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| '''Hyron Spinrad''' (born 1934) is an [[United States|American]] [[astronomer]]. His research has ranged from the study of [[planet]] [[atmosphere]]s to the evolution of [[galaxies]]. {{As of|2010}} he was an [[emeritus professor]] of [[astronomy]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].
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| ==Biography==
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| Spinrad was born in New York in 1934. After his family moved to [[California]], he received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in astronomy at UC Berkeley. Following graduation, he enrolled in the [[US Army]], and began work in the [[National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency#Army_Map_Service_.28AMS.29_.2F_U.S._Army_Topographic_Command_.28USATC.29|Army Map Service]].<ref name="oral_history">{{cite web | title = Oral History Transcript — Dr. Hyron Spinrad | url = http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4899.html | accessdate = 2010-04-27}}</ref> After two years in the army, he applied to and was accepted to the graduate program at UC Berkeley in 1957. He earned his [[PhD]] in 1961, writing his thesis on stellar populations in galactic nuclei.<ref name="Spinrad_thesis">{{cite journal | author = Spinrad, H. | title = Stellar Populations in the Nuclei of Galaxies | journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | volume = 73 | issue = 434 | pages = 336–337 | year = 1961 | bibcode = 1961PASP...73..336S | doi = 10.1086/127702}}</ref><ref name="berkeley_astro">{{cite web | title = Hyron Spinrad, Professor, Berkeley Astronomy Department | url = http://astro.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/spinrad.html | accessdate = 2010-04-27}}</ref> He then took a position as a research scientist at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], where he performed [[spectroscopic]] studies of [[Solar System]] [[planet]]s and smaller bodies. In 1964 Spinrad was invited to return to Berkeley as a professor, and in 1968 he received tenure.<ref name="oral_history"/><ref name="berkeley_astro"/>
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| ==Research==
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| Spinrad has pursued research in a variety of areas of astronomy, including stellar composition, the formation and evolution of galaxies, and the composition of the atmospheres of [[Solar System]] [[planet]]s and [[comet]]s. These diverse topics are united in that Spinrad primarily relied upon measurements of [[spectral line]]s ([[spectroscopy]]) in his work.<ref name="King1999">
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| {{cite conference
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| | author = King, Ivan R.; Liebert, James W.; de Pater, Imke
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| | title = Observations of Hyron Spinrad
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| | booktitle = The Hy-Redshift Universe: Galaxy Formation and Evolution at High Redshift
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| | pages = 1–8
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| | editor = Bunker, Andrew; van Breugel, Wil
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| | publisher = Astronomical Society of the Pacific
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| | date = June 21–24, 1999
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| | location = Berkeley
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| | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..193.....B
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| | accessdate = 2010-04-27}}</ref>
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| ===Galaxy formation and evolution===
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| To study the formation of galaxies, Spinrad looked for distant galaxies. The more distant an object, the longer it takes light to reach [[Earth]] as a result of the [[speed of light]] being finite. In general, this allows astronomers to study objects as they were many millions or even billions of years ago. Spinrad originally selected targets by looking at the position of members of the [[Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources]], as the catalogue included many [[radio galaxy|radio galaxies]] that he thought would be at high redshift.<ref name="King1999"/> The search was successful, and Spinrad found the galaxy with the highest identified [[cosmological redshift|redshift]] in 1975, and then found several more with greater redshifts, including the first identification of a galaxy with a redshift larger than ''z'' = 1.<ref name="King1999"/><ref name="Spinrad1975">{{cite journal | author = Spinrad, H.; Smith, H. E.; Hunstead, R.; Ryle, M. | title = 3C 411 - A Newly discovered N galaxy with a large redshift | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 198 | year = 1975 | pages = 7–11 | doi = 10.1086/153571 | bibcode = 1975ApJ...198....7S}}</ref><ref name="Spinrad1982">{{cite journal | author = Spinrad, H. | title = Redshifts and spectroscopy of very distant radio galaxies with strong emission lines | journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific | volume = 94 | pages = 397–403 | year = 1982 | doi = 10.1086/130999 | bibcode = 1982PASP...94..397S}}</ref> These discoveries helped show how galaxies have evolved throughout the history of the universe. For example, by measuring redshifts of sources in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources, it was possible to establish the number of such bright radio galaxies per volume in the universe as a function of its age, and find that there were hundreds as times as many radio galaxies at ''z'' <math>\approx</math> 1 as there are today.<ref name="Spinrad1982"/>
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| ===Solar System bodies===
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| Spinrad spent much of his time at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory looking at the atmospheres of Solar System planets. He discovered [[water vapor]] in the atmosphere of [[Mars]],<ref name = "Spinrad1963">{{cite journal | author = Spinrad, H.; Münch, Guido; Kaplan, Lewis D. | title = Letter to the Editor: the Detection of Water Vapor on Mars | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume=137 | pages = 1319 | year = 1963 | doi = 10.1086/147613 | bibcode =1963ApJ...137.1319S}}</ref> and derived the abundance of [[carbon dioxide]] in Mars' atmosphere, from which he and his collaborators inferred that Mars has an atmosphere very much more tenuous than Earth's.<ref name="King1999"/><ref name="Kaplan1964">{{cite journal | author = Kaplan, Lewis D.; Münch, Guido; Spinrad, Hyron | title = An Analysis of the Spectrum of Mars | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 139 | pages = 1–15 | bibcode = 1964ApJ...139....1K | year = 1964 | doi = 10.1086/147736}}</ref>
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| ==Honors==
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| * [[Asteroid]] [[3207 Spinrad]], discovered in 1981, was named for Hyron Spinrad<ref>{{cite book | title = Dictionary of minor planet names | author = Schmadel, Lutz D. | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 | publisher = Springer | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC | accessdate = 2010-05-10}}</ref>
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| * [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics|Heineman Prize]] in 1986 for outstanding work in astrophysics<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.php#heineman | title=Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics | accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>
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| * Member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/729503573?pg=vprof&mbr=1005269&returl=http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/729503573%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link | title = National Academy of Sciences: Hyron Spinrad| accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=24931675}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME =Spinrad, Hyron
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American astronomer
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = 1934
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| | DATE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Spinrad, Hyron}}
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| [[Category:1934 births]]
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| [[Category:Living people]]
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| [[Category:American astronomers]]
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| [[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
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| [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
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| [[Category:Winners of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics]]
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