Cycle (mathematics): Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:42, 6 January 2014

This article is about multiplication in music; for multiplication in mathematics see multiplication.

The mathematical operations of multiplication have several applications to music. Other than its application to the frequency ratios of intervals (e.g., Just intonation, and the twelfth root of two in equal temperament), it has been used in other ways for twelve-tone technique, and musical set theory. Additionally ring modulation is an electrical audio process involving multiplication that has been used for musical effect.

A multiplicative operation is a mapping in which the argument is multiplied (Rahn 1980, 53). Multiplication originated intuitively in interval expansion, including tone row order number rotation, for example in the music of Béla Bartók and Alban Berg (Schuijer 2008, 77–78). Pitch number rotation, Fünferreihe or "five-series" and Siebenerreihe or "seven-series", was first described by Ernst Krenek in Über neue Musik (Krenek 1937; Schuijer 2008, 77–78). Princeton-based theorists, including "James K. Randall [1962], Godfrey Winham [1970], and Hubert S. Howe [1967] were the first to discuss and adopt them, not only with regards to twelve-tone series" (Schuijer 2008, 81).

Pitch class multiplication modulo 12

When dealing with pitch class sets, multiplication modulo 12 is a common operation. Dealing with all twelve tones, or a tone row, there are only a few numbers which one may multiply a row by and still end up with a set of twelve distinct tones. Taking the prime or unaltered form as P₀, multiplication is indicated by $M_{x}$ , $x$ being the multiplicator:

$M_{x} (y) \equiv x y (\mod 12)$

The following table lists all possible multiplications of a chromatic twelve-tone row:

M
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
2	2	4	6	8	10	0	2	4	6	8	10
3	3	6	9	0	3	6	9	0	3	6	9
4	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8
5	5	10	3	8	1	6	11	4	9	2	7
6	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6
7	7	2	9	4	11	6	1	8	3	10	5
8	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4
9	9	6	3	0	9	6	3	0	9	6	3
10	10	8	6	4	2	0	10	8	6	4	2
11	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1

Note that only M₁, M₅, M₇, and M₁₁ give a one to one mapping (a complete set of 12 unique tones). This is because each of these numbers is relatively prime to 12. Also interesting is that the chromatic scale is mapped to the circle of fourths with M₅, or fifths with M₇, and more generally under M₇ all even numbers stay the same while odd numbers are transposed by a tritone. This kind of multiplication is frequently combined with a transposition operation. It was first described in print by Herbert Eimert, under the terms "Quartverwandlung" (fourth transformation) and "Quintverwandlung" (fifth transformation) (Eimert 1950, 29–33), and has been used by the composers Milton Babbitt (Morris 1997, 238 & 242–43; Winham 1970, 65–66), Robert Morris (Morris 1997, 238–39 & 243), and Charles Wuorinen (Hibbard 1969, 157–58). This operation also accounts for certain harmonic transformations in jazz (Morris 1982, 153–54).

Thus multiplication by the two meaningful operations (5 & 7) may be designated with M₅(a) and M₇(a) or M and IM (Schuijer 2008, 77–78).

M₁ = Identity
M₅ = Cycle of fourths transform
M₇ = Cycle of fifths transform
M₁₁ = Inversion
M₁₁M₅ = M₇
M₇M₅ = M₁₁
M₅M₅ = M₁
M₇M₁₁M₅ = M₁
...

Pitch multiplication

Pierre Boulez (1971,Template:Page needed) described an operation he called pitch multiplication, which is somewhat akin Template:Clarify to the Cartesian product of pitch class sets. Given two sets, the result of pitch multiplication will be the set of sums (modulo 12) of all possible pairings of elements between the original two sets. Its definition:

X \times Y = {(x + y) mod 1 2 | x \in X, y \in Y}

For example, if multiplying a C major chord ${0, 4, 7}$ with a dyad containing C,D ${0, 2}$ , the result is:

{0, 4, 7} \times {0, 2} = {0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9}

In this example, a set of 3 pitches multiplied with a set of 2 pitches gives a new set of 3 × 2 pitches. Given the limited space of modulo 12 arithmetic, when using this procedure very often duplicate tones are produced, which are generally omitted. This technique was used most famously in Boulez's 1955 masterpiece Le marteau sans maître, as well as in his Third Piano Sonata, Pli selon pli, Eclat (and Eclat multiples), Figures-Doubles-Prisms, Domaines, and Cummings ist der Dichter, as well as the withdrawn choral work, Oubli signal lapidé (1952) (Koblyakov 1990; Heinemann 1993 and 1998).

Howard Hanson called this operation of commutative mathematical Convolution "superposition" (Hanson 1960, 44, 167) or "@-projection" and used the "/" notation interchangeably. Thus "p@m" or "p/m" means "perfect 5th at major 3rd", e.g.: { C E G B }. He specifically noted that two triad forms could be so multiplied, or a triad multiplied by itself, to produce a resultant scale. The latter "squaring" of a triad produces a particular scale highly saturated in instances of the source triad (Hanson 1960, 167). Thus "pmn", Hanson's name for common the major triad, when squared, is "PMN", e.g.: { C D E G GTemplate:Music B }.

Joseph Schillinger used the idea, undeveloped, to categorize common 19th- and early 20th-century harmonic styles as product of horizontal harmonic root-motion and vertical harmonic structure (Schillinger 1941, 147). Some of the composers' styles which he cites appear in the following multiplication table.

	Chord Type
Root Scale	Major chord	Augmented chord	Minor chord	Diminished seventh chord
Diminished seventh chord	Octatonic scale Richard Wagner	Chromatic scale	Octatonic scale
Augmented chord	Augmented scale Franz Liszt	Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel	Augmented scale Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Wholetone scale	Chromatic scale Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel	Wholetone scale Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel	Chromatic scale Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel
Chromatic scale	Chromatic scale Richard Wagner	Chromatic scale	Chromatic scale	Chromatic scale
Quartal chord	Major scale		Natural Minor scale
Major chord	6-note analog of Harmonic major scale	Augmented scale		Octatonic scale
Minor chord		Augmented scale	6-note analog of Harmonic major scale	Octatonic scale
Diatonic scale	Undecatonic scale	Chromatic scale	Undecatonic scale	Chromatic scale

Mirror form of multiplication

Herbert Eimert described what he called the "eight modes" of the twelve-tone series, all mirror forms of one another. The inverse is obtained through a horizontal mirror, the retrograde through a vertical mirror, the retrograde-inverse through both a horizontal and a vertical mirror, and the "cycle-of-fourths-transform" or Quartverwandlung and "cycle-of-fifths-transform" or Quintverwandlung obtained through a slanting mirror (Eimert 1950, 28–29). With the retrogrades of these transforms and the prime, there are eight permutations.

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Z-relation

Some Z-related chords are connected by M or IM (multiplication by 5 or multiplication by 7), due to identical entries for 1 and 5 on the APIC vector (Schuijer 2008, 98n18).

References

Antokoletz, Elliott. 1993. "Middle Period String Quartets". In The Bartok Companion, edited by Malcolm Gillies, 257–77. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-15330-5 (cased); ISBN 0-571-15331-3 (pbk).
Boulez, Pierre. 1971. Boulez on Music Today. Translated by Susan Bradshaw and Richard Rodney Bennett. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-08006-8.
Eimert, Herbert. 1950. Lehrbuch der Zwölftontechnik. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel.
Hanson, Howard. 1960. Harmonic Materials of Modern Music. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Heinemann, Stephen. 1993. "Pitch-Class Set Multiplication in Boulez's Le Marteau sans maître. D.M.A. diss., University of Washington.
Heinemann, Stephen. 1998. "Pitch-Class Set Multiplication in Theory and Practice." Music Theory Spectrum 20, no. 1 (Spring): 72-96.
Hibbard, William. 1969. "Charles Wuorinen: The Politics of Harmony". Perspectives of New Music 7, no. 2 (Spring-Summer): 155–66.
Howe, Hubert S. 1965. “Some Combinational Properties of Pitch Structures.” Perspectives of New Music 4, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 45–61.
Koblyakov, Lev . 1990. Pierre Boulez: A World of Harmony. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers. ISBN 3-7186-0422-1.
Krenek, Ernst. 1937. Über neue Musik: Sechs Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die theoretischen Grundlagen. Vienna: Ringbuchhandlung.
Morris, Robert D. 1982. Review: "John Rahn, Basic Atonal TheoryNew York: Longman, 1980". Music Theory Spectrum 4:138–54.
Morris, Robert D. 1997. "Some Remarks on Odds and Ends". Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 2 (Summer): 237–56.
Rahn, John. 1980. Basic Atonal Theory. Longman Music Series. New York and London: Longman. Reprinted, New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan, 1987.
Randall, James K. 1962. "Pitch-Time Correlation". Unpublished. Cited in Schuijer 2008, 82.
Schillinger, Joseph. 1941. The Schillinger System of Musical Composition. New York: Carl Fischer. ISBN 0306775220.
Schuijer, Michiel. 2008. Analyzing Atonal Music: Pitch-Class Set Theory and Its Contexts. Eastman Studies in Music 60. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9.
Winham, Godfrey. 1970. “Composition with Arrays”. Perspectives of New Music 9, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 43–67.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+:''This article is about multiplication in [[music]]; for multiplication in [[mathematics]] see [[multiplication]].''
+[[File:Bartok - Third Quartet tetrachord multiplication.png|thumb|right|Example from [[Béla Bartók]]'s ''[[String Quartet No. 3 (Bartók)|Third Quartet]]'' (Antokoletz 1993, 260, cited in Schuijer 2008, 77–78): multiplication of a chromatic [[tetrachord]] ({{audio|Bartok - Third Quartet tetrachord multiplication top.mid|Play}}) to a [[quartal chord|fifths]] chord ({{audio|Bartok - Third Quartet tetrachord multiplication bottom.mid|Play}}). C{{music|#}}=0: 0·''7''='''0''', 1·''7''='''7''', 2·''7''='''2''', 3·''7''='''9''' (mod 12).]]
+[[File:Bartok - Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta interval expansion.png|thumb|350px|right|Bartók - ''[[Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta]]'' interval expansion example, mov. I, mm. 1–5 and mov. IV, mm. 204–9 (Schuijer 2008, 79) {{audio|Bartok - Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta interval expansion.mid|Play}}.]]
+The mathematical operations of '''multiplication''' have several applications to [[music]]. Other than its application to the frequency ratios of [[Interval (music)|intervals]] (e.g., [[Just intonation]], and the [[twelfth root of two]] in [[equal temperament]]), it has been used in other ways for [[twelve-tone technique]], and [[set theory (music)|musical set theory]]. Additionally [[ring modulation]] is an electrical audio process involving multiplication that has been used for musical effect.
+A multiplicative operation is a [[Map (mathematics)|mapping]] in which the [[Mathematical argument|argument]] is multiplied (Rahn 1980, 53). Multiplication originated intuitively in '''interval expansion''', including [[tone row]] order number [[Rotation (mathematics)|rotation]], for example in the music of [[Béla Bartók]] and [[Alban Berg]] (Schuijer 2008, 77–78). Pitch number rotation, ''Fünferreihe'' or "five-series" and ''Siebenerreihe'' or "seven-series", was first described by [[Ernst Krenek]] in ''Über neue Musik'' (Krenek 1937; Schuijer 2008, 77–78). Princeton-based theorists, including "[[James K. Randall]] [1962], Godfrey Winham [1970], and Hubert S. Howe [1967] were the first to discuss and adopt them, not only with regards to twelve-tone series" (Schuijer 2008, 81).
+== Pitch class multiplication modulo 12 ==
+When dealing with [[pitch class]] sets, multiplication [[modular arithmetic|modulo]] 12 is a common operation. Dealing with all [[twelve tone technique|twelve tones]], or a [[tone row]], there are only a few numbers which one may multiply a row by and still end up with a set of twelve distinct tones. Taking the prime or unaltered form as P<sub>0</sub>, multiplication is indicated by <math>M_x</math>, <math>x</math> being the multiplicator:
+*<math>M_x(y) \equiv xy \pmod{12}</math>
+The following table lists all possible multiplications of a chromatic twelve-tone row:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"
+ |-
+ ! M
+ ! colspan="12" | M &times; (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11) mod 12
+ |-
+ ! width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ | width="20" | 0
+ |- style="background:#ffdddd"
+ ! 1
+ | 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11
+ |-
+ ! 2
+ | 0 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 10 || 0 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 10
+ |-
+ ! 3
+ | 0 || 3 || 6 || 9 || 0 || 3 || 6 || 9 || 0 || 3 || 6 || 9
+ |-
+ ! 4
+ | 0 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 4 || 8
+ |- style="background:#ffdddd"
+ ! 5
+ | 0 || 5 || 10 || 3 || 8 || 1 || 6 || 11 || 4 || 9 || 2 || 7
+ |-
+ ! 6
+ | 0 || 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 6
+ |- style="background:#ffdddd"
+ ! 7
+ | 0 || 7 || 2 || 9 || 4 || 11 || 6 || 1 || 8 || 3 || 10 || 5
+ |-
+ ! 8
+ | 0 || 8 || 4 || 0 || 8 || 4 || 0 || 8 || 4 || 0 || 8 || 4
+ |-
+ ! 9
+ | 0 || 9 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 9 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 9 || 6 || 3
+ |-
+ ! 10
+ | 0 || 10 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 10 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 2
+ |- style="background:#ffdddd"
+ ! 11
+ | 0 || 11 || 10 || 9 || 8 || 7 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 2 || 1
+ |}
+Note that only M<sub>1</sub>, M<sub>5</sub>, M<sub>7</sub>, and M<sub>11</sub> give a [[Bijection|one to one]] mapping (a complete set of 12 unique tones). This is because each of these numbers is [[relatively prime]] to 12. Also interesting is that the [[chromatic]] scale is mapped to the [[circle of fourths]] with M<sub>5</sub>, or fifths with M<sub>7</sub>, and more generally under M<sub>7</sub> all even numbers stay the same while odd numbers are transposed by a [[tritone]]. This kind of multiplication is frequently combined with a [[Transposition (music)|transposition]] operation. It was first described in print by [[Herbert Eimert]], under the terms "Quartverwandlung" (fourth transformation) and "Quintverwandlung" (fifth transformation) (Eimert 1950, 29–33), and has been used by the composers [[Milton Babbitt]] (Morris 1997, 238 & 242–43; Winham 1970, 65–66), [[Robert Morris (composer)|Robert Morris]] (Morris 1997, 238–39 & 243), and [[Charles Wuorinen]] (Hibbard 1969, 157–58). This operation also accounts for certain harmonic transformations in jazz (Morris 1982, 153–54).
+Thus multiplication by the two meaningful operations (5 & 7) may be designated with '''''M'''''<sub>5</sub>(''a'') and '''''M'''''<sub>7</sub>(''a'') or '''''M''''' and '''''IM''''' (Schuijer 2008, 77–78).
+*M<sub>1</sub> = Identity
+*M<sub>5</sub> = Cycle of fourths transform
+*M<sub>7</sub> = Cycle of fifths transform
+*M<sub>11</sub> = Inversion
+*M<sub>11</sub>M<sub>5</sub> = M<sub>7</sub>
+*M<sub>7</sub>M<sub>5</sub> = M<sub>11</sub>
+*M<sub>5</sub>M<sub>5</sub> = M<sub>1</sub>
+*M<sub>7</sub>M<sub>11</sub>M<sub>5</sub> = M<sub>1</sub>
+*...
+== Pitch multiplication ==
+[[Pierre Boulez]] (1971,{{Page needed|date=October 2010}}<!--On pp. 79–80 Boulez speaks of "isomorphic families", "a double network of privileged series", "dividing" a series and "the whole is multiplied by each of its parts in turn", thereby creating "multiple isomorphic relationships", objects "multiplied by themselves", etc., but where is this expression "pitch multiplication"?-->) described an operation he called '''pitch multiplication''', which is somewhat akin {{Clarify|date=March 2013}} to the [[Cartesian product]] of pitch class sets. Given two sets, the result of pitch multiplication will be the set of sums ([[modular arithmetic|modulo]] 12) of all possible pairings of elements between the original two sets. Its definition:
+:<math>X \times Y = \{ (x+y)\bmod 12 | x\in X, y\in Y\}</math>
+For example, if multiplying a C major chord <math>\{ 0,4,7 \}</math> with a dyad containing '''C''','''D''' <math>\{ 0,2 \}</math>, the result is:
+:<math>\{ 0,4,7 \} \times \{ 0,2 \} = \{ 0,2,4,6,7,9 \}</math>
+In this example, a set of 3 pitches multiplied with a set of 2 pitches gives a new set of 3 &times; 2 pitches. Given the limited space of modulo 12 arithmetic, when using this procedure very often duplicate tones are produced, which are generally omitted. This technique was used most famously in Boulez's 1955 masterpiece ''[[Le marteau sans maître]]'', as well as in his [[Piano sonatas (Boulez)|Third Piano Sonata]], ''Pli selon pli'', ''Eclat'' (and ''Eclat multiples''), ''Figures-Doubles-Prisms'', ''Domaines'', and ''Cummings ist der Dichter'', as well as the withdrawn choral work, ''Oubli signal lapidé'' (1952) (Koblyakov 1990; Heinemann 1993 and 1998).
+[[Howard Hanson]] called this operation of [[Commutative|commutative]] mathematical [[Convolution]] "superposition"  (Hanson 1960, 44, 167) or "@-projection" and used the "/" notation interchangeably.  Thus "p@m" or "p/m" means "perfect 5th at major 3rd", e.g.: { C E G B }.  He specifically noted that two triad forms could be so multiplied, or a triad multiplied by itself, to produce a resultant scale.  The latter "squaring" of a triad produces a particular scale highly saturated in instances of the source triad (Hanson 1960, 167). Thus "pmn", Hanson's name for common the major triad, when squared, is "PMN", e.g.: { C D E G G{{music|sharp}} B }.
+[[Joseph Schillinger]] used the idea, undeveloped, to categorize common 19th- and early 20th-century harmonic styles as product of horizontal harmonic root-motion and vertical harmonic structure (Schillinger 1941, 147). Some of the composers' styles which he cites appear in the following multiplication table.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! colspan="1" |
+! colspan="4" | Chord Type
+|-
+! Root Scale !! [[Major chord]] !! [[Augmented chord]]!! [[Minor chord]] !! [[Diminished seventh chord]]
+|-
+! [[Diminished seventh chord]] || [[Octatonic scale]]<br />[[Richard Wagner]] || [[Chromatic scale]] || [[Octatonic scale]] ||
+|-
+! [[Augmented chord]] || [[Augmented scale]]<br />[[Franz Liszt]] || [[Claude Debussy]]<br />[[Maurice Ravel]] || [[Augmented scale]]<br />[[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] ||
+|-
+! [[Wholetone scale]] || [[Chromatic scale]]<br />[[Claude Debussy]]<br />[[Maurice Ravel]] || [[Wholetone scale]]<br />[[Claude Debussy]]<br />[[Maurice Ravel]] || [[Chromatic scale]]<br />[[Claude Debussy]]<br />[[Maurice Ravel]] ||
+|-
+! [[Chromatic scale]] || [[Chromatic scale]]<br />[[Richard Wagner]] || [[Chromatic scale]] || [[Chromatic scale]] || [[Chromatic scale]]
+|-
+! [[Quartal chord]] || [[Major scale]] ||  || [[Aeolian scale|Natural]] [[Minor scale]] ||
+|-
+! [[Major chord]] || [[Hexatonic scale|6-note analog of]] [[Harmonic major scale]] || [[Augmented scale]] || || [[Octatonic scale]]
+|-
+! [[Minor chord]] || || [[Augmented scale]] || [[Hexatonic scale|6-note analog of]] [[Harmonic major scale]] || [[Octatonic scale]]
+|-
+! [[Diatonic scale]] || [[Undecatonic scale]] || [[Chromatic scale]] || [[Undecatonic scale]] || [[Chromatic scale]] ||
+|}
+==Mirror form of multiplication==
+[[File:Multiplication as mirror operation.png|thumb|350px|right|[[Chromatic scale]] into circle of fourths and/or fifths through multiplication as mirror operation (Eimert 1950, as reproduced with minor alterations in Schuijer 2008, 80) {{audio|Multiplication as mirror operation.mid|Play}} or {{audio|Chromatic scale ascending on C.mid|chromatic scale}}, {{audio|Circle of fifths desc within octave.mid|circle of fourths}}, or {{audio|Circle of fifths ascending within octave.mid|circle of fifths}}.]]
+[[Herbert Eimert]] described what he called the "eight modes" of the twelve-tone series, all mirror forms of one another. The [[inversion (music)|inverse]] is obtained through a horizontal mirror, the [[retrograde (music)|retrograde]] through a vertical mirror, the [[retrograde inversion|retrograde-inverse]] through both a horizontal and a vertical mirror, and the "cycle-of-fourths-transform" or ''Quartverwandlung'' and "cycle-of-fifths-transform" or ''Quintverwandlung'' obtained through a slanting mirror (Eimert 1950, 28–29). With the retrogrades of these transforms and the prime, there are eight [[permutation (music)|permutations]].
+{{quote|Furthermore, one can sort of move the mirror at an angle, that is the 'angle' of a fourth or fifth, so that the chromatic row is reflected in both cycles.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. In this way, one obtains the cycle-of-fourths transform and the cycle-of-fifths transform of the row. (Eimert 1950, 29; trans. Schuijer 2008, 81)}}
+==Z-relation==
+Some [[Interval vector|Z-related]] chords are connected by ''M'' or ''IM'' (multiplication by 5 or multiplication by 7), due to identical entries for 1 and 5 on the [[interval vector|APIC vector]] (Schuijer 2008, 98n18).
+== References ==
+* Antokoletz, Elliott. 1993. "Middle Period String Quartets". In ''The Bartok Companion'', edited by Malcolm Gillies, 257–77. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-15330-5 (cased); ISBN 0-571-15331-3 (pbk).
+* Boulez, Pierre. 1971. ''Boulez on Music Today''. Translated by Susan Bradshaw and Richard Rodney Bennett. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-08006-8.
+* Eimert, Herbert. 1950. ''Lehrbuch der Zwölftontechnik''. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel.
+* Hanson, Howard. 1960. ''Harmonic Materials of Modern Music''. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
+* Heinemann, Stephen. 1993. "Pitch-Class Set Multiplication in Boulez's Le Marteau sans maître. D.M.A. diss., University of Washington.
+* Heinemann, Stephen. 1998. "Pitch-Class Set Multiplication in Theory and Practice." ''Music Theory Spectrum'' 20, no. 1 (Spring): 72-96.
+*Hibbard, William. 1969. "Charles Wuorinen: ''The Politics of Harmony''". ''Perspectives of New Music'' 7, no. 2 (Spring-Summer): 155–66.
+* Howe, Hubert S. 1965. “Some Combinational Properties of Pitch Structures.” ''Perspectives of New Music'' 4, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 45–61.
+* Koblyakov, Lev . 1990. ''Pierre Boulez: A World of Harmony''. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers. ISBN 3-7186-0422-1.
+* [[Ernst Krenek|Krenek, Ernst]]. 1937. ''Über neue Musik: Sechs Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die theoretischen Grundlagen''. Vienna: Ringbuchhandlung.
+* Morris, Robert D. 1982. Review: "John Rahn, ''Basic Atonal Theory''New York: Longman, 1980". ''Music Theory Spectrum'' 4:138–54.
+* Morris, Robert D. 1997. "Some Remarks on ''Odds and Ends''". ''Perspectives of New Music'' 35, no. 2 (Summer): 237–56.
+* Rahn, John. 1980. ''Basic Atonal Theory''. Longman Music Series. New York and London: Longman. Reprinted, New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan, 1987.
+* Randall, James K. 1962. "Pitch-Time Correlation". Unpublished. Cited in Schuijer 2008, 82.
+* Schillinger, Joseph. 1941. ''The Schillinger System of Musical Composition''. New York: Carl Fischer. ISBN 0306775220.
+* Schuijer, Michiel. 2008. ''Analyzing Atonal Music: Pitch-Class Set Theory and Its Contexts''. Eastman Studies in Music 60. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9.
+* Winham, Godfrey. 1970. “Composition with Arrays”. ''Perspectives of New Music'' 9, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 43–67.
+== Further reading ==
+* Morris, Robert D. 1977. "On the Generation of Multiple-Order-Function Twelve-Tone Rows". ''Journal of Music Theory'' 21, no. 2 (Autumn): 238–62.
+* Morris, Robert D. 1982–83. "[[Combinatoriality]] without the [[tone row#total_chromatic|Aggregate]]". ''Perspectives of New Music'' 21, nos. 1 & 2 (Autumn-Winter/Spring-Summer): 432–86.
+* Morris, Robert D. 1990. "Pitch-Class Complementation and Its Generalizations". ''Journal of Music Theory'' 34, no. 2 (Autumn): 175–245.
+* Starr, Daniel V. 1978. "Sets, Invariance, and Partitions." ''Journal of Music Theory'' 22, no. 1:1–42.
+{{Set theory (music)}}
+{{Twelve-tone technique}}
+[[Category:Musical techniques]]
+[[Category:Mathematics of music]]

Cycle (mathematics): Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:42, 6 January 2014

Contents

Pitch class multiplication modulo 12

Pitch multiplication

Mirror form of multiplication

Z-relation

References

Further reading

Navigation menu

M
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
2	2	4	6	8	10	0	2	4	6	8	10
3	3	6	9	0	3	6	9	0	3	6	9
4	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8
5	5	10	3	8	1	6	11	4	9	2	7
6	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6
7	7	2	9	4	11	6	1	8	3	10	5
8	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4
9	9	6	3	0	9	6	3	0	9	6	3
10	10	8	6	4	2	0	10	8	6	4	2
11	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1

M
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
2	2	4	6	8	10	0	2	4	6	8	10
3	3	6	9	0	3	6	9	0	3	6	9
4	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8
5	5	10	3	8	1	6	11	4	9	2	7
6	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6
7	7	2	9	4	11	6	1	8	3	10	5
8	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4
9	9	6	3	0	9	6	3	0	9	6	3
10	10	8	6	4	2	0	10	8	6	4	2
11	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1

Cycle (mathematics): Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:42, 6 January 2014

Pitch class multiplication modulo 12

Pitch multiplication

Mirror form of multiplication

Z-relation

References

Further reading

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M
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
2	2	4	6	8	10	0	2	4	6	8	10
3	3	6	9	0	3	6	9	0	3	6	9
4	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8	0	4	8
5	5	10	3	8	1	6	11	4	9	2	7
6	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6	0	6
7	7	2	9	4	11	6	1	8	3	10	5
8	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4	0	8	4
9	9	6	3	0	9	6	3	0	9	6	3
10	10	8	6	4	2	0	10	8	6	4	2
11	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1