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[[File:Schematic of cross-serial dependency.png|thumb|400px|alt=A diagram showing cross-serial dependency using lines and colors to represent the dependent pairs.|A schematic showing cross-serial dependencies, in which constituents are related in left-to-right order. The w's and v's represent constituents (say, words), and each line shows one cross-serial dependency relation.]]
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In [[linguistics]], '''cross-serial dependency''' is a dependency relation which happens between two [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituents]], each from two separate series of constituents. The ''serial'' in ''cross-serial'' refers to each series of constituents, whereas the ''cross'' refers to the way the dependency relation occurs across the two series. A dependency relation is said to exist when, for instance, a given verb requires a (type of) noun as its argument.<ref name="jurafsky2000">{{Cite book | last1 = Jurafsky | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Martin | first2 = James H. | isbn=978-0-13-095069-7 | title = Speech and Language Processing | edition = 1st | year = 2000 | publisher = Prentice Hall | pages = 473–495}}.</ref>
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Multiple '''cross-serial dependencies''', in which constituents are related in left-to-right order,<ref name="jurafsky2000" /> are of particular interest to linguists who wish to determine the syntactic structure of natural language; languages containing an arbitrary number of them are non-contex-free. By this fact, Dutch<ref name="bresnan1982">{{citation | title=Cross-serial dependencies in Dutch | year=1982 | last1=Bresnan | first1=Joan | last2=M. Kaplan | first2=Ronald | journal=Linguistic Inquiry | volume=13 | pages=613–635 | issue=4}}.</ref> and Swiss-German<ref name="shieber1985">{{citation | title=Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language | year=1985 | last=Shieber | first=Stuart | journal=Linguistics and Philosophy | volume=8 | pages=333–343 | url=http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Biblio/Papers/shieber85.pdf | doi=10.1007/BF00630917 | issue=3}}.</ref> have been proved to be non-context-free.
  <li>[http://bbs.3soos.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=536693 http://bbs.3soos.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=536693]</li>
 
 
== Example ==
  <li>[http://liuxuqb8.free2.tuanidc.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1826617 http://liuxuqb8.free2.tuanidc.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1826617]</li>
{{multiple image
 
| direction = vertical
  <li>[http://yaobuy.com.cn/news/html/?644487.html http://yaobuy.com.cn/news/html/?644487.html]</li>
| width    = 300
 
 
  <li>[http://bbs.wabaka.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=577661&fromuid=132691 http://bbs.wabaka.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=577661&fromuid=132691]</li>
| image1    = Cross-serial_dependencies.png
 
| caption1  = A Swiss-German sentence containing cross-serial dependencies (shown as lines between the verbs and their objects). The English translation with its dependencies is shown for comparison.
</ul>
 
| image2    = Cross-serial dependencies 2.png
| caption2  = A more complicated example.
}}
 
As Swiss-German allows verbs and their arguments to be ordered cross-serially, we have the following example, taken from Shieber:<ref name="shieber1985"/>
{|cellpadding="5"
|-
| ...''mer'' || ''em Hans'' || ''es'' || ''huus'' || ''hälfed'' || ''aastriiche.''
|-
| ...''we''|| ''Hans'' ([[Dative case|{{smallcaps|'''dat'''}}]]) || ''the'' || ''house'' ([[Accusative case|{{smallcaps|'''acc'''}}]]) || ''helped'' || ''paint.''
|}
That is, "we helped Hans paint the house."
 
Notice that the sequential noun phrases ''em Hans'' (''Hans'') and ''es huus'' (''the house''), and the sequential verbs ''hälfed'' (''helped'') and ''aastriiche'' (''paint'') both form two separate series of constituents. Notice also that the [[Dative case|dative verb]] ''hälfed'' and the [[Accusative case|accusative verb]] ''aastriiche'' take the dative ''em Hans'' and accusative ''es huus'' as their arguments, respectively.
 
== Why languages containing cross-serial dependencies are non-context-free ==
In Swiss-German sentences, the number of verbs of a [[grammatical case]] (dative or accusative) must match the number of objects of that case. Additionally, a sentence containing an arbitrary number of such objects is admissible (in principle). Hence, the following [[formal language]] is grammatical:
 
<math> L =\text{De Jan} \text{ s}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{it} \text{ das} \text{ mer} \text{ (d'chind)}{}^m \text{ (em} \text{ Hans)}{}^n \text{ es} \text{ huus} \text{ h}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{nd} \text{ wele} \text{ (laa)}{}^m \text{ (h}\ddot{\mathrm{a}}\text{lfe)}{}^n \text{ aastriiche.} </math>
 
It can be seen that <math>L</math> is of the form <math>x a^m b^n y c^m d^n z</math>. By taking another image to remove the <math>x</math>, <math>y</math> and <math>z</math>, the non-context-free<ref name="hopcroft2000">{{cite book|author = [[John E. Hopcroft]], [[Rajeev Motwani]], [[Jeffrey D. Ullman]] | year = 2000 | title = [[Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation]] (2nd Edition) | publisher = Pearson Education | isbn = 0-201-44124-1 }}.</ref> language <math>L' = a^m b^n c^m d^n </math> may be observed. All spoken languages which contain cross-serial dependencies also contain a language of a form similar to <math>L'</math>.<ref name="jurafsky2000" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Formal languages]]
[[Category:Linguistics terminology]]

Latest revision as of 23:02, 25 December 2014

Does the difference matter Oakley Glasses Opsm

I couldn't help but question myself and my current situations, when i read. Sure, as the CEO of my company, I'm a leader; but where am I leading my team? Is it where I want to go? Is it where I want them to go? Could it be where they want to go? What's the difference? Does the difference matter? This book reminded me will be able to be a great leader for others, but I must also lead myself towards meaningful success.

No!Okay, i'm 15, suffering with an eating disorder, and i can tell you now that it'll only make you ill. You want to be 8 stone? well, at worst point of my illness, i acquired down to 7 1/28 stone, and believe me, 10 stone feels a hell of the lot better than 8.

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