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| '''The Magnificent Seven''' is the informal name of a group of isolated young cooling [[neutron stars]] at a distance of 200 to 500 [[parsec]]s from Earth.<ref>Kaplan 2008</ref> These objects are also known under the names '''XDINS''' (X-ray Dim Isolated Neutron Stars) and '''XTINS''' (X-ray Thermal Neutron Stars).
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| ==History==
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| The first to fit this classification was [[RX J1856.5-3754]], which was discovered by Walter et al.{{specify|date=March 2011}} in 1992, and confirmed as a neutron star in 1996.<ref>Walter et al. 1996</ref> The term ''Magnificent Seven'' was initially applied to the sources [[RX J1856.5-3754]], RBS1556, RBS1223, RX J0806.4-4132, RX J0720.4-3125, RX J0420.0-5022 and MS 0317.7-6647.<ref>Treves et al. 2001</ref> However, it was soon shown that MS 0317.7-6647 is, in fact, not a neutron star. Then in 2001 a new object fitting this classification was discovered: 1RXS J214303.7+065419/RBS 1774.<ref>Zampieri et al. 2001</ref> Since 2001, no new good candidates have appeared. All seven sources were discovered by the [[ROSAT]] satellite.
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| ==Characteristics==
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| All seven are recognized to be relatively close-by (less than a few hundred parsecs), middle-age (several hundred thousand years) isolated neutron stars emitting soft x-rays due to cooling. The cooling is confirmed by the [[black body]] shapes of their spectra. Typical temperatures are about 50–100 [[electronvolts]] (eV). At least six out of the seven show spin periods in the range of approximately 3 to 12 seconds.
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| The [[light curve]] shapes are quasisinusoidal and single-peaked. However, RX J1308.6+2127 displays a double-peaked light curve, and in RX J0420.0-5022 there is some evidence for a skewness in the pulse profile, with a slower rise and faster decline. Rather counter-intuitively, the spectrum of both RX J0720.4-3125 and RX J1308.6+2127 becomes harder at pulse minimum.
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| A coherent timing solution has been recently obtained for RX J0720.4-3125 and RX J1308.6+2127. The period derivatives are 7 10<sup>−14</sup> s/s{{elucidate|post-text=(unexplained abbreviation)|date=March 2011}} and 10<sup>−13</sup> s/s, respectively.<ref>Kaplan, van Kerkwijk 2005</ref> The derived dipolar field is 2–3 10<sup>13</sup> G{{elucidate|post-text=(unexplained abbreviation)|date=March 2011}} and the spin-down ages are 2 and 1.5 million years.
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| For a long time the Seven were considered to be steady sources, to the point that RX J0720.4-3125 was included among the calibration sources for the EPIC and RGS instruments on board the orbital X-ray telescope [[XMM-Newton]]. The continuous monitoring revealed however that the source underwent conspicuous changes in the period 2001-2003. In particular, while the total flux stayed more or less constant, the blackbody temperature steadily increased, going from ~86 to over 90 eV. This was accompanied by a change of the pulse profile, with an increase of the pulsed fraction.{{Elucidate|date=March 2011}} More recently this trend seems to have reversed. Starting from 2004, the temperature decreased, and there are hints that the overall evolution may be cyclic, with a period of ~10 years.<ref>Hohle et al. 2008</ref>
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| The Magnificent Seven represent a large class of young neutron stars with many properties different from normal [[radio pulsars]]. There are other types of young isolated neutrons stars which are different from standard radio pulsars, such as [[soft gamma repeater]]s, [[anomalous X-ray pulsar]]s, [[rotating radio transient]]s, and central [[compact object]]s in [[supernova remnants]]. Some of them can be related to the Magnificent Seven.<ref>Popov 2008</ref>
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| Some of the seven have very weak optical counterparts. For the brightest one (RX J1856-3754), the [[trigonometric parallax]] and [[proper motion]] are known.<ref>Kaplan et al. 2002</ref> The distance to the sources is about 161 parsecs. Similar data is obtained for the second brightest object RX J0720.43125. The distance is ~330 parsecs. Projected velocities are ~280 kilometers per second (km/s) and ~115 km/s, respectively.<ref>Kaplan 2008</ref> These data allow astronomers to reconstruct the stars' trajectory and so identify the site of their birth. Distance estimates to other sources can be found in Posselt et al. (2007)<ref>Posselt et al. 2007</ref>
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| Population synthesis studies<ref>Popov et al. 2003</ref> show that the Magnificent Seven are related to the [[Gould Belt]], a local group of stars with an age of ~30–50 million years formed by massive stars. Reconstruction of trajectories of neutron stars confirmed this conclusion. In the solar vicinity, these neutron stars outnumber radio pulsars of the same age. This means that the Magnificent Seven-like objects may be one of the most typical young [[neutron stars]] with a galactic birth rate larger than that of normal [[radio pulsars]].
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| XMM-Newton's observations made it possible to detect wide absorption features in spectra of several of the Magnificent Seven. Although their origin is not clear yet (see Haber (2006)<ref>Haberl 2006</ref> for references and more detailed description of the results), it is almost certain that the star strong magnetic field plays a fundamental role in their formation. Absorption features may then provide a powerful diagnostics for the strength of the surface field. At present, two main explanations for their origin have been suggested: either proton cyclotron resonances or atomic transitions in light elements. Interestingly, for the two sources in which a spin-down measure is available, the values of B obtained from spin-down assuming magnetodipolar braking are in reasonable agreement with those inferred from the line energy.{{Elucidate|date=March 2011}} Once the nature of the lines has been settled and if an independent measurement of the magnetic field is available (e.g. through spin-down), a measure of the gravitational redshift will be possible, paving the way to the simultaneous determination of both the star mass and radius.
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| ===Physical characteristics===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Source, RX J !! Spin Periods, s !! Amplitude/2 !! Temperature, eV !! Absorption<br/>line energy, eV
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| | 1856.5−3754 || 7.06 || 1.5% || 60-62 || no
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| | 0720.4−3125 || 8.39 || 11% || 85-87 || 270
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| | 1605.3+3249<br/>(RBS 1556) || ??? || - || 93-96 || 450
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| | 1308.6+2127<br/>(RBS 1223) || 10.31 || 18% || 102 || 300
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| | 2143.0+0654<br/>(RBS 1774) || 9.44 || 4% || 102-104 || 700
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| | 0806.4−4123 || 11.37 || 6% || 92 || 460
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| | 0420.0−5022 || 3.45 || 13% || 45 || 330
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| |}
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| Data for the table were partly taken from Kaplan (2008),<ref>Kaplan 2008</ref> partly from a yet-unpublished review by R. Turolla,<ref>Turolla 2008</ref> and partly from other sources. Temperature estimates vary slightly in different publications. The source RX J0720.4-3125 is variable in temperature and pulsed fraction.<ref>Hohle et al. 2008</ref>
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| ==Research==
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| The seven objects seem to be the best laboratory to study neutron star atmospheres and, probably, internal structure. The holy grail of neutron star astrophysics is the determination of the [[equation of state]] (EOS) of matter at supra-nuclear densities. The most direct way of constraining the EOS is to measure simultaneously the neutron star mass and radius. If a neutron star emits blackbody radiation from its surface of radius <math>R</math> at homogeneous temperature <math>T</math>, the received flux at distance <math>D</math> is:
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| :<math>F = \sigma T^4 (\tfrac{R}{D})^2</math>
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| So, if distance <math>D</math> is known and <math>T</math> can be determined by spectral analysis, the previous relation immediately yields the star radius. Reality is somewhat more complicated, but this oversimplified analysis catches the essence of what is needed in order to measure the neutron star radius: distance, flux and surface temperature. Observing the star thermal emission is therefore crucial. Among all thermally emitting neutrons stars the Magnificent Seven are the only ones with a purely blackbody spectrum. Their clean thermal emission, unmarred by contamination from [[magnetosphere|magnetospheric]] activity, a surrounding [[nebula]] or [[supernova remnant]], makes these sources ideal targets for such a study: the Magnificent Seven are the perfect neutron stars.
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| Despite many attempts, no radio emission is detected from these sources. The preliminary results from latest deep search with the GBT telescope are presented by Kondratiev et al.<ref>Kondratiev et al. 2008</ref> There are claims that some signal was detected at very low frequencies,<ref>Malofeev et al. 2007</ref> but these results are not very certain and require confirmation.
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| == Notes ==
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| {{reflist|3}}
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| == References ==
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| *Kaplan, L., 2008, Nearby, Thermally Emitting Neutron Stars. 40 YEARS OF PULSARS: Millisecond Pulsars, Magnetars and More. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 983, pp. 331–339 [http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.1143 arXiv:0801.1143]
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| *Walter, F., 1996, Discovery of a nearby isolated neutron star. Nature, Volume 379, Issue 6562, pp. 233–235
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| *Treves, A. et al., 2001, The Magnificent Seven: Close-by Cooling Neutron Stars? X-ray Astronomy 2000, ASP Conference Proceeding Vol. 234. Edited by Riccardo Giacconi, Salvatore Serio, and Luigi Stella. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2001., p. 225 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0011564 astro-ph/0011564]
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| *Zampieri, L. et al., 2001, RXS J214303.7+065419/RBS 1774: A New Isolated Neutron Star Candidate. Astronomy and Astrophysics, v.378, p. L5-L9 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0108456 astro-ph/0108456]
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| *Kaplan, D.L., van Kerkwijk, M.H., 2005, A Coherent Timing Solution for the Nearby Isolated Neutron Star RX J0720.4-3125. ApJ, 628, L45 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0506419 astro-ph/0506419]
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| *Kaplan, D.L., van Kerkwijk, M.H., 2005, A Coherent Timing Solution for the Nearby Isolated Neutron Star RX J1308.6+2127/RBS 1223. ApJ, 635, L65 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511084 astro-ph/0511084]
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| *Hohle, M. et al., 2008, Spectral and temporal variations of the isolated neutron star RX J0720.4-3125: new XMM-Newton observations. [http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.5319 0810.5319]
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| *Popov, S.B., 2008, The Zoo of Neutron Stars, Physics of Particles and Nuclei vol. 39, pp. 1136–1142 Astrophys. J. 571, 447 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610593 astro-ph/0610593]
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| *Kaplan, D., et al., 2002, The Parallax and Proper Motion of RX J1856.5-3754 Revisited Astrophys. J. 571, 447 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0111174 astro-ph/0111174]
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| *Haberl, F., 2006, The Magnificent Seven: Magnetic fields and surface temperature distributions Astrophys. Space Sci. 308, 181 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609066 astro-ph/0609066]
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| *Posselt, B., et al., 2007, The Magnificent Seven in the dusty prairie. Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 308, Issue 1-4, pp. 171 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609275 astro-ph/0609275]
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| *Popov, S.B. et al., 2003, Young isolated neutron stars from the Gould Belt. Astron. Astrophys. 406, 111 [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0304141 astro-ph/0304141]
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| *Kondratiev, V.I. et al., 2008, A Search for Pulsed and Bursty Radio Emission from X-ray Dim Isolated Neutron Stars.
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| *Proceedings of the conference "40 Years of Pulsars ", AIP Conf. Proc. Eds. C.G. Bassa, Z. Wang, A. Cumming, [[Victoria Kaspi|V.M. Kaspi]], Vol. 983, p. 348-350 [http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.1648 arXiv:0710.1648]
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| *Malofeev, V.M., 2007, Radio emission from AXP and XDINS. Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 308, Issue 1-4, pp. 211–216.
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| *Turolla, R., 2008, Isolated Neutron Stars: The Challenge of Simplicity. in ``Neutron stars and pulsars'', Ed. W. Becker (in press)
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| {{Neutron star}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Magnificent Seven (neutron stars)}}
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| [[Category:Neutron stars]]
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| [[Category:Radio-quiet neutron stars]]
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