Induced topology: Difference between revisions

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initial final topology
 
== See also == * Natural topology
 
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[[File:Ion Barbu.jpg|thumb|200px|Ion Barbu]]
 
'''Ion Barbu''' ({{IPA-ro|iˈon ˈbarbu}}; [[pen name]] of '''Dan Barbilian'''; 18 March 1895 &ndash;11 August 1961) was a [[Romania]]n [[mathematician]] and [[poet]].
 
==Early life==
Born in [[Câmpulung-Muscel]], [[Argeş County]], he was the son of Constantin Barbilian and Smaranda, born Şoiculescu. He attended the [[Ion Brătianu National College (Pitești)|Ion Brătianu High School]] in [[Piteşti]] and the [[Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest)|Gheorghe Lazăr High School]] in [[Bucharest]]. During that time, he discovered that he had a talent for mathematics, and started publishing in ''Gazeta Matematică'', one of the most prestigious math publications of that time;{{cn|date=August 2013}}  it was also then that he discovered his passion for [[poetry]]. Ion Barbu was known as "one of the greatest Romanian poets of the twentieth century and perhaps the greatest of all" according to Romanian literary critic [[Alexandru Ciorănescu]].{{cn|date=August 2013}} As a poet, he is best known for his volume ''Joc secund'' ("Mirrored Play").{{cn|date=August 2013}}
 
He was a student at the [[University of Bucharest]] when [[World War I]] caused his studies to be interrupted by military service. He completed his degree in 1921. He then went to [[Göttingen University]] to study [[number theory]] with [[Edmund Landau]] for two years. Returning to Bucharest, he studied with [[Gheorghe Țițeica]], completing his thesis in 1929<ref>Wladimir G. Boskoff, Bogdan Suceavă (2007) "Barbilian spaces: the history of a geometric idea", [[Historia Mathematica]] 34(2): 221&ndash;224. {{doi|10.1016/j.hm.2006.06.001}} {{MathSciNet|id=2320101}}</ref>
 
==Apollonian metric==
In 1934, Barbilian published his article<ref>"Einordnung von Lobayschewskys Massenbestimmung in einer gewissen algemeinen Metrik der Jordansche Bereiche", ''Casopis Matematiky a Fysiky'' 64:182,3</ref> describing metrization of a region ''K'', the interior of a [[simple closed curve]] ''J''. Let ''x''y denote the [[Euclidean distance]] from ''x'' to ''y''. Barbilian’s function for the distance from ''a'' to ''b'' in ''K'' is
:<math>d(a,b) = \log \underset{p \in J}{\max} (pa/pb) + \log \underset{q \in J}{\max} (qb/qa) .</math>
At the [[University of Missouri]] in 1938 L.M. Blumenthal wrote ''Distance Geometry. A Study of the Development of Abstract Metrics'',<ref>University of Missouri Studies #13</ref> where he used the term "Barbilian spaces" for [[metric space]]s based on Barbilian's function to obtain their [[metric (mathematics)|metric]].
 
In 1954, P.J. Kelly wrote "Barbilian geometry and the Poincaré model" for the [[American Mathematical Monthly]] (61:311&ndash;19). In distant [[Romania]], Barbilian read [[Mathematical Reviews]] to see his function in use. He answered in 1959 with an article<ref>"Asupra unui principiu de metrizare", ''Studii şi Cercetări Matematice'' 10:69&ndash;116, Academia Republicii Populare Romîne</ref> which described "a very general procedure of metrization through which the positive functions of two points, on certain sets, can be refined to a distance." Besides Blumenthal and Kelly, articles on "Barbilian spaces" have appeared from W.G. Boskoff and P. Souza. Dan Barbilian preferred the term "Apollonian metric space", and articles from A.F. Beardon, Gehring & Hag, P.A. Häströ, and Z. Ibragimov use that term.
 
==Ring geometry==
Barbilian made a contribution to the [[Foundations of mathematics#Projective geometry|foundations of geometry]] with his articles in 1940 and 1941 in [[Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung]] on [[projective plane]]s with coordinates from a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]].<ref>D. Barbilian (1940,1) "Zur Axiomatik der projecktiven ebenen Ringgeometrien" I,II, [[Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung]] 50:179&ndash;229 {{MathSciNet|id=0003710}}, 51:34&ndash;76, {{MathSciNet|id=0005628}}</ref><ref>T.G. Kvirikashvili (2008) "Projective geometries over rings and modular lattices", ''Journal of Mathematical Sciences'' 153(4)</ref> According to Boskoff & Suceava, this work "inspired research in ring geometries, nowadays associated with his, Hjelmslev’s and Klingenberg’s names."
A more critical stance was taken in 1995 by Ferdinand D Velkamp:
:A systematic study of projective planes over large classes of associative rings was initiated by D. Barbilian. His very general approach in [1940 and 41] remained rather unsatisfactory, however, his axioms were partly of a geometric nature, partly algebraic as pertaining to the ring of coordinates, and there were a number of difficulties which Barbilian could not overcome.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444883551500219 Geometry over Rings], chapter 19 of ''Handbook of Incidence Geometry: Buildings and Foundations'', Francis Buekenhout editor,North-Holland, {{MathSciNet|id=1360734}}</ref>
Nevertheless, in 1989 John R. Faulkner wrote an article "Barbilian Planes"<ref>J.R. Faulkner (1989) "Barbilian Planes", [[Geometriae Dedicata]] 30:125&ndash;81 {{MathSciNet|id=1000255}}</ref> that clarified terminology and advanced the study. In his introduction he wrote:
:A classical result from projective geometry is that a Desarguesian projective plane is coordinatized by an associative division ring. A Barbilian plane is a geometric structure which extends the notion of a projective plane and thereby allows a coordinate ring which is not necessarily a division ring. There are advantages ...
 
In 1942, Barbilian was named professor at the [[University of Bucharest]] (with some help from fellow mathematician [[Grigore Moisil]]<ref>O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson, [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Moisil.html "Grigore C. Moisil"], ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''</ref>). As a mathematician, Barbilian authored 80 research papers and studies. 
 
==Political creed==
Barbu was mostly apolitical, with one exception: around 1940 he became a sympathizer of the fascist movement [[The Iron Guard]] (hoping to get a professorship if they came to power), dedicating some poems to one of its leaders, [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]]. In 1940, he also wrote a poem praising [[Hitler]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.romaniaculturala.ro/articol.php?cod=100|title=Căderea poetului|publisher=[[România Literară]]|language=Romanian|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/riga-crypto-drogurile-legionarii-1_50ba02487c42d5a663af8f9a/index.html|title=Riga Crypto, drogurile şi legionarii|publisher=[[Adevarul]]|language=Romanian|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref>
 
==Death==
Ion Barbu died in [[Bucharest]] in 1961, and is buried at [[Bellu Cemetery]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
* Dan Barbilian, ''Teoria aritmetică a idealelor (în inele necomutative)'', Editura Academiei, Bucharest, Romania, 1956
* Dan Barbilian, ''Grupuri cu operatori: Teoremele de descompunere ale algebrei'', Editura Academiei, Bucharest, Romania, 1960
 
==Sources==
*[http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_barbu.html Short biography on ICI website]
* Alexandru Ciorănescu, ''Ion Barbu'', Twayne Publishers, Boston, 1981 ISBN 0-8057-6432-1. Translated in Romanian, Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1996. ISBN 973-577-042-3
* P.J. Kelly (1954) "Barbilian geometry and the Poincaré model", [[American Mathematical Monthly]] 61:311&ndash;19.
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=66461987}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Barbu, Ion
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Romanian mathematician and poet
| DATE OF BIRTH    = 1895
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
| DATE OF DEATH    = 1961
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbu, Ion}}
[[Category:Romanian avantgarde]]
[[Category:Romanian poets]]
[[Category:Romanian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Romanian scientists]]
[[Category:Romanian inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Romanian Academy elected post-mortem]]
[[Category:Romanian textbook writers]]
[[Category:University of Bucharest faculty]]
[[Category:Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bucharest alumni]]
[[Category:People from Argeș County]]
[[Category:Burials at Bellu]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous mathematicians]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous writers]]

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Ion Barbu

Ion Barbu (Template:IPA-ro; pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet.

Early life

Born in Câmpulung-Muscel, Argeş County, he was the son of Constantin Barbilian and Smaranda, born Şoiculescu. He attended the Ion Brătianu High School in Piteşti and the Gheorghe Lazăr High School in Bucharest. During that time, he discovered that he had a talent for mathematics, and started publishing in Gazeta Matematică, one of the most prestigious math publications of that time;Template:Cn it was also then that he discovered his passion for poetry. Ion Barbu was known as "one of the greatest Romanian poets of the twentieth century and perhaps the greatest of all" according to Romanian literary critic Alexandru Ciorănescu.Template:Cn As a poet, he is best known for his volume Joc secund ("Mirrored Play").Template:Cn

He was a student at the University of Bucharest when World War I caused his studies to be interrupted by military service. He completed his degree in 1921. He then went to Göttingen University to study number theory with Edmund Landau for two years. Returning to Bucharest, he studied with Gheorghe Țițeica, completing his thesis in 1929[1]

Apollonian metric

In 1934, Barbilian published his article[2] describing metrization of a region K, the interior of a simple closed curve J. Let xy denote the Euclidean distance from x to y. Barbilian’s function for the distance from a to b in K is

d(a,b)=logmaxpJ(pa/pb)+logmaxqJ(qb/qa).

At the University of Missouri in 1938 L.M. Blumenthal wrote Distance Geometry. A Study of the Development of Abstract Metrics,[3] where he used the term "Barbilian spaces" for metric spaces based on Barbilian's function to obtain their metric.

In 1954, P.J. Kelly wrote "Barbilian geometry and the Poincaré model" for the American Mathematical Monthly (61:311–19). In distant Romania, Barbilian read Mathematical Reviews to see his function in use. He answered in 1959 with an article[4] which described "a very general procedure of metrization through which the positive functions of two points, on certain sets, can be refined to a distance." Besides Blumenthal and Kelly, articles on "Barbilian spaces" have appeared from W.G. Boskoff and P. Souza. Dan Barbilian preferred the term "Apollonian metric space", and articles from A.F. Beardon, Gehring & Hag, P.A. Häströ, and Z. Ibragimov use that term.

Ring geometry

Barbilian made a contribution to the foundations of geometry with his articles in 1940 and 1941 in Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung on projective planes with coordinates from a ring.[5][6] According to Boskoff & Suceava, this work "inspired research in ring geometries, nowadays associated with his, Hjelmslev’s and Klingenberg’s names." A more critical stance was taken in 1995 by Ferdinand D Velkamp:

A systematic study of projective planes over large classes of associative rings was initiated by D. Barbilian. His very general approach in [1940 and 41] remained rather unsatisfactory, however, his axioms were partly of a geometric nature, partly algebraic as pertaining to the ring of coordinates, and there were a number of difficulties which Barbilian could not overcome.[7]

Nevertheless, in 1989 John R. Faulkner wrote an article "Barbilian Planes"[8] that clarified terminology and advanced the study. In his introduction he wrote:

A classical result from projective geometry is that a Desarguesian projective plane is coordinatized by an associative division ring. A Barbilian plane is a geometric structure which extends the notion of a projective plane and thereby allows a coordinate ring which is not necessarily a division ring. There are advantages ...

In 1942, Barbilian was named professor at the University of Bucharest (with some help from fellow mathematician Grigore Moisil[9]). As a mathematician, Barbilian authored 80 research papers and studies.

Political creed

Barbu was mostly apolitical, with one exception: around 1940 he became a sympathizer of the fascist movement The Iron Guard (hoping to get a professorship if they came to power), dedicating some poems to one of its leaders, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. In 1940, he also wrote a poem praising Hitler.[10][11]

Death

Ion Barbu died in Bucharest in 1961, and is buried at Bellu Cemetery.

References

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  • Dan Barbilian, Teoria aritmetică a idealelor (în inele necomutative), Editura Academiei, Bucharest, Romania, 1956
  • Dan Barbilian, Grupuri cu operatori: Teoremele de descompunere ale algebrei, Editura Academiei, Bucharest, Romania, 1960

Sources

  • Short biography on ICI website
  • Alexandru Ciorănescu, Ion Barbu, Twayne Publishers, Boston, 1981 ISBN 0-8057-6432-1. Translated in Romanian, Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1996. ISBN 973-577-042-3
  • P.J. Kelly (1954) "Barbilian geometry and the Poincaré model", American Mathematical Monthly 61:311–19.

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Template:Persondata

  1. Wladimir G. Boskoff, Bogdan Suceavă (2007) "Barbilian spaces: the history of a geometric idea", Historia Mathematica 34(2): 221–224. 21 year-old Glazier James Grippo from Edam, enjoys hang gliding, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and camping. Finds the entire world an motivating place we have spent 4 months at Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. Template:MathSciNet
  2. "Einordnung von Lobayschewskys Massenbestimmung in einer gewissen algemeinen Metrik der Jordansche Bereiche", Casopis Matematiky a Fysiky 64:182,3
  3. University of Missouri Studies #13
  4. "Asupra unui principiu de metrizare", Studii şi Cercetări Matematice 10:69–116, Academia Republicii Populare Romîne
  5. D. Barbilian (1940,1) "Zur Axiomatik der projecktiven ebenen Ringgeometrien" I,II, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 50:179–229 Template:MathSciNet, 51:34–76, Template:MathSciNet
  6. T.G. Kvirikashvili (2008) "Projective geometries over rings and modular lattices", Journal of Mathematical Sciences 153(4)
  7. Geometry over Rings, chapter 19 of Handbook of Incidence Geometry: Buildings and Foundations, Francis Buekenhout editor,North-Holland, Template:MathSciNet
  8. J.R. Faulkner (1989) "Barbilian Planes", Geometriae Dedicata 30:125–81 Template:MathSciNet
  9. O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson, "Grigore C. Moisil", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
  10. Template:Citeweb
  11. Template:Citeweb