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The rate of [[spontaneous emission]] depends partly on the environment of a light source. This means that by placing the light source in a special environment, the rate of spontaneous emission can be modified. In the 1940s [[Edward Mills Purcell|E. Purcell]] discovered the enhancement of spontaneous emission rates of atoms when they are matched in a resonant cavity (the Purcell Effect).<ref>E. M. Purcell, Phys. Rev. 69, 681 (1946). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.69.674.2 DOI web link]</ref> The enhancement is given by the '''Purcell factor'''<ref>http://qwiki.stanford.edu/index.php?title=Purcell_Factor</ref>
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: <math>F_{P}=\frac{3}{4\pi^2}\left(\frac{\lambda_{c}}{n}\right)^3\left(\frac{Q}{V}\right)\,,</math>
where <math>(\lambda_{c}/n)</math> is the wavelength within the material, and <math>Q</math> and <math>V</math> are the [[quality factor]] and [[mode volume]] of the cavity, respectively.
 
One way of seeing why this enhancement arises is by using [[cavity quantum electrodynamics]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Haroche, D. Kleppner|title=Cavity Quantum Dynamics |journal=Physics Today|pages= 24–30  |year= 1989  |doi=10.1063/1.881201  |bibcode = 1989PhT....42a..24H }}</ref> [[Fermi's golden rule]] dictates that the [[Time-dependent perturbation theory|transition rate]] for the atom-vacuum (or atom-cavity) system is proportional to the [[density of states|density of final states]]. In a cavity at resonance, the ''density'' of final states is enhanced (though the number of final states may not be). The Purcell factor is then just the ratio of the free space density of states<ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Kleppner|title=Inhibited Spontaneous Emission|journal=Physical Review Letters|pages= 233–236  |year= 1981  |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.47.233 |volume=47 |number=4 |bibcode = 1981PhRvL..47..233K }}</ref>
 
: <math>\rho_f = \frac{8\pi n^3 \nu^2}{c^3}</math>
 
to that of the cavity
 
: <math>\rho_c = \frac{1}{\Delta \nu V}</math>
 
Using
 
: <math>Q=\nu / \Delta \nu</math>
 
we get that
 
: <math>\rho_c / \rho_f
= \frac{c^3}{8\pi n^3 \nu^2}\frac{Q}{\nu V}
= \frac{1}{8 \pi} \left ( \frac{\lambda}{n} \right )^3 \left ( \frac{Q}{V} \right )</math>
 
which is correct up to a constant.
 
It has been predicted theoretically<ref>V. P. Bykov, Spontaneous emission from a medium with a band spectrum, Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 4, 861 (1975).</ref><ref>E. Yablonovitch, Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics, Physical Review Letters 58, 2059(1987).</ref> that a 'photonic' material environment can control the rate of radiative recombination of an embedded light source. A main research goal is the achievement of a material with a complete [[photonic bandgap]]: a range of frequencies in which no electromagnetic modes exist and all propagation directions are forbidden. At the frequencies of the photonic bandgap, spontaneous emission of light is completely inhibited. Fabrication of a material with a complete photonic bandgap is a huge scientific challenge. For this reason photonic materials are being extensively studied. Many different kinds of systems in which the rate of spontaneous emission is modified by the environment are reported, including cavities, two,<ref>A. Kress, F. Hofbauer, N. Reinelt, M. Kaniber, H. J. Krenner, R. Meyer, G. Bohm, and J. J. Finley, Manipulation of the spontaneous emission dynamics of quantum dots in two-dimensional photonic crystals, Physical Review B 71, 241304 (2005).</ref><ref>D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, J. Vuckovic, Controlling the Spontaneous Emission Rate of Single Quantum Dots in a 2D Photonic Crystal, [http://www.stanford.edu/group/nqp/jv_files/papers/dirk-exp1.pdf Physical Review Letters ''' 95''' 013904 (2005)]</ref> and three-dimensional<ref>P. Lodahl, A. F. van Driel, I. S. Nikolaev, A. Irman, K. Overgaag, D. Vanmaekelbergh andW. L. Vos, Controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emission from quantum dots by photonic crystals, Nature, 430, 654 (2004).http://cops.tnw.utwente.nl/pdf/04/nature02772.pdf</ref> photonic bandgap materials.
 
The Purcell effect can also be useful for modeling single-photon sources for [[Quantum cryptography]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=M. C. Münnix, A. Lochmann, D. Bimberg, V. A. Haisler|title=Modeling Highly Efficient RCLED-Type Quantum-Dot-Based Single Photon Emitters |journal=IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics|volume= 45 | number=9|pages= 1084–1088 |year= 2009  |doi=10.1109/JQE.2009.2020995|bibcode = 2009IJQE...45.1084M }}</ref> Controlling the rate of spontaneous emission and thus raising the photon generation efficiency is a key requirement for [[Quantum dot]] based single-photon sources.<ref>{{cite journal |author=D. Bimberg, E. Stock; A. Lochmann; A. Schliwa, J. A. Tofflinger; W. Unrau. M. C. Münnix, S. Rodt, V. A. Haisler, A. I. Toropov, A. Bakarov, A. K. Kalagin|title=Quantum Dots for Single- and Entangled-Photon Emitters |journal=IEEE Photonics Journal|volume= 1 | number=1|pages= 58–68  |year= 2009  |doi=10.1109/JPHOT.2009.2025329  }}</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Photonics]]

Latest revision as of 19:21, 6 November 2014

A FOLDING KNIFE on the other hand, is generally a minor bigger, more robust, and has some type of locking system to hold the blade open up. Simply because of this included energy, they can take care of heavier obligation jobs. But because they are larger, they are normally carried in sheaths, not in the pocket. This locking mechanism makes the folding knives a little safer due to the fact the lock stops the blade from unintentionally being shut. These knives come in a lot of variations and normally have only 1 blade. Alternatively of seeking for a single, you can use this knife and get the occupation done. There are also do-it-your self initiatives which may possibly call for this multi device.
Golfers will do every thing they can in hopes to play far more ideal golfing and strike the Extended ball. Am I very best suited? Are you in this staff of golfers? If so, I am really assured to say you have taken a golfing exercise answer / lesson or or two. Golfing physical exercise lessons can be entirely effectual in obtaining you once more on keep track of, if your swing has prolonged gone south. But, not virtually usually. Do you ever get on the research course and just feel like you are not able to make a total backswing? Or, it just feels unachievable to preserve your golfing posture and \\\"continue to be in your swing\\\"?
The pummel on the but of the knife is also a wonderful function, it is created of Knurled metal which is a procedure that turns a flat sleek metal surface area into a surface that is textured with tiny diamond designs to give the steel a lot more bite, comparable to what you would see on the head of a hammer. Withing the pommel there is an open up room for a lanyard as nicely. When the world turns upside down, you want a knife that you can count on in a pinch. In this article I will discuss two confirmed survival knives that you can depend on when things go incorrect. go through far more
You will have no problems in finding a knife that is used for a fundamental goal or a knife that has a historic value or a fancy collectible batman batarang and tac power knives. There is constantly knife offered that will satisfy your aesthetic demands. One particular can be intrigued in purchasing a knife with a basic handle or a knife with a complicatedly fashioned handle, and he will be in a position to possess a single without any problems. These Batman batarang is double bladed. They are produced of stainless steel and utilizes aluminum manufactured deal with. The blades are sharp and they a unique logo on the deal with.
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