with+Cold+Steel%27s+Tri-Ad+Lock+%2C+is+constructed+tougher+than+Kate+Upton%27s+glass+There%27s+zero+give+in+the+blade%2C+either+back+and+forth+or+up+and+down.+That+rock-strong+Tri-Ad+lockback+holds+factors+in+place+beautifully.+In+reality%2C+it+was+so+strong+at+1st+that+I+initially+had+some+difficulty+releasing+the+blade.+But+after+a+small+use+and+some+break-in%2C+it+really+is+now+precisely+where+it+really+should+be.+East+Scout+II%0D%0A%0D%0AGet+Cold+Steel+Recon+1+G-10+Deal+with+with+Clip+Point+Black+Blade%2C+ComboEdge+at+the+greatest+cost+available+nowadays.+You+can+get+Finest+Obtain+Cold+Steel+Recon+1+Tactical+Knife+with+G-ten+Handle+Tanto+Point+with+Black+Blade%2C+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebestpocketknifereviews.com%2Fcold-steel-recon-1-review%2F+ComboEdge%5D+%2B+Absolutely+free+shipping.+See+much+more+additional+data+Cold+Steel+Recon+1+Tactical+Knife+with+G-10+Handle+Tanto+Point+with+Black+Blade%2C+ComboEdge+Very+best+Get+%2C+Cheapest+Cold+Steel+Recon+1+Tactical+Knife+with+G-ten+Manage+Tanto+Point+with+Black+Blade%2C+ComboEdge+Finest+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fdict.Leo.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DAcquire%2BBuy+Acquire+Buy%5D+On+the+web+%E2%80%93+Get+it+Now%21+A+lot+more+Items+to+Take+into+account+Check+Very+best+Price+tag+On++Cold+Steel+Recon+1+Review%C2%A0-+Item+Specifications+The+Cold+Steel+Recon+1+Clip+Point+Folding+Knife+is+a+single+of+The+Knife+Junkie%27s+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2FPhoto.net%2Fgallery%2Ftag-search%2Fsearch%3Fquery_string%3Dfavourite+favourite%5D+knives%21+And+for+the+revenue%2C+it%27s+a+excellent+worth+as+properly.+Face+of+Cold+Steel+Mora+No.1%0D%0A%0D%0AIf+any+one+is+looking+for+self+defense+and+edged+weapons%2C+I+now+have+a+hookup+for+Cold+Steel+products%21+We%27re+placing+together+his+1st+order+and+can+get+the+solutions+AT+Expense%21+If+you+aren%27t+familiar+with+them%2C+check+them+out.+%2F+This+product+is+our%C2%A0Cold+Steel+Recon+1%2C+5+1%2F4%22+closed+linerlock.+4%22+black+finish+AUS-8A+stainless+partially+serrated+tanto+blade+with+dual+thumb+studs.+Textured+black+G-ten+handles.+Capabilities+the+Tri-Ad+Lock+with%C2%A0reversible+black+finish+stainless+pocket+clip.+Of+course+Cold+Steel+will+constantly+look+to+the+future%2C+constantly+striving+to+make+the+world%27s+strongest%2C+sharpest+knives.+That+objective+as+elusive+and+tough+to+obtain+as+it+is%2C+has+been+the+very+same+for+the+past+thirty+years.+Ontario+RAT+1+folder%2C+Becker+BK-2%2C+Mora+Companion+MG%0D%0A%0D%0ABased+upon+the+density+of+the+wood+the+Tanto+was+in+a+position+to+slice+by+way+of+the+wood+with+ease+as+I+hit+the+rear+spine+to+get+it+began+and+the+finish+of+the+blade+to+drive+it+down.+Worked+extremely+properly+no+doubt+in+portion+to+the+sharp+blade.+Doug+Ritter+worked+with+Benchmade+to+build+the+RSK+Mk1+and+mini-RSK+Mk1+Utility%2FSurvival+knives.+The+mini+is+nice+for+the+office+so+that+you+do+not+freak+out+your+co-workers+that+never+realize+a+knife+is+just+a+tool.+CPM+S30V+steel%2C+Noryl+GTX+handle%2C+wide+drop+point+blade+shape+with+a+higher+flatgrind+edge.+A+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26tbm%3Dnws%26q%3Dtiny%2Bpricey%26gs_l%3Dnews+tiny+pricey%5D+for+EDC+%28at+least+for+me%29%2C+but+I+really+like+these+knives.+I+like+my+mini+Grip+a+lot+but+lately+I%27ve+been+carrying+my+Griptilian.+I+have+to+numerous+folders+to+list+but+this+is+usually+my+EDC.+Gerber+Covert+Mini.%0D%0A%0D%0ACold+Steel%27s+Recon+1+series+is+deemed+by+some+to+be+the+ultimate+tactical+folding+knife+ever.+Now%2C+for+2013+there+are+some+additions+to+the+Recon+1+lineage.+Cold+Steel%27s+XL+Recon+series+feature+all+of+the+same+excellent+efficiency%2C+cutting+energy+and+safety+of+all+the+other+Recon+series+tactical+folders%2C+but+on+an+even+bigger+scale%21+With+monstrously+thick%2C+wide+five+1%2Ftwo%22+blades+%28accessible+in+each+Tanto+and+Clip+Point+configurations%29+they+are+astonishingly+productive+but+still+quite+effortlessly+carried+in+a+pocket+or+clipped+to+a+waistband.+The+massive+tactical+blade+is+held+open+with+Cold+Steel%27s+patented+Tri-Ad+lock+mechanism+that+holds+up+to+150+pounds+of+weight.%0D%0A%0D%0AThis+is+a+stock+picture+of+a+S%2FW+powerglide%2C+mine+%28I%27ll+get+a+image+when+I+can%29+On+the+blade+is+inscribed+%27First+Production+Run%27+1+of+5000+For+the+reason+that+I+never+want+to+have+to+lift+it+every+time+I+slide+the+knife+into+my+pocket%2C+I%27m+going+to+take+the+damned+point+off+and+bend+it+myself+to+a+much+more+upward+slope.%C2%A0Ridiculously+anal+and+picky%3F+In+all+probability.+But+it+really+is+a+pain+in+the+ass+the+way+it+is.+And+I+have+not+had+to+do+that+with+any+other+knife+I+personal.+It+is+a+silly+unforced+error+on+Cold+Steel%27s+element.+a%29+%281%29+A+person+commits+an+offense+who+carries+with+the+intent+to+go+armed+a+firearm%2C+a+knife+with+a+blade+length+exceeding+four+inches+%28four%22%29%2C+or+a+club+They+typically+use+low-priced%2C+heavy+on+the+chromium+stainless+steel+and+much+more+fancy+than+functional+manage+materials.%0D%0A%0D%0AIn+the+same+line+of+thought+the+spine+whack+where+the+spine+aspect+of+the+blade+is+slammed+into+anything+is+an+equal+possibility.+Regardless+of+how+ridiculous+it+could+appear+to+some+to+test+the+over+strike+concern+it+does+not+genuinely+matter+to+the+Triad+lock+one+way+or+the+other.+The+truth+is+that+even+the+guys+that+do+not+agree+with+the+more+than+strike+do+not+want+to+carry+a+knife+they+know+would+likely+fail+the+test+and+that+gnaws+at+them%21+The+Triad+lock+walked+via+both+spine+whacks+and+more+than+strikes+with+no+difficulty+at+all+as+you+can+see+clearly+in+the+videos.&create=Create exhausting sufficient] it’s potential to seek out quite a lot of top quality knives with out breaking the financial institution. We appreciate your feedback<br><br>Like any other instruments many sorts of knife are [http://Sss.chaoslab.ru/tracker/mim_plugs/newticket?reporter=anonymous&summary=AttributeError%3A+%27Environment%27+object+has+no+attribute+%27get_db_cnx%27&description=This+can+be+quite+a+few+suggested+linked+with+Rapid-Release+Ad-Recon+Mount+Ad-Recon+Scope+Mount+1.+Accepting+The+Israeli+D2+Steel-Blade+Combat+Knife+Challenge%21%21%21+Testing+Benchmade+%27s+D2+CSK%2C+Ka-Bar+%27s+D2+Intense+and+Cold+Steel+%27s+Recon+Scout+By+Howard+Linett+The+GI+Tanto+is+not+a+tiny+knife+%E2%80%93+even+though+it+is+not+a+machete+either.+It+includes+a+7%E2%80%B3+blade+and+with+the+5%E2%80%B3+deal+with+this+a+total+length+of+12%E2%80%B3+inches.+It+was+a+joy+to+carry+on+my+hip.%0D%0A%0D%0ACold+Steel+Recon+Scout+Knife+Evaluation-+College+of+Self+Reliance+Survival+Mike+from+the+College+of+Self+Reliance+critiques+Cold+Steel%27s+Recon+Scout+Knife.++If+you+have+any+kind+of+inquiries+regarding+where+and+how+to+utilize+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2FThebestpocketknifereviews.com%2Fcold-steel-recon-1-review%2F+Cold+Steel+Recon+Scout+Vg1+San+Mai+Iii%5D%2C+you+can+call+us+at+our+own+page.+The+Cold+Steel+Recon+1+knife+is+one+heck+of+a+beast.+If+you+are+looking+for+a+inexpensive%2C+tough+folding+tactical+or+utility+knife%2C+you+can+do+no+incorrect+with+this+high-high-quality+survival+knife+It+is+tough+as+a+nailgenerally+prepared+for+any+job.+Cold+Steel+Mini+Recon+1.+review%2C+rating%2C+item+detial%2C+product+options%2C+client+evaluations+and+extra+can+be+located+from+the+url+beneath.+Cold+Steel+is+famous+for+raising+the+bar+in+the+knife+market+and+our+Recon+1+tactical+folders+are+setting+a+regular+that%27s+difficult+to+beat.+Why%3F+For+the+reason+that+they+are+as+difficult+as+nails+and+will+reduce+like+a+chain+saw%21+Cold+Steel+Parking+Lot+giving+US+knife%0D%0A%0D%0ABoth+the+Recon+Scout+and+Trailmaster+were+subjected+to+heavy+stabs+in+soft+tomedium+density+woods+followed+by+robust+side+pulls+to+the+side+to+break+the+woodout.+The+Recon+Scout+was+a+lot+more+efficient+as+the+further+length+of+the+Trailmasterreduced+precision.+The+blades+were+also+thrown+up+to+half+turn+distances%2C+aboutfifteen+feet.+The+penetration+was+high+due+to+the+thin+guidelines%2C+and+they+are+easyto+throw+for+the+reason+that+of+the+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.Britannica.com%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3Dtapered%2Bgrips+tapered+grips%5D.+The+blades+had+been+also+stabbed+via+acar+door%2C+resistance+was+slight.+The+net+effect+was+minimal+impacting%2C+lessthan+half+a+millimeter+of+the+tip+on+the+Trailmaster+and+none+on+the+Recon+Scout%28just+a+little+blunted%29%2C+from+the+metal+contacts.%0D%0A%0D%0AAs+a+whole%2C+buyer+evaluations+for+this+knife+series+are+really+positive.+This+reality+rings+correct+for+testimonials+posted+each+on+the+official+Cold+Steel+business+internet+site+and+on+third-party+web-sites+like+that+of+.+Typical+sentiment+appears+to+be+that+the+Recon+knives+are+all+that+they+are+promised+to+be+and+far+more.+Durability+and+reliability+have+been+combined+to+build+a+formidable+tool+that+functions+just+as+efficiently+at+slicing+through+hard+supplies+as+it+does+as+a+handy+self+protection+weapon.+Metals+are+no+match+for+these+sturdy+blades.+The+anti-lock+system+is+just+as+smooth+and+effective+as+promised%2C+and+the+program+leaves+users+with+little+to+worry+about+in+terms+of+efficiency+reliability.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+knife+is+also+designed+with+somewhat+short+guards+so+that+1+can+choke+up+the+grip+for+fine+function%2C+with+the+ricasso+getting+extended+and+obtaining+linger+grooves+to+make+the+choke+grip+firm+and+comfortable.+The+steel+butt+is+squared+off+on+two+sides+so+that+it+may+well+be+applied+as+a+hammer+in+either+path%2C+the+flats+being+file-cut+to+reduce+the+tendency+for+the+face+to+skid+off+the+operate+on+striking.+The+butt+also+incorporates+a+lanyard+hole+for+additional+safety+of+retention+of+the+knife+as+properly+as+a+signifies+of+securing+the+paracord%2C+should+really+this+option+be+selected+as+an+added+survival+aid.+The+Parry+Blade+%E2%80%93+The+Definitive+Operating+Knife%0D%0A%0D%0ACold+Steel+Micro+Recon+1+Tanto+Tactical+Folder+Knife+Knife+Protection+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2FImageshack.us%2Fphotos%2FRecommendations%2BKnife+Recommendations+Knife%5D+protection+is+well-known+sense.+But+it+ought+to+not+be+all+that+widespread%2C+actually%2C+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.Google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26tbm%3Dnws%26q%3Djudging+judging%5D+by+the+variety+of+knife+comparable+injuries+we+handle+to+inflict+on+ourselves.+We+could+steer+clear+of+a+fantastic+deal+of+that+by+halting+to+assume+about+the+proper+approaches+to+use+and+retail+retailer+knives.+Evaluating+Knife+Sharpeners+Stones+and+sharpening+steels+had+been+getting+made+use+of+for+pretty+a+couple+of+yrs.+The+course+of+action+was+something+of+an+art.+Contemporary+knife+sharpeners+are+rather+reduce+in+value+and+rapid+to+use+and+can+sharpen+diverse+kinds+of+knives.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+double+choils+are+yet+another+engineering+feat.+In+order+to+acquire+uniform+testing+outcomes%2C+we+tested+the+Brute%27s+chopping+energy+on+ordinary+pine+2%E2%80%9Dx4%E2%80%9D+boards.+We+tested+the+Brute+against+a+complete+size+machete%2C+and+a+1+%C2%BC+lbs.+hatchet.+In+30+seconds+the+Brute+out+chopped+the+other+cutting+implements+by+really+a+bit.+The+Brute+excelled+in+the+battonning+division+as+properly%2C+I+was+pretty+surprised+by+the+truth+that+the+serrations+did+not+interfere+with+battonning+at+all.+The+Saw+Back%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+blade+shape+is+an+very+helpful+configuration.+It+has+good+cutting+energy+for+its+size+and+I+think+maximizes+the+ability+of+the+knife.+It%27s+excellent+for+cutting+boxes%2C+rope%2C+line%2C+or+just+about+anything+you+could+possibly+encounter+for+EDC+tasks.+The+MTL+actually+is+a+terrific+utility+knife.+It+comes+in+Aus+eight%2C+which+some+men+and+women+don%27t+like%2C+but+I+genuinely+like+Cold+Steel%27s+Aus+8.+It%27s+pretty+sharp%2C+holds+a+superior+edge%2C+and+is+simple+to+sharpen.+More+than+the+last+3+decades%2C+Cold+Steel%C2%AE+has+been+at+the+forefront+of+the+quite+a+few+innovations+that+have+helped+to+define+the+knife+business+as+a+complete.+GROUND+BREAKING+ACCOMPLISHMENTS+Do+I+will+need+to+continue%3F+From+my+point+of+view+it+really+is+about+what+you+can+do+with+the+knife%2C+not+the+knife+itself.+Acid+Stonewashed+Blade+First+Attempt&create=Create developed] for a certain duties. Such because the serrated knife that has tooth alongside the edge of its blade. Its recesses augmented its slicing floor. Unlike a straight edge blade knife a serrated knife needs not be sharpened regularly for the tooth on the knife edge would be the one to penetrate no matter you will be reducing and on the similar time protects the recessed leading edge from getting uninteresting simply. Uite secure. Assisted dwelling center. Madeover 7000 knives throughout There's, nonetheless, bargain assisted opening pocket knives opinions some These residences be certain that citizens a purchase order of those kn<br><br>I examined the Zero Tolerance Model 0200 , and that model really caught my attention for various [http://istoriya.sumy.ua8080/index.php/Cold_Steel_Training_Knives_Review reasons]. First of all, I like big knives, be there folders or mounted blade knives - and the 0200 comes with a 4" 154CM chrome steel blade - this metal was used virtually exclusively by customized knife makers as a result of it is spendy, to say the least - manufacturing unit knife makers just didn't wish to use this metal for a long time, thinking consumers would not buy knives that cost more money than knives with inexpensive stainless steels.<br><br>The Spyderco Delica runs round fifty bucks from Amazon, relying on which handle color you choose. It has been around for lengthy sufficient to change into a classic lockback knife. This is an older mannequin that I’ve had long enough to be the baseline that I evaluate different folders towards [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_knife gerber knifes] as a basic “is it any good” check. It's my “vanilla ice cream”. When these first came out about a dozen years ago, they had been at the reducing fringe of knife design and as of late just symbolize a great, fairly fundamental lockback folder.<br><br>So how did the edge maintain up? - Leaps and bounds forward of the original Ultimate Knife's edge. The 9Cr19MoV Stainless has edge-holding that's at the very least pretty much as good as 440C with a superb heat treatment, and probably better. I was very impressed by its efficiency and was honestly a bit stunned, as I did not count [http://www.knifecenter.com automatic knives] on a Chinese stainless to carry an edge this effectively. Negatives? Sure - the whistle is just marginally improved. I am unsure why a more sturdy whistle wasn't added, as this might have been a golden opportunity for Gerber to enhance upon this handy survival feature. The whistle remains to be efficient, however might be better.
{{selfref|For the MediaWiki (the software used by Wikipedia) API, see [[mw:API]]}}
 
An '''application programming interface''' ('''API''') [[specification|specifies]] how some [[software component]]s should interact with each other.
 
In addition to accessing [[database]]s or [[computer hardware]], such as [[hard disk drive]]s or [[video card]]s, an API can be used to ease the work of programming [[graphical user interface]] components. In practice, many times an API comes in the form of a [[Library (computing)|library]] that includes specifications for [[subroutine|routines]], [[data structure]]s, [[Class (computer programming)|object classes]], and variables. In some other cases, notably for [[SOAP]] and [[REST]] [[Web service|services]], an API comes as just a specification of [[Remote procedure call|remote calls]] exposed to the API consumers.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.authorize.net/support/CIM_SOAP_guide.pdf
| title = Customer Information Manager (CIM)
| work = SOAP API Documentation
| format = PDF
|date=July 2013 | accessdate = 2013-09-27
| publisher = [[Authorize.Net]]
}}</ref>
 
An API specification can take many forms, including an International Standard such as [[POSIX]], vendor documentation such as the [[Microsoft]] [[Windows API]], the [[Library (computing)|libraries]] of a [[programming language]], e.g., [[Standard Template Library]] in [[C++]] or [[Java API]]. Web APIs are also a vital component of today's web fabric. An API differs from an [[application binary interface]] (ABI) in that an API is source code based while an ABI is a binary interface. For instance [[POSIX]] is an API, while the [[Linux Standard Base]] is an ABI.<ref>{{cite web|
first=Nick|
last=Stoughton|
url=https://db.usenix.org/publications/login/2005-04/openpdfs/standards2004.pdf|
title=Update on Standards|
publisher=[[USENIX]]|
format=PDF|date=April 2005|
accessdate=2009-06-04}}</ref>
 
==Detailed explanation==
 
===API in procedural  languages===
In most procedural languages, an API specifies a set of [[subroutine|functions or routines]] that accomplish a specific task or are allowed to interact with a specific software component. This specification is presented in a human readable format in paper books, or in electronic formats like ebooks or as [[man page]]s. For example, the math API on [[Unix]] systems is a specification on how to use the mathematical functions included in the math library. Among these functions there is a function, named <code>sqrt()</code>, that can be used to compute the square root of a given number.
 
The Unix command <code>man 3 sqrt</code> presents the [[Type signature#Signature|signature]] of the function <code>sqrt</code> in the form:
<source lang="C">
SYNOPSIS
            #include <math.h>
            double sqrt(double X);
            float  sqrtf(float X);
DESCRIPTION
      sqrt computes the positive square root of the argument. ...
RETURNS
      On success, the square root is returned. If X is real and positive...
</source>
 
This description means that <code>sqrt()</code> function returns the square root of a positive floating point number (<code>single</code> or <code>double</code> precision), as another floating point number.
 
Hence the API in this case can be interpreted as the collection of the [[include file]]s used by a program, written in the C language, to reference that library function, and its human readable description provided by the [[man page]]s.
 
Similarly, other languages have procedural libraries; for example, [[Perl]] has dedicated APIs for the same mathematical task with built-in documentation available, which is accessible using the [[perldoc]] utility:
<pre>
$ perldoc -f sqrt
      sqrt EXPR
      sqrt    #Return the square root of EXPR. If EXPR is omitted, returns
              #square root of $_.  Only works on non-negative operands, unless
              #you've loaded the standard Math::Complex module.
</pre>
 
===API in object-oriented languages===
In its simplest form an object API is a prescription of how ''objects work'' in a given object-oriented language: usually it is expressed as set [[Class (computer science)|classes]] with an associated list of [[class method]]s.
 
For example, in the [[Java (programming language)|Java language]], if the class <code>Scanner</code> is to be used (a class that reads input from the user in text-based programs), importing the <code>java.util.Scanner</code> library is required so objects of type <code>Scanner</code> can be used by invoking some of the class' methods:
 
<source lang="Java">
public class Test {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
      System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
      Scanner inputScanner = new Scanner(System.in);
      String name = inputScanner.nextLine();
      System.out.println("Your name is " + name + ".");
      inputScanner.close();
  }
}
</source>
 
In the example above, methods <code>nextLine()</code> and <code>close()</code> are part of the API for the <code>Scanner</code> class, and hence are described in the documentation for that API.
 
More generally, in [[object oriented|object-oriented]] languages, an API usually includes a description of a set of [[Class (computer science)|class]] definitions, with a set of behaviors associated with those classes. This abstract concept is associated with the real functionality exposed, or made available, by the classes that are implemented in terms of [[class method]]s (or more generally by all its public components hence all public methods, but also possibly including any internal entity made public, like fields, constants, nested objects, enums, etc.).
 
The API in this case can be conceived of as the totality of all the methods publicly exposed by the classes (usually called the class ''interface''). This means that the API prescribes the methods by which one interacts with/handles the objects derived from the class definitions.
 
More generally, one can see the API as the collection of all the ''kinds'' of objects one can derive from the class definitions, and their associated possible behaviors. Again: the use is mediated by the public methods, but in this interpretation, the methods are seen as a ''technical detail'' of how the behavior is implemented.
 
For instance: a class representing a <code>[[Stack (data structure)|Stack]]</code> can simply expose publicly two methods <code>push()</code> (to add a new item to the stack), and <code>pop()</code> (to extract the last item, ideally placed on top of the stack).
 
In this case the API can be interpreted as the two methods <code>pop()</code> and <code>push()</code>, or, more generally, as the ''idea'' that one can use an item of type <code>Stack</code> that implements the behavior of a stack: a pile ''exposing'' its top to add/remove elements. The second interpretation appears more appropriate in the spirit of [[object oriented|object orientation]].
 
This concept can be carried to the point where a class interface in an API has no methods at all, but only behaviors associated with it. For instance, the [[Java language]] and [[Lisp (programming language)]] API include the [[java interface|interface]] <code>Serializable</code>, which is a [[Marker interface pattern|marker interface]] that requires that each class, that implements it, should behave in a [[Serialization|serialized]] fashion. This does not require to have any public method, but rather requires that any class that implements it to have a representation that can be ''saved'' (serialized) at any time.<ref>this is typically true for any class containing simple data and no link to external resources, like an open connection to a file, a remote system, or an external device</ref>
 
Similarly the behavior of an object in a [[Concurrent programming|concurrent]] ([[Thread (computer science)|multi-threaded]]) environment is not necessarily determined by specific methods, belonging to the interface implemented, but still belongs to the API for that Class of objects, and should be described in the documentation.<ref>{{cite web
|first      = Joshua
|last        = Bloch
|title      = Effective Java (2nd edition)
|url        = http://java.sun.com/docs/books/effective/
|publisher  = [[Addison-Wesley]]
|pages      = 259–312
|year        = 2008
|ISBN    = 978-0-321-35668-0}}</ref>
 
In this sense, in object-oriented languages, the API defines a set of object behaviors, possibly mediated by a set of class methods.
 
In such languages, the API is still distributed as a library. For example, the Java language libraries include a set of APIs that are provided in the form of the [[JDK]] used by the developers to build new Java programs. The JDK includes the documentation of the API in [[JavaDoc]] notation.
 
The quality of the documentation associated with an API is often a factor determining its success in terms of ease of use.
 
===API libraries and frameworks===
An API is usually related to a [[software library]]: the API describes and prescribes the ''expected behavior'' while the library is an ''actual implementation'' of this set of rules.
A single API can have multiple implementations (or none, being abstract) in the form of different libraries that share the same programming interface.
 
An API can also be related to a [[Framework (computer science)|software framework]]: a framework can be based on several libraries implementing several APIs, but unlike the normal use of an API, the ''access'' to the behavior ''built into the framework'' is mediated by extending its content with new classes plugged into the framework itself.
Moreover the overall program flow of control can be out of the control of the caller, and in the hands of the framework via [[inversion of control]] or a similar mechanism.<ref>{{cite web
|first = Martin
|last = Fowler
|title = Inversion Of Control
|url = http://martinfowler.com/bliki/InversionOfControl.html
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|first = Mohamed
|last = Fayad
|title = Object-Oriented Application Frameworks
|url = http://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/CACM-frameworks.html
}}
</ref>
 
===API and protocols===
An API can also be an implementation of a [[Communications protocol|protocol]].
 
When an API implements a protocol it can be based on [[Proxy pattern|proxy]] methods for remote invocations that underneath rely on the communication protocol.
The role of the API can be exactly to hide the detail of the transport protocol.
E.g.: [[Java remote method invocation|RMI]] is an API that implements the [[JRMP]] protocol or the [[IIOP]] as [[RMI-IIOP]].
 
Protocols are usually shared between different technologies (system based on given computer programming languages in a given operating system) and usually allow the different technologies to exchange information, acting as an abstraction/mediation level between the two different environments. APIs are usually specific to a given technology: hence the APIs of a given language cannot be used in other languages, unless the function calls are wrapped with specific adaptation libraries.
 
To enable the exchange of information among systems that use different technologies, when an API implements a protocol, it can prescribe a ''language-neutral'' message format: e.g. [[SOAP]] uses [[XML]] as a general container for the messages to be exchanged.
 
====Object exchange API and protocols====
An object API can prescribe a specific (local) object exchange format, an object exchange protocol can define a way to transfer the same kind of information in a message sent to a remote system.
 
When a message is exchanged via a protocol between two different platforms using objects on both sides, the object in a programming language can be transformed ([[Marshalling (computer science)|marshalled and unmarshalled]]) in an object in a remote and different language: so, e.g., a program written in [[Java language|Java]] invokes a service via [[SOAP]] or [[IIOP]] written in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] both programs use APIs for remote invocation (each locally to the machine where they are working) to (remotely) exchange information that they both convert from/to an object in local memory.
 
Instead when a similar object is exchanged via an API local to a single machine the object is effectively exchanged (or a [[Reference (computer science)|reference]] to it) in memory: e.g. via memory allocated by a single process, or among multiple processes using [[shared memory]], an [[application server]], or other sharing technologies like [[tuple spaces]].
 
====Object remoting API and protocols====
An object remoting API is based on a remoting protocol, such as [[CORBA]], that allows remote object method invocation. A method call, executed locally on a proxy object, invokes the corresponding method on the remote object, using the remoting protocol, and acquires the result to be used locally as return value.
 
When remoting is in place, a modification on the proxy object corresponds to a modification on the remote object. When only an object transfer takes place, the modification to the local copy of the object is not reflected on the original object, unless the object is sent back to the sending system.
 
===API sharing and reuse via virtual machine===
{{Expand section|date=December 2013}}
 
Some languages like those running in a [[virtual machine]] (e.g. [[List of CLI languages|.NET CLI compliant languages]] in the [[Common Language Runtime]] (CLR), and [[List of JVM languages|JVM compliant languages]] in the [[Java Virtual Machine]]) can share an API. In this case, a virtual machine enables [[language interoperability]], by abstracting a programming language using an intermediate [[bytecode]] and its [[language binding]]s.
 
==Web APIs==
{{Main|Web API}}
When used in the context of [[web development]], an API is typically defined as a set of [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] (HTTP) request messages, along with a definition of the structure of response messages, which is usually in an Extensible Markup Language ([[XML]]) or JavaScript Object Notation ([[JSON]]) format. While "web API" historically has been virtually synonymous for [[web service]], the recent trend (so-called [[Web 2.0]]) has been moving away from Simple Object Access Protocol ([[SOAP]]) based web services and [[service-oriented architecture]] (SOA) towards more direct [[representational state transfer]] (REST) style [[web resource]]s and [[resource-oriented architecture]] (ROA).<ref>
{{cite web
|first      = Djamal
|last        = Benslimane
|coauthors  = Schahram Dustdar, and Amit Sheth
|title      = Services Mashups: The New Generation of Web Applications
|url        = http://dsonline.computer.org/portal/site/dsonline/menuitem.9ed3d9924aeb0dcd82ccc6716bbe36ec/index.jsp?&pName=dso_level1&path=dsonline/2008/09&file=w5gei.xml&xsl=article.xsl
|work        = IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 12, no. 5
|publisher  = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
|pages      = 13–15
|year        = 2008
}}
</ref> Part of this trend is related to the [[Semantic Web]] movement toward [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF), a concept to promote web-based [[ontology engineering]] technologies. Web APIs allow the combination of multiple APIs into new applications known as [[mashup (web application hybrid)|mashup]]s.<ref>
{{citation
|first      = James
|last        = Niccolai
|title      = So What Is an Enterprise Mashup, Anyway?
|url        = http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/145039/so_what_is_an_enterprise_mashup_anyway.html
|work        = [[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
|date        = 2008-04-23
}}</ref>
 
===Web use to share content===
The practice of publishing APIs has allowed web communities to create an open architecture for sharing content and data between communities and applications. In this way, content that is created in one place can be dynamically posted and updated in multiple locations on the web:
* Photos can be shared from sites like [[Flickr]] and [[Photobucket]] to [[Social networking websites|social network]] sites like [[Facebook]] and [[MySpace]].
* Content can be embedded, e.g. embedding a presentation from [[Slide hosting services|SlideShare]] on a [[LinkedIn]] profile.
* Content can be dynamically posted. Sharing live comments made on [[Twitter]] with a Facebook account, for example, is enabled by their APIs.
* Video content can be embedded on sites served by another host.
* User information can be shared from web communities to outside applications, delivering new functionality to the web community that shares its user data via an open API. One of the best examples of this is the [[Facebook Platform|Facebook Application platform]]. Another is the [[Open Social]] platform.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://code.google.com/apis/opensocial/docs/index.html
| title = OpenSocial API Documentation
| accessdate = 2007-11-02
| work = Google Code
| publisher = Google
}}</ref>
* If content is a direct representation of the physical world (e.g., temperature at a geospatial location on earth) then an API can be considered an "Environmental Programming Interface" (EPI).  EPIs are characterized by their ability to provide a means for universally sequencing events sufficient to utilize real-world data for decision making.
 
==Implementations==
The [[POSIX]] standard defines an API that allows writing a wide range of common computing functions in a way such that they can operate on many different systems ([[Mac OS X]], and various [[Berkeley Software Distribution]]s (BSDs) implement this interface). However, using this requires [[Compiler|re-compiling]] for each platform. A compatible API, on the other hand, allows compiled [[object code]] to function with no changes to the system that implements that API. This is beneficial to both software providers (where they may distribute existing software on new systems without producing and distributing upgrades) and users (where they may install older software on their new systems without purchasing upgrades), although this generally requires that various [[software libraries]] implement the necessary APIs as well.
 
[[Microsoft]] has shown a strong commitment to a backward compatible API, particularly within their [[Windows API]] (Win32) library, such that older applications may run on newer versions of Windows using an executable-specific setting called "Compatibility Mode".<ref>
{{cite web
|author      = Microsoft
|url        = http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/helpandsupport/learnmore/appcompat.mspx
|title= Support for Windows XP
|publisher  = Microsoft
|page      = 4
|date=October 2001}}</ref>
 
Among [[Unix-like]] operating systems, there are many related but incompatible operating systems running on a common hardware platform (particularly [[Intel 80386]]-compatible systems). There have been several attempts to standardize the API such that software vendors may distribute one binary application for all these systems; however, to date, none of these has met with much success. The [[Linux Standard Base]] is attempting to do this for the [[Linux]] platform, while many of the BSD Unixes, such as [[FreeBSD]], [[NetBSD]], and [[OpenBSD]], implement various levels of API compatibility for both backward compatibility (allowing programs written for older versions to run on newer distributions of the system) and cross-platform compatibility (allowing execution of foreign code without recompiling).
 
==Release policies==
The main policies for releasing an API are:
 
* Protecting information on APIs from the general public. For example, [[Sony]] used to make its official [[PlayStation 2]] API available only to licensed PlayStation developers. This enabled Sony to control who wrote PlayStation 2 games. This gives companies quality control privileges and can provide them with potential licensing revenue streams.
* Making APIs freely available. For example, [[Microsoft]] makes the [[Microsoft Windows]] API public, and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] releases its APIs [[Carbon (computing)|Carbon]] and [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]], so that software can be written for their [[System platform|platform]]s.
 
A mix of the two behaviors can be used as well.
 
==APIs and copyrights==
In 2010, [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] [[Oracle_Corporation#Lawsuit_against_Google|sued]] [[Google]] for having distributed a new implementation of [[Java (programming language)|Java]] embedded in the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] operating system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdobbs.com/jvm/232901227 |title=Oracle and the End of Programming As We Know It |publisher=DrDobbs |date=2012-05-01 |accessdate=2012-05-09}}</ref> Google had not acquired any permission to reproduce the Java API, although a similar permission had been given to the [[OpenJDK]] project. Judge [[William Alsup]] ruled in the [[Oracle v. Google]] case that APIs cannot be [[copyrighted]] in the U.S, and that a victory for Oracle would have widely expanded copyright protection and allowed the copyrighting of simple software commands:
 
<blockquote>To accept Oracle's claim would be to allow anyone to copyright one version of code to carry out a system of commands and thereby bar all others from writing their own different versions to carry out all or part of the same commands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tgdaily.com/business-and-law-features/63756-apis-cant-be-copyrighted-says-judge-in-oracle-case |title=APIs Can't be Copyrighted Says Judge in Oracle Case |publisher=TGDaily |date=2012-06-01 |accessdate=2012-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Judge-Alsup-Ruling-on-Copyrightability-of-APIs.pdf
| title = Oracle America, Inc. vs. Google Inc.
| date = 2012-05-31 | accessdate = 2013-09-22
| publisher = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
}}</ref></blockquote>
 
==API examples==
{{See also|Category:Application programming interfaces}}
 
{{Div col||25em}}
* [[Advanced SCSI programming interface|ASPI]] for [[SCSI]] device interfacing
* [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] and [[Carbon (computing)|Carbon]] for the [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]]
* [[DirectX]] for [[Microsoft Windows]]
* [[EHLLAPI]]
* [[List of Java APIs|Java APIs]]
* [[Open Database Connectivity|ODBC]] for [[Microsoft Windows]]
* [[OpenAL]] cross-platform sound API
* [[OpenCL]] cross-platform API for general-purpose computing for CPUs & GPUs
* [[OpenGL]] cross-platform graphics API
* [[OpenMP]] API that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix and Microsoft Windows platforms.
* [[Server Application Programming Interface]] (SAPI)
* [[Simple DirectMedia Layer]] (SDL)
{{Div col end}}
 
==Language bindings and interface generators==
APIs that are intended to be used by more than one [[high-level programming language]] often provide, or are augmented with, facilities to automatically map the API to features ([[syntactic]] or [[semantic]]) that are more natural in those languages. This is known as [[language binding]], and is itself an API. The aim is to [[Encapsulation (computer science)|encapsulate]] most of the required functionality of the API, leaving a "thin" layer appropriate to each language.
 
Below are listed some interface generator tools that bind languages to APIs at [[compile time]].
 
* [[SWIG]] open-source interfaces bindings generator from many languages to many languages (Typically Compiled->Scripted)
* F2PY:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f2py.org/ |title=F2PY.org |publisher=F2PY.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> [[Fortran (programming language)|Fortran]] to [[Python (programming language)|Python]] interface generator.
 
<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[API writer]]
* [[Calling convention]]
* [[Comparison of application virtual machines]]
* [[Common Object Request Broker Architecture]] CORBA
* [[Document Object Model]] DOM
* [[Double-chance function]]
* [[Foreign function interface]]
* [[List of 3D graphics APIs]]
* [[Name mangling]]
* [[Open Service Interface Definitions]]
* [[Platform-enabled website]]
* [[Plug-in (computing)|Plugin]]
* [[Software Development Kit]]
* [[XPCOM]]
{{Div col end}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
* [http://lcsd05.cs.tamu.edu/slides/keynote.pdf How to design a good API and why it matters]
* [http://www.lior.ca/publications/api_design.pdf How to Write an API]
 
{{Operating system}}
 
[[Category:Technical communication]]
[[Category:Application programming interfaces|*]]

Latest revision as of 18:36, 5 January 2015

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