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| | Golda is what's written on my beginning certificate even though it is not the title on my birth certification. I am an invoicing officer and I'll be promoted soon. The preferred pastime for him and his kids is to play lacross and he'll be starting some thing else along with it. For years he's been living in Alaska and he doesn't strategy on changing it.<br><br>my web site ... [http://www.khuplaza.com/dent/14869889 clairvoyants] |
| In [[mathematical economics]], '''Topkis's theorem''' is a result that is useful for establishing [[comparative statics]]. The theorem allows researchers to understand how the optimal value for a choice variable changes when a feature of the environment changes. The result states that if ''f'' is [[supermodular]] in (''x'',''θ''), and ''D'' is a [[lattice (order)|lattice]], then <math>x^*(\theta)=\arg\max_{x\in D}f(x,\theta)</math> is nondecreasing in ''θ''. The result is especially helpful for establishing comparative static results when the objective function is not differentiable.
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| ==An example==
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| This example will show how using Topkis's Theorem gives the same result as using more standard tools. The advantage of using Topkis's Theorem is that it can be applied to a wider class of problems than can be studied with standard economics tools.
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| A driver is driving down a highway and must choose a speed, ''s''. Going faster is desirable, but is more likely to result in a crash. There is some prevalence of potholes, ''p''. The presence of potholes increases the probability crashing. Note that ''s'' is a choice variable and ''p'' is a parameter of the environment that is fixed from the perspective of the driver. The driver seeks to <math>\max_{s}U(s,p)</math>.
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| We would like to understand how the driver's speed (a choice variable) changes with the amount of potholes:
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| :<math>\frac{\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}.</math>
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| If one wanted to solve the problem with standard tools such as the [[implicit function theorem]], one would have to assume that the problem is well behaved: ''U''(.) is twice continuously differentiable, concave in ''s'', that the domain over which ''s'' is defined is convex, and that it there is a unique maximizer <math>s^{\ast }(p)</math> for every value of ''p'' and that <math>s^{\ast }(p)</math> is in the interior of the set over which ''s'' is defined. Note that the optimal speed is a function of the amount of potholes. Taking the first order condition, we know that at the optimum, <math>U_{s}(s^{\ast }(p),p)=0</math>. Differentiating the first order condition, with respect to ''p'' and using the implicit function theorem, we find that
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| : <math>U_{ss}(s^{\ast}(p),p)(\partial s^{\ast }(p)/(\partial p))+U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p)=0</math>
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| or that
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| : <math>\frac{\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}
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| = \underset{\text{negative since we assumed }U(.)\text{ was concave in }s}{\underbrace{\frac{-U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p)}{U_{ss}(s^{\ast }(p),p)}}}.</math>
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| So,
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| :<math>\frac{\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}\overset{\text{sign}}{=}U_{sp}(s^{\ast }(p),p). </math>
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| If ''s'' and ''p'' are substitutes,
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| :<math>U_{sp}(s^\ast (p),p)<0</math>
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| and hence
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| :<math>\frac{\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}<0</math>
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| and more potholes causes less speeding. Clearly it is more reasonable to assume that they are substitutes.
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| The problem with the above approach is that it relies on the differentiability of the objective function and on concavity. We could get at the same answer using Topkis's Theorem in the following way. We want to show that <math>U(s,p)</math> is submodular (the opposite of supermodular) in <math>\left( s,p\right) </math>. Note that the choice set is clearly a lattice. The cross partial of ''U'' being negative, <math>\frac{\partial^2 U}{\partial s\,\partial p}<0</math>, is a sufficient condition. Hence if <math> \frac{\partial^2 U}{\partial s\,\partial p}<0,</math> we know that <math>\frac{\partial s^{\ast }(p)}{\partial p}<0</math>.
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| Hence using the [[implicit function theorem]] and Topkis's theorem gives the same result, but the latter does so with fewer assumptions.
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| ==Notes and references==
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| * Donald M. Topkis (1998), ''Supermodularity and Complementarity'', [[Princeton University Press]].
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| <references />
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Topkis's Theorem}}
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| [[Category:Mathematical economics]]
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| [[Category:Economics theorems]]
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| [[Category:Lattice theory]]
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| [[Category:Order theory]]
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| [[Category:Optimization of ordered sets]]
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| [[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]]
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| [[Category:Supermodular functions]]
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Golda is what's written on my beginning certificate even though it is not the title on my birth certification. I am an invoicing officer and I'll be promoted soon. The preferred pastime for him and his kids is to play lacross and he'll be starting some thing else along with it. For years he's been living in Alaska and he doesn't strategy on changing it.
my web site ... clairvoyants