Active return: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:25, 6 February 2013

In the mathematical theory of games, the Penrose square root law, originally formulated by Lionel Penrose, concerns the distribution of the voting power in a voting body consisting of N members.^[1]^[2]^[3] It states that the a priori voting power of any voter, measured by the Penrose–Banzhaf index $ψ$ scales like $1 / \sqrt{N}$ .

This result was used to design the Penrose method of for allocating the voting weights of representatives in a decision-making bodies proportional to the square root of the population represented.

Short derivation

To estimate the voting index of any player one needs to estimate the number of the possible winning coalitions in which his vote is decisive. Assume for simplicity that the number of voters is odd, N = 2j + 1, and the body votes according to the standard majority rule. Following Penrose one concludes that a given voter will be able to effectively influence the outcome of the voting only if the votes split half and half: if j players say 'Yes' and the remaining j players vote 'No', the last vote is decisive.

Assuming that all members of the body vote independently (the votes are uncorrelated) and that the probability of each vote 'Yes' is equal to p = 1/2 one can estimate likelihood of such an even using the Bernoulli trial. The probability to obtain j votes 'Yes' out of 2j votes reads

P_{j} = {(\frac{1}{2})}^{2 j} \frac{(2 j)!}{{(j!)}^{2}} .

For large N we may use the Stirling's approximation for the factorial j ! and obtain the probability $ψ$ that the vote of a given voter is decisive

ψ = P_{j} \sim 2^{- 2 j} \frac{(2 j / e)^{2 j} \sqrt{4 π j}}{[(j / e)^{j} \sqrt{2 π j}]^{2}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{π j}} \sim \sqrt{\frac{2}{π}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} .

The same approximation is obtained for an even number N.

A mathematical investigation of the influence of possible correlations between the voters for the Penrose square root law was presented by Kirsch.^[3]

Penrose law is applied to construct Penrose--like systems of two--tier voting, including the Jagiellonian Compromise designed for the Council of the European Union.

References

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To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Template:Cite doi

[1] Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

[2] Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

[kirsch-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Template:Cite doi

[1]

[2]

[3]

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+In the mathematical [[game theory|theory of games]], the '''Penrose square root law''', originally formulated by [[Lionel Penrose]], concerns the distribution of the voting power in a voting body consisting of ''N'' members.<ref>{{Citation
+  | last = Penrose
+  | first = Lionel
+  | authorlink = Lionel Penrose
+  | title = The Elementary Statistics of Majority Voting
+  | journal = Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
+  | volume = 109
+  | issue = 1
+  | pages = 53–57
+  | year = 1946
+  | jstor =2981392
+  | doi = 10.2307/2981392
+  | publisher = Blackwell Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
+  | last = Felsenthal
+  | first = Dan S
+  | last2 = Machover
+  | first2 = Moshé
+  | title = The measurement of voting power theory and practice, problems and paradoxes
+  | year = 1998
+  | location = Cheltenham
+  | publisher = Edward Elgar
+  | url =
+}}</ref><ref name="kirsch">{{cite doi|10.1007/978-3-642-35929-3_20}}</ref>  It states that the ''a&nbsp;priori'' voting power of any voter, measured by the [[Banzhaf power index|Penrose–Banzhaf index]] <math>\psi </math> scales like <math> 1/\sqrt{N} </math>.
+This result was used to design the [[Penrose method]] of for allocating the voting weights of representatives in a decision-making bodies proportional to the square root of the population represented.
+== Short derivation==
+To estimate the voting index of any player one needs to estimate the number of the possible winning coalitions in which his vote is decisive. Assume for simplicity that the number of voters is odd, ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;2''j''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1, and the body votes according to the standard majority rule. Following  Penrose one concludes that a given voter will be able to effectively influence the outcome of the voting only if the votes split half and half: if ''j'' players say 'Yes' and the remaining ''j'' players vote 'No', the last vote is decisive.
+Assuming that all members of the body  vote independently (the votes are uncorrelated)
+and that the probability of each vote 'Yes' is equal to ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;1/2 one can estimate likelihood of such an even using the [[Bernoulli trial]]. The probability to obtain ''j'' votes 'Yes' out of 2''j'' votes reads
+: <math>
+P_j = \left(  \frac{1}{2}\right)  ^{2j}\frac{\left( 2j\right)!}{\left( j! \right)^2}.
+</math>
+For large ''N'' we may use the [[Stirling's approximation]] for the factorial ''j''&nbsp;<nowiki>!</nowiki> and obtain the probability <math>\psi </math> that the vote of a given voter is decisive
+: <math>
+\psi=P_j \sim 2^{-2j}\frac{(2j/e)^{2j}\sqrt{4\pi j}}{[(j/e)^j \sqrt{2\pi
+j}]^{2}}\ =\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi j}} \sim \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}.
+</math>
+The same approximation is obtained for an even number ''N''.
+A mathematical investigation of the influence of possible correlations between the voters for the Penrose square root law was presented by Kirsch.<ref name="kirsch"/>
+Penrose law is applied to construct Penrose--like systems of two--tier voting, including the [[Jagiellonian Compromise]] designed for the Council of the European Union.
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+[[Category:Game theory]]

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