Gauss–Markov process: Difference between revisions

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A '''monolayer''' is a single, closely packed layer of atoms, molecules,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ter Minassian-Saraga |first1=L. |year=1994 |title=Thin films including layers: terminology in relation to their preparation and characterization (IUPAC Recommendations 1994) |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=1667–1738 |publisher=[[IUPAC]] |doi=10.1351/pac199466081667 |url=http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1994/pdf/6608x1667.pdf |accessdate=November 5, 2012}} On page 1672.</ref> or cells. In some cases it is referred to as a [[Self-assembled monolayer]].
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== Chemistry ==
A '''Langmuir monolayer''' or insoluble monolayer is a one-molecule thick layer of an insoluble organic material spread onto an [[aqueous]] sub[[phase (matter)|phase]]. Traditional compounds used to prepare [[Langmuir (unit)|Langmuir]] monolayers are [[amphiphilic]] materials that possess a [[hydrophilic]] headgroup and a [[hydrophobic]] tail. Since the 1980s a large number of other materials have been employed to produce Langmuir monolayers, some of which are semi-amphiphilic, including [[macromolecule]]s such as [[polymer]]s. Langmuir monolayers are extensively studied for the fabrication of [[Langmuir-Blodgett film]] (LB films), which are formed by transferred monolayers on a solid substrate. A [[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs]] monolayer or soluble monolayer is a monolayer formed by a compound that is soluble in one of the phases separated by the [[interface (chemistry)|interface]] on which the monolayer is formed.
 
=== Formation time ===
The '''monolayer formation time''' or '''monolayer time''' is the length of time required, on average, for a surface to be covered by an adsorbate, such as oxygen sticking to fresh aluminum. If the adsorbate has a unity [[sticking coefficient]], so that every molecule which reaches the surface sticks to it without re-evaporating, then the monolayer time is very roughly:
:<math>t = \frac{3 \times 10^{-4} \, \mathrm{Pa} \times \mathrm{s}}{P}</math>
where ''t'' is the time and ''P'' is the pressure. It takes about 1 second for a surface to be covered at a pressure of 300&nbsp;µPa (2×10<sup>-6</sup>&nbsp;Torr).
 
=== Monolayer phases and equations of state ===
 
A Langmuir monolayer can be compressed or expanded by modifying its area with a moving barrier in a Langmuir film balance. If the surface tension of the interface is measured during the compression, a ''compression isotherm'' is obtained. This isotherm shows the variation of surface pressure (<math>\Pi = \gamma^o - \gamma </math>, where <math>\gamma^o</math> is the surface tension of the interface before the monolayer is formed) with the area (the inverse of surface concentration <math>\Gamma^{-1}</math>). It is analogous with a 3D process in which [[pressure]] varies with [[volume]].
 
A variety of bidimensional [[phase (matter)|phases]] can be detected, each separated by a [[phase transition]]. During the phase transition, the surface pressure doesn't change, but the area does, just like during normal phase transitions volume changes but pressure doesn't.
The 2D phases, in increasing pressure order:
* Bidimensional gas: there are few molecules per area unit, and they have few interactions, therefore, analogous of the [[equation of state|equations of state]] for 3D gases can be used: ideal gas law <math>\Pi A = RT</math>, where <math>A</math> is the area per mole. As the surface pressure increases, more complex equations are needed (Van der Waals, virial...)
 
* Expanded liquid
* Compressed liquid
* Solid
 
If the area is further reduced once the solid phase has been reached, collapse occurs, the monolayer breaks and soluble aggregates and multilayers are formed
 
Gibbs monolayers also follow equations of state, which can be deduced from [[Gibbs isotherm]].
* For very dilute solutions <math>\gamma = \gamma_o - mC</math>, through Gibbs isotherm another analogous of ideal gas law is reached <math>\Pi = \Gamma R T</math>
* For more concentrated solutions and applying Langmuir isotherm <math>\Gamma = \Gamma_{\max} \frac{C}{a+C}</math>, thus <math>\Pi = \Gamma_{\max}RT \left(1+\frac{C}{a}\right)</math>
 
== Biology ==
Monolayers are frequently encountered in [[biology]]. A [[micelle]] is a monolayer, and the [[phospholipid]] [[lipid bilayer]] structure of [[cell membrane|biological membrane]]s is technically two monolayers.
 
=== Cell culture ===
In [[cell culture]] a monolayer refers to a layer of cells in which no cell is growing on top of another, but all are growing side by side and often touching each other on the same growth surface.
 
== See also ==
* [[Self-assembled monolayer]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/M04015.html |title=Monolayer |work=Goldbook |publisher=[[IUPAC]] |accessdate=November 5, 2012}}
 
[[Category:Phases of matter]]
[[Category:Thin films]]
[[Category:Physical chemistry]]

Latest revision as of 01:00, 24 April 2014

If you have the desire to process settings swiftly, loading files rapidly, but a body is logy plus torpid, what would we do? If you are a giant "switchboard" that is deficiency of effective administration system plus efficient housekeeper, what would you do? If you have send a exact commands to the mind, however, the body will not perform properly, what would we do? Yes! We want a full-featured repair registry!

If it is not because big of a problem because you think it really is, it can probably be solved easily by running a Startup Repair or by System Restore Utility. Again it can be as effortless as running an anti-virus check or cleaning the registry.

The error is basically a result of issue with Windows Installer package. The Windows Installer is a tool employed to install, uninstall plus repair the most programs on the computer. Let you discuss a limited details that helped a great deal of persons whom facing the synonymous matter.

In order to remove the programs on a computer, Windows Installer should be in a healthy state. If its installation is corrupted you can get error 1721 inside Windows 7, Vista and XP during the system removal procedure. Just re-registering its component files would solve the problem.

Another well-known cause of PC slow down is a corrupt registry. The registry is a extremely important component of computers running on Windows platform. When this gets corrupted the PC will slowdown, or worse, not commence at all. Fixing the registry is easy with all the utilize of a system plus pc tools registry mechanic.

S/w associated error handling - If the blue screen physical memory dump arises after the installation of s/w application or a driver it might be that there is system incompatibility. By booting into safe mode plus removing the software we can instantly fix this error. We could equally try out a "program restore" to revert to an earlier state.

Reboot PC - Simply reboot the PC to find when the error is gone. Frequently, rebooting the PC readjusts the internal settings and software plus hence fixes the problem. If it doesn't then move on to follow the instructions under.

What I would suggest is to look on your for registry cleaners. We can do this with a Google search. When you find treatments, look for critiques plus testimonials regarding the product. Then you can see how others like the product, plus how perfectly it works.

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