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| <!-- [[Image:MKER Beschriftet en.PNG |thumb|Reactor hall of an MKER-1500]]-->
| | It involves expertise and knowledge of various tools and technologies used for creating websites. It is thus, on these grounds that compel various web service provider companies to integrate the same in their packages too. SEO Ultimate - I think this plugin deserves more recognition than it's gotten up till now. In the recent years, there has been a notable rise in the number of companies hiring Indian Word - Press developers. You can customize the appearance with PSD to Word - Press conversion ''. <br><br> |
| The '''MKER''' ({{lang-ru|МКЭР, '''''М'''ногопетлевой '''К'''анальный '''Э'''нергетический '''Р'''еактор''}}: ''Mnogopetlevoy Kanalynyi Energeticheskiy Reaktor'', translation: ''multi-loop pressure tube power reactor''), is a development of the [[RBMK]] nuclear power reactor.<ref name="WNA Russia">[http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf45.html WNA - Nuclear Power in Russia]</ref> It is a Russian [[Third-generation nuclear reactors|third generation nuclear reactor]] design.<ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2003/CNPP_Webpage/PDF/2002/Documents/Documents/Russian%20Federation%202002.pdf IAEA - RUSSIAN FEDERATION]</ref>
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| == Operation ==
| | If you have any concerns concerning the place and how to use [http://xd03.com/WordpressBackupPlugin124983/ wordpress backup plugin], you can make contact with us at our web site. Generally, for my private income-making market websites, I will thoroughly research and discover the leading 10 most worthwhile niches to venture into. Some of the Wordpress development services offered by us are:. It sorts the results of a search according to category, tags and comments. t need to use the back button or the URL to get to your home page. Akismet is really a sophisticated junk e-mail blocker and it's also very useful thinking about I recieve many junk e-mail comments day-to-day across my various web-sites. <br><br>Usually, Wordpress owners selling the ad space on monthly basis and this means a residual income source. After sending these details, your Word - Press blog will be setup within a few days. Use this section to change many formatting elements. These frequent updates have created menace in the task of optimization. Search engine optimization pleasant picture and solution links suggest you will have a much better adjust at gaining considerable natural site visitors. <br><br>The primary differences are in the plugins that I install, as all sites don't need all the normal plugins. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training and HR support services. Some examples of its additional features include; code inserter (for use with adding Google Analytics, Adsense section targeting etc) Webmaster verification assistant, Link Mask Generator, Robots. It's now become a great place to sell it thanks to Woo - Commerce. Make sure you have the latest versions of all your plugins are updated. <br><br>More it extends numerous opportunities where your firm is at comfort and rest assured of no risks & errors. Automated deal feed integration option to populate your blog with relevant deals. By the time you get the Gallery Word - Press Themes, the first thing that you should know is on how to install it. ) Remote Login: With the process of PSD to Wordpress conversion comes the advantage of flexibility. Get started today so that people searching for your type of business will be directed to you. |
| The MKER is a pressure tube reactor with modern safety features including containment and passive safety systems. Fuel can be changed while the reactor is in operation, improving grid and fuel efficiency.<ref>[http://www.nikiet.ru/eng/structure/presstube.html NIKIET - Department of Pressure-Tube Power Reactors]</ref> Vertical injectors promote a natural convective flow of the [[light water reactor|light water]] primary circuit fluid through inlined channels in the reactor core. Graphite blocks in the reactor core serve as a [[neutron moderator]].<ref name="NIKIET Document 1">[http://2www.nikiet.ru/eng/conf/19oct2004/programme/session2/32_Finiakin_NIKIET.doc MULTILOOP PRESSURE TUBE POWER REACTORS (MKER) – CONSOLIDATION OF EXPERTISE IN DESIGN OF DOMESTIC PRESSURE TUBE REACTORS]</ref>
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| There are three different types of MKER: the MKER-800, MKER-1000 and MKER-1500. No MKER of any type has yet been completed.<ref name="dolgo2">[http://www.lnpp.ru/new_lnpp/eng-htm/cont/proizv/perspek/dolgo/dolgo2.htm LAES - The proposed NPP design meets the following requirements]</ref>
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| == MKER-800 ==
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| The MKER-800 has an electrical generation capacity of 800 [[watt|MW]]. An automated process control system for the MKER-800 is under development in a joint project of [[Westinghouse Electric Company|Westinghouse]] and [[NIKIET]].<ref name="dolgo1">[http://www.lnpp.ru/new_lnpp/eng-htm/cont/proizv/perspek/dolgo/dolgo1.htm LAES - Main contractors and suppliers]</ref> Plans for the MKER-800 remain unfinished.<ref name="WNA Russia"/> Four MKER-800 units were originally planned for the [[Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant]].<ref>[http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/npps/leningrad/9358 Bellona - Statistics from Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant]</ref>
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| == MKER-1000 ==
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| The MKER-1000 has a thermal power output of 2845 [[MWth]] and an electrical output of 1,000 MW. There are four circuits and 1,832 fuel elements in the reactor core. Total fissile material in the reactor is 163 tonnes. Overall responsibility for construction of the MKER design is held by Northern Construction Administration. Major assemblies are produced by the [[Izhorsky Zavod]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], and the turbine supplier is the [[Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod]]. Main building and reactor containment is designed by [[Atomenergoprom|Atomenergoproekt]].<ref name="dolgo1">[http://www.lnpp.ru/new_lnpp/eng-htm/cont/proizv/perspek/dolgo/dolgo1.htm LAES - The proposed NPP design meets the following requirements]</ref> The MKER is intended to directly substitute for existing RBMK plants producing heat, electricity and medical isotopes.<ref name="dolgo2"/>
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| The reactor building of the MKER consists of a dual containment structure with an inner diameter of 27.75 meters. An inner liner intended to prevent leakage of radioactive material into the atmosphere can withstand internal pressures of 2.5 bar. Protection from external damage is provided by an outer concrete wall. The two structures are independent and separated physically from one another on a common foundation. Damage from an earthquake of <math>M_\mathrm{L}</math> 8 would be contained by this structure.<ref name="dolgo3">[http://www.lnpp.ru/new_lnpp/eng-htm/cont/proizv/perspek/dolgo/dolgo3.htm LAES - The proposed NPP design meets the following requirements ]</ref><ref name="dolgo5">[http://www.lnpp.ru/new_lnpp/eng-htm/cont/proizv/perspek/dolgo/dolgo5.htm LAES - The MKER-1000 reactor unit incorporates as follows]</ref>
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| Automatic control is an integral part of the MKER design. Located between the reactor building and the turbine hall, the control room oversees the automatic control system and various plant safety systems. It occupies a protected central location, minimizing possibility of damage or compromise.<ref name="dolgo3"/>
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| The MKER-1000 core includes the pressure tube reactor and eight coolant injector pumps. There are multiple coolant loops with 16 independent circuits, two circuits sharing a pump each.<ref name="dolgo4">[http://www.lnpp.ru/new_lnpp/eng-htm/cont/proizv/perspek/dolgo/dolgo4.htm LAES - The MKER-1000 reactor unit incorporates as follows]</ref> From an overall thermal capacity of 3,000 MWth electrical generation of 1,000 MW plus an additional 130 MW of thermal energy for [[district heating|building heat]] can be obtained. The design specified turbine is a type K-1000-6, 1 / 3000 at 3000 rpm with an alternator of type TZV-1100-2UZ. Both evaporative cooling and open cycle cooling variations have been proposed.<ref name="dolgo4"/>
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| Low-enriched [[uranium dioxide]] fuel with concentrations of 2.0 to 2.4% U-235 equivalence is specified. Fuel is changed using a remote-controlled crane and spent fuel rods would spend up to five years in a cooling pond located in the reactor hall before further processing. The continuous refuelling cycle brings a fuel burnup benefit; individual rods can be left longer in the reactor instead of being swapped en masse as required in most [[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] designs.<ref name="dolgo5"/>
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| == MKER-1500 ==
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| A further proposed development of the MKER is the MKER-1500 or RBMK-1500 with a corresponding electrical generation capacity of 1500 MW. Transfer of heat from the reactor core has been improved in the new design, with primary loops divided into four independent circuits. The diameter of the coolant tubes is expanded to 600 mm and injector pump configuration is changed. Cooling circuits are relocated below the containment.<ref name="NIKIET Document 1"/> The MKER-1500 was also proposed for the Leningrad nuclear power plant.<ref name="MKER LAES 1">[http://www.nikiet.ru/eng/conf/19oct2004/programme/plenary_session/03_Cherkashov_NIKIET.doc THE PRESSURE-TUBE LINE IN RUSSIAN NUCLEAR ENGINEERING]</ref>
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == Other links ==
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| * [[RBMK]]
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| * [[Nuclear power in Russia]]
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| [[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]
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| [[Category:Science and technology in Russia]]
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| [[Category:Nuclear energy in Russia]]
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| [[ru:РБМК#МКЭР (современные проекты)]]
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