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| [[File:Lomonosovportrait.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], Russian [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist, the founder of [[Moscow State University]].]] | | My 1st suggestions would be to undertaking in your thoughts the bag that is most [http://wiki.apsinfotech.com/index.php?title=Leatherman_315_Knife_Review suitable] to your purpose, i.e. if you have a function like a perform-bag, likely out to the cinema bag, have fun bag or a official night social gathering bag only then can you utilize the suitable Feng Shui concepts. Each colour has a specific that means and corresponds with the five aspects. Feng Shui claims that picking the appropriate color can increase your vitality ranges. Choose the color that is supportive of you, and not the 1 you need to avoid as per your personal aspect primarily based on your birth sign or horoscope.<br>Dorothy slowed down and explained, "I guess that's our landmark." We drove down the totally darkened filth road right up until we attained the front door of the house. It appeared like a haunted mansion from an following college special about Halloween. The home was totally unlit other than for one particular upstairs window with a pale mild on. We all listened to one particular yet another breathe for awhile till Matt finally stated, "I will go to the doorway." Dorothy and I then breathed a simultaneous sigh of reduction. Was not I sensible to [http://Sas.Optimaltoolkit.com/index.php/Best_Leatherman_Knife_Reviews deliver] a man along?<br>One particular more kitchen area device that you can operate with to open your bottle of wine would be the twin prong cork puller. This does not possess a worm to pull the cork out. It will get final results by inserting the prongs proper in amongst the cork and the bottle's neck. Right after getting loaded the prongs, all that is needed to do would be to twist it little by tiny and out should go the cork, unchanged. Be sure to toss any tangled or unused fishing line in the trash. Free line can be dangerous for the water fowl or other wild animals.<br>Use insect repellant to minimize problems with bugs and insects. Carry a 1st-help kit effectively stocked with items for cuts and other health care needs. Soon after all of this, remember to have some fun fishing among remembering all of these security guidelines!! We want to remind everybody [http://www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com/leatherman-knives-review/ Tools Leatherman Surge Review Part] that you can have exciting and be protected at the very same time! Northern White Cedar is a much tougher wooden to carve, but it is stunning, straight, and a single of the lightest. In a cedar swamp, you can uncover many lifeless younger cedars that have not started to rot. Cedar lasts permanently, it looks, even when utilised untreated as fence posts.<br>Consumers can potentially store an total electronic songs assortment inside of the handsets to day utilized for utilise the integrated micro SD card slot. This handy feature can accommodate a memory card of up to 32 GB. The regular interior memory is 384 MB RAM along with 512 MB ROM. A useful Photocall function is provided inside of the inside phonebook which can shop a seemingly limitless number of contacts. A Pennsylvania substantial school pupil has been suspended for what his attorney calls doing the right thing handing in a pocket knife that he unintentionally brought to a soccer match.<br>Mounted blades are your standard straight knives they do not fold and need to have a sheath to include the blade and are generally worn on a belt. These knives are significantly more powerful that there folding brothers because of to the tang running down the handle. It also aids that there are no moving components to the mounted blade knives. Folding knives or pocket knives have a pivot stage that folds the blade into the take care of. Most of these have some sort of locking program on them. Some of the most well-known are the slip joint, lock back, liner lock, body lock, button lock, axis lock. And the pick lock. |
| This '''list of [[Russia]]n and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[scientist]]s''' includes scientists associated with modern [[Russian Federation]], the [[Soviet Union]], [[Imperial Russia]], [[Russian Tsardom]], and the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]].
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| Regardless of ethnicity or emigration, the list includes famous natives of Russia and its predecessor states as well as the people who were born elsewhere but spent most of their active life in Russia.
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| ==Polymaths==
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| [[File:Baer Karl von 1792-1876.jpg|100px|thumb|'''[[Karl Baer|Baer]]''']] | |
| * '''[[Karl Ernst von Baer]]''', polymath naturalist, formulated the geological [[Baer's law]] on [[river erosion]] and [[embryological]] [[Baer's laws]], founder of the [[Russian Entomological Society]], co-founder of the [[Russian Geographical Society]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Borodin]]''', chemist and composer, author of the famous opera ''[[Prince Igor]]'', discovered [[Borodin reaction]], co-discovered [[Aldol reaction]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Chizhevsky]]''', interdisciplinary scientist, biophysicist, philosopher and artist, founder of [[heliobiology]] and modern [[air ionification]], [[Russian cosmist]]
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| * '''[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]]''', naturalist, chemist, mineralogist, ethnographer and explorer, the first to describe [[omul]] fish of [[Lake Baikal|Baikal]], published the first full-scale work on ethnography of [[indigenous peoples of Russia]][[File:Levitzky Lvov 1770.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Nikolay Lvov|Lvov]]''']]
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| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath scientist, artist and inventor; founder of the [[Moscow State University]]; proposed the law of [[conservation of matter]]; disproved the [[phlogiston theory]]; invented [[coaxial rotor]] and the first [[helicopter]]; invented the [[night vision telescope]] and [[off-axis reflecting telescope]]; discovered the [[atmosphere of Venus]]; suggested the [[organic matter|organic]] origin of [[soil]], [[peat]], [[coal]], [[petroleum]] and [[amber]]; pioneered the research of [[atmospheric electricity]]; coined the term ''[[physical chemistry]]''; the first to record the [[freezing]] of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]; co-developed [[Russian porcelain]], re-discovered [[smalt]] and created a number of [[mosaic]]s dedicated to [[Peter the Great|Petrine era]]; author of an early account of [[Russian history]] and the first opponent of the [[Normanist theory]]; reformed Russian literary language by combining [[Old Church Slavonic]] with vernacular tongue in his early grammar; influenced [[Russian poetry]] through his [[ode]]s
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| * '''[[Nikolay Lvov]]''', polymath artist, geologist, philologist and ethnographer, compiled the first major collection of [[Russian folk songs]], adapted [[rammed earth]] technology for northern climate and built the [[Priory Palace]] in [[Gatchina]], pioneered [[HVAC]] technology, invented [[carton-pierre]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Middendorf]]''', zoologist and explorer, discoverer of [[Putorana Plateau]], founder of [[permafrost]] science, studied the influence of [[permafrost]] on living beings, coined the term ''[[radula]]'', prominent hippologist and [[horse breeder]][[File:Pallas Peter Simon 1741-1811.png|thumb|100px|'''[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]]''']]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Obruchev]]''', geologist, paleontologist, geographer and explorer of [[Siberia]] and [[Central Asia]], author of the comprehensive ''Geology of [[Siberia]]'' and two popular [[science fiction]] novels, ''[[Hollow Earth|Plutonia]]'' and ''[[Sannikov Land]]''
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| * '''[[Peter Simon Pallas]]''', polymath naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist, explorer of [[European Russia]] and [[Siberia]], discoverer of the first [[pallasite]] meteorite ([[Krasnojarsk (meteorite)|Krasnojarsk]]) and multiple animals, including the [[Pallas's cat]], [[Pallas's Squirrel]], and [[Pallas's Gull]]
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| * '''[[Yakov Perelman]]''', a founder of [[popular science]], author of many popular books, including the ''Physics Can Be Fun'' and ''Mathematics Can Be Fun''
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| * '''[[Nicholas Roerich]]''', artist, writer, philosopher, archeologist, explorer of [[Central Asia]], public figure, initiator of the international [[Roerich’s Pact]] on the defense of cultural objects, author of over 7000 paintings[[File:Vernadsky.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Vladimir Vernadsky|Vernadsky]]''']]
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| * '''[[Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky]]''', geographer, geologist, entomologist, explorer of the [[Tian Shan Mountains]], discoverer of the Peak [[Khan Tengri]], for 40 years the head of the [[Russian Geographical Society]], statistician, organiser of the first [[Russian Empire Census]]
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| * '''[[Vasily Tatishchev]]''', statesman, economist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist and historian, supervisor of the first instrumental mapping of Russia, coloniser of the [[Urals]] and Siberia, founder of [[Perm]] and [[Yekaterinburg]], discovered and published ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', ''[[Sudebnik]]'' of 1550 and the controversial ''[[Ioachim Chronicle]]'', wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history, compiled the first [[encyclopedic dictionary]] of [[Russian language]]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Vernadsky]]''', philosopher and geologist, a founder of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]] and [[radiogeology]], creator of [[noosphere]] theory, popularized the term ''[[biosphere]]'', major [[Russian cosmist]]
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| * '''[[Ivan Yefremov]]''', paleontologist, philosopher, sci-fi and historical novelist, founder of [[taphonomy]], author of ''[[The Land of Foam]] '', ''[[Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale]]'' and ''[[Thais of Athens]]''
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| ==Earth scientists==
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| {{main|Russian Earth scientists}}
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| [[File:Jan Czerski.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Ivan Chersky|Chersky]]''']]
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| * '''[[Dmitry Anuchin]]''', anthropologist and geographer, coined the term ''[[anthroposphere]]'', determined the location of the [[Volga]] [[river source]]
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| * '''[[Karl Baer]]''', naturalist, formulated the geological [[Baer's law]] on [[river erosion]], co-founder of the [[Russian Geographical Society]]
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| * '''[[Lev Berg]]''', determined the depth of [[Central Asia]]n lakes, including [[Balkhash Lake|Balkhash]] and [[Issyk Kul]], a head of the [[Soviet Geographical Society]]
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| * '''[[Leonid Brekhovskikh]]''', founder of modern [[acoustical oceanography]], discovered the [[deep sound channel]], the first to observe [[mesoscale ocean eddies]]
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| * '''[[Ivan Chersky]]''', paleontologist, geologist and explorer of [[Siberia]], explained the origin of [[Lake Baikal]], pioneered the [[geomorphological]] evolution theory
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| * '''[[Pyotr Chikhachyov]]''', early geographer and geologist of [[Central Asia]], discovered [[Kuznetsk Coal Basin]][[File:Dokuchaev2.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Dokuchaev]]''']]
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| * '''[[Vasily Dokuchaev]]''', founder of [[soil science]], created the first [[soil classification]], determined the [[Clorpt|five factors for soil formation]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Fersman]]''', a founder of [[geochemistry]], discovered [[copper]] in [[Monchegorsk]], [[apatite]]s in [[Khibiny]], [[sulfur]] in [[Central Asia]]
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| * '''[[Boris Borisovich Galitzine|Boris Golitsyn]]''', inventor of electromagnetic [[seismograph]], the president of ''International Association of [[Seismology]]''
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| * '''[[Grigory Gamburtsev]]''', major Soviet [[seismologist]], invented a number of seismological methods and devices
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| * '''[[Ivan Gubkin]]''', founder of the [[Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas]][[File:Wladimir Peter Köppen.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Wladimir Köppen|Köppen]]''']]
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| * '''[[Alexander Karpinsky]]''', geologist and mineralogist, the first President of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Keyserling]]''', naturalist, a founder of Russian [[geology]]
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| * '''[[Maria Klenova]]''', a founder of [[marine geology]], polar explorer
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| * '''[[Wladimir Köppen]]''', [[meteorologist]], author of the commonly used [[Köppen climate classification]]
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| * '''[[Stepan Krasheninnikov]]''', geographer, the first Russian naturalist, made the first scientific description of [[Kamchatka]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Kruber]]''', founder of Russian [[karstology]]
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| * '''[[Nikolai Kudryavtsev]]''', author of modern [[abiogenic theory]] for origin of [[petroleum]], coordinated oil and gas exploration in [[Siberia]][[File:Middendorff1.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Alexander von Middendorff|Middendorf]]''']]
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| * '''[[Leonid Kulik]]''', meteorite researcher, the first to study the [[Tunguska event]]
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| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath, suggested the [[organic matter|organic]] origin of [[soil]], [[peat]], [[coal]], [[petroleum]] and [[amber]]; forerrunner of the [[continental drift]] theory, pioneer researcher of [[atmospheric electricity]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Middendorf]]''', zoologist and explorer, founder of [[permafrost]] science, determined the southern border of permafrost
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| * '''[[Pavel Molchanov]]''', meteorologist, inventor of [[radiosonde]]
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| * '''[[Ivan Mushketov]]''', made the first geological map of [[Turkestan]]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Obruchev]]''', geologist and explorer, author of the comprehensive ''Geology of [[Siberia]]'' and two popular [[science fiction]] novels,[[File:Obruchev young.jpeg|thumb|95px|'''[[Obruchev]]''']] ''[[Hollow Earth|Plutonia]]'' and ''[[Sannikov Land]]''
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| * '''[[Mikhail Pomortsev]]''', meteorologist, inventor of [[nephoscope]]
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| * '''[[Farman Salmanov]]''', discoverer of giant [[oil fields]] in [[West Siberian Plain|West Siberia]]
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| * '''[[Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky]]''', explorer of the [[Tian Shan Mountains]], for 40 years the head of the [[Russian Geographical Society]], prominent statistician and organiser of the first [[Russian Empire Census]]
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| * '''[[Nikolay Shatsky]]''', made a comprehensive [[tectonic]] map of [[North Eurasia]], introduced [[Riphean (stage)|Riphean]] and [[Baikalian]] geological [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stages]]
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| * '''[[Pyotr Shirshov]]''', polar explorer, founder of the [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]], proved that there is life in high latitudes of the [[Arctic Ocean]]
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| * '''[[Yuly Shokalsky]]''', the first head of the [[Soviet Geographical Society]], coined the term ''[[World Ocean]]''
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| * '''[[Aleksey Tillo]]''', made the first correct [[wikt:hypsometry|hypsometric]] map of [[European Russia]], coined the term ''[[Central Russian Upland]]'', measured the lengths of main [[Russian rivers]]
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| * '''[[Andrey Nikolayevich Tychonoff|Andrey Tikhonov]]''', mathematician and inventor of [[magnetotellurics]] in geology
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| * '''[[Vladimir Vernadsky]]''', philosopher and geologist, a founder of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]] and [[radiogeology]], creator of [[noosphere]] theory, popularized the term ''[[biosphere]]''
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| ==Biologists and paleontologists==
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| {{main|Russian biologists}}
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| [[File:Andrei Bolotov.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Andrei Bolotov|Bolotov]]''']]
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| * "'[[M. Blagorazumova]]", original discoverer of [[LDL]] and [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]]'s roles in atherosclerotic plaque formation<ref>M.A. Blagorazumova, "Collected Scientific Papers of the Theoretical and Clinical Departments of Volgograd Medical Institute [in Russian] (17). 1956.
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| M . A . B l a g o r a z u m o v a , I n t h e b o o k : C o l l e c t e d S c i e n t i f i c Pape r s o f t h e T h e o r e t i c a l and C l i n i c a l De p a r t a n e n t s
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| o f V o l g o g r a d M e d i c a l I n s t i t u t e [ i n R u s s i a n ] , p . 17~(1956)</ref>
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| * '''[[Johann Friedrich Adam]]''', discoverer of the [[Adams mammoth]], the first complete [[woolly mammoth]] skeleton
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| * '''[[Karl Baer]]''', naturalist, founder of the [[Russian Entomological Society]], formulated [[embryological]] [[Baer's laws]]
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| * '''[[Jacques von Bedriaga]]''', prominent [[herpetologist]], described [[Bedriaga's Rock Lizard]] and [[Bedriaga's Skink]]
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| * '''[[Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyaev|Dmitry Belyaev]]''', [[domesticated silver fox]]
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| * '''[[Lev Berg]]''', [[ichthyologist]] of [[Central Asia]] and [[European Russia]]
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| * '''[[Nikolai Bernstein]]''', neurophysiologist, coined the term [[biomechanics]]
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| * '''[[Andrey Bolotov]]''', major 18th century [[agriculturist]], discovered [[dichogamy]], pioneered [[cross-pollination]][[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Dmitry Ivanovsky|Ivanovsky]]''']]
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| * '''[[August von Bongard]]''', [[botanist]] of [[Alaska]], discoverer of [[Sitka Spruce]] and [[Alnus rubra|Red Alder]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Bunge]]''', major [[botanist]] of [[Siberia]] (especially [[Altai Mountains|Altai]])
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| * '''[[Mikhail Chailakhyan]]''', researcher of [[flowering]], described the [[florigen]] hormone
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| * '''[[Sergei Chetverikov]]''', pioneer of [[modern evolutionary synthesis]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Chizhevsky]]''', founder of [[heliobiology]] and modern [[air ionification]]
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| * '''[[Eduard Eversmann]]''', biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fauna of southern Russia
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| * '''[[Andrey Famintsyn]]''', [[plant physiologist]], inventor of [[grow lamp]], developer of [[symbiogenesis]] theory
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| * '''[[Yuri Filipchenko]]''', entomologist, coined the terms [[microevolution]] and [[macroevolution]]
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| * '''[[Nikolay Gamaleya]]''', [[microbiologist]] and pioneer of Russian [[vaccine]] research
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| * '''[[Johann Georg Gmelin]]''', the first researcher of [[Siberia]]n flora[[File:Merezhkovsky K S.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Konstantin Merezhkovsky|Merezhkovsky]]''']]
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| * '''[[Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo]]''', zoologist and geographer, obtained two [[Przewalski's Horse]]s and more than 1000 bird specimens from his travels in Central Asia
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| * '''[[Alexander Gurwitsch]]''', originated the [[morphogenetic field]] theory and discovered the [[biophoton]]
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| * '''[[Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov (biologist)|Ilya Ivanov]]''', researcher of [[artificial insemination]] and the [[interspecific hybrid]]ization of animals, involved in controversial attempts to create a [[human-ape hybrid]]
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| * '''[[Dmitry Ivanovsky]]''', discoverer of [[virus]]es
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| * '''[[Georgii Karpechenko]]''', inventor of [[rabbage]] (the first ever non-sterile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] obtained through [[crossbreeding]])
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| * '''[[Nikolai Koltsov]]''', discoverer of [[cytoskeleton]][[File:Michurin 1936.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin|Michurin]]''']]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]]''', [[plant geographer]], President of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]], founder of the [[Komarov Botanical Institute]]
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| * '''[[Alexander Kovalevsky]]''', embryologist, major researcher of [[gastrulation]]
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| * '''[[Trofim Lysenko]]''', agronomist, developer of [[yarovization]], infamous for [[lysenkoism]]
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| * '''[[Evgeny Maleev]]''', discoverer of [[Talarurus]], [[Tarbosaurus]], and [[Therizinosaurus]]
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| * '''[[Carl Maximowicz]]''', pioneer researcher of the [[Far East]]ern [[flora]]
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| * '''[[Ilya Mechnikov]]''', pioneer researcher of [[immune system]], [[probiotics]] and [[phagocytosis]], coined the term ''[[gerontology]]'', [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] winner
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| * '''[[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Menzbier|Mikhail Menzbier]]''', major [[ornithologist]], discoverer of the [[Menzbier's Marmot]]
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| * '''[[Konstantin Merezhkovsky]]''', major [[lichenologist]], developer of [[symbiogenesis]] theory, a founder of [[endosymbiosis]] theory
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| * '''[[Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin|Ivan Michurin]]''', [[pomologist]], [[selection]]ist and [[geneticist]], practiced [[hybrid (biology)|crossing]] of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit [[cultivar]]s[[File:Leopold von Schrenck.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Leopold von Schrenck|Schrenck]]''']]
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| * '''[[Alexander Middendorf]]''', zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of [[permafrost]] on living beings, coined the term ''[[radula]]'', prominent [[horse breeder]]
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| * '''[[Victor Motschulsky]]''', prominent [[coleopterologist]] (researcher of [[beetle]]s)
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| * '''[[Sergei Navashin]]''', discovered [[double fertilization]]
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| * '''[[Alexey Olovnikov]]''', predicted existence of [[Telomerase]], suggested the [[Telomere hypothesis of aging]] and the [[Telomere relations to cancer]]
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| * '''[[Aleksandr Oparin]]''', biologist and [[biochemist]], proposed the famous "[[Primordial soup]]" theory of [[life origin]], showed that many [[food production]] processes are based on [[biocatalysis]]
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| * '''[[Heinz Christian Pander]]''', embryologist, discoverer of [[germ layers]]
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| * '''[[Peter Simon Pallas]]''', polymath naturalist and explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the [[Pallas's cat]], [[Pallas's Squirrel]], and [[Pallas's Gull]]
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| * '''[[Ivan Pavlov]]''', founder of modern [[physiology]], the first to research [[classical conditioning]], Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
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| * '''[[Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky]]''', published the first [[EEG]] and the [[evoked potential]] of the mammalian brain
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| * '''[[Nikolai Przhevalsky]]''', explorer and naturalist, brought vast collections from Central Asia, discovered [[Przewalski's Horse|the only extant species of wild horse]][[File:Kliment Timiryazev.jpg|thumb|85px|'''[[Kliment Timiryazev|Timiryazev]]''']]
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| * '''[[Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky|Anatoly Rozhdestvensky]]''', discoverer of [[Aralosaurus]] and [[Probactrosaurus]]
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| * '''[[Ivan Schmalhausen]]''', developer of [[modern evolutionary synthesis]]
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| * '''[[Leopold von Schrenck]]''', ethnographer, zoologist, discovered the [[Amur sturgeon]], [[Manchurian Black Water Snake]] and [[Schrenck's Bittern]]
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| * '''[[Boris Schwanwitsch]]''', entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to [[military camouflage]] during [[World War II]]
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| * '''[[Ivan Sechenov]]''', founder of [[electrophysiology]] and [[neurophysiology]]
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| * '''[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]]''', naturalist, participant of [[Vitus Bering]]'s voyages, discoverer of [[Steller's Jay]], [[Steller's Eider]],[[File:Nikolai Vavilov NYWTS.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Nikolai Vavilov|Vavilov]]''']] extinct [[Steller's Sea Cow]] and multiple other animals
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| * '''[[Lina Stern]]''', pioneer researcher of [[blood–brain barrier]]
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| * '''[[Armen Takhtajan]]''', developer of [[Takhtajan system]] of [[flowering plant]] classification, major [[biogeographer]]
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| * '''[[Kliment Timiryazev]]''', plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of [[chlorophyll]]
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| * '''[[Nikolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky]]''', major researcher of [[radiation genetics]], [[population genetics]], and [[microevolution]]
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| * '''[[Lev Tsenkovsky]]''', pioneer researcher of the [[ontogenesis]] of [[lower plants]] and animals
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| * '''[[Mikhail Tsvet]]''', inventor of [[chromatography]]
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| * '''[[Nikolai Vavilov]]''', botanist and geneticist,[[File:Vinogradsky.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Sergei Winogradsky|Vinogradsky]]''']] gathered the world's largest collection of plant [[seed]]s, identified the [[Vavilov Center|centres of origin]] of main cultivated plants
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| * '''[[Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin|Mikhail Voronin]]''', major researcher of [[fungi]] and [[plant pathology]]
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| * '''[[Sergey Vinogradsky]]''', microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist, pioneered the [[biogeochemical cycle]] concept, discovered [[lithotrophy]] and [[chemosynthesis]], invented the [[Winogradsky column]] for breeding of [[microorganism]]s
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| * '''[[Ivan Yefremov]]''', paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded [[taphonomy]]
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| * '''[[Sergey Zimov]]''', creator of the [[Pleistocene Park]]
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| ==Physicians and psychologists==
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| {{main|Russian physicians}}
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| [[File:Bekhterev by Repin.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Vladimir Bekhterev|Bekhterev]]''']]
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| * '''[[Aleksandr Bakulev]]''', prominent [[cardiovascular surgery]] developer
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| * '''[[Vladimir Bekhterev]]''', neuropathologist, founder of [[objective psychology]], noted the role of the [[hippocampus]] in memory, major contributor to [[reflexology]], studied the [[Bekhterev’s Disease]]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Betz]]''', discovered [[Betz cells]] of [[primary motor cortex]]
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| * '''[[Peter Borovsky]]''', described the causative agent of [[Oriental sore]]
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| * '''[[Sergey Botkin]]''', major [[therapist]] and court physician
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| * '''[[Nikolay Burdenko]]''', major developer of [[neurosurgery]]
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| * '''[[Konstantin Buteyko]]''', developed the [[Buteyko method]] for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders
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| * '''[[Mikhail Chumakov]]''', co-discovered [[tick-borne encephalitis]], co-developed oral [[polio vaccine]]
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| * '''[[Livery Darkshevich]]''', [[neurologist]], described the nucleus of [[posterior commissure]][[File:Sergey Korsakov.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Sergey Korsakov|Korsakov]]''']]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Demikhov]]''', major pioneer of [[transplantology]]
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| * '''[[Vladimir Filatov]]''', [[ophthalmologist]], [[corneal transplantation]] pioneer
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| * '''[[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]]''', inventor of [[radial keratotomy]]
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| * '''[[Georgy Gause]]''', inventor of [[gramicidin S]] and other [[antibiotics]]
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| * '''[[Oleg Gazenko]]''', founder of [[space medicine]], selected and trained [[Laika]], the first [[space dog]]
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| * '''[[Vera Gedroitz]]''', the first female Professor of [[Surgery]] in the world
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| * '''[[Ilya Gruzinov]]''', found that [[vocal folds]] are the source of [[phonation]]
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| * '''[[Waldemar Haffkine]]''', invented the first vaccines against [[cholera]] and [[bubonic plague]]
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| * '''[[Gavriil Ilizarov]]''', invented [[Ilizarov apparatus]], developed [[distraction osteogenesis]]
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| * '''[[Nikolai Korotkov]]''', invented [[auscultatory blood pressure measurement]], pioneer of [[vascular surgery]][[File:Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Ilya Mechnikov|Mechnikov]]''']]
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| * '''[[Sergey Korsakov]]''', studied the effects of [[alcoholism]] on the [[nervous system]], described [[Korsakoff's syndrome]], introduced [[paranoia]] concept
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| * '''[[Aleksei Kozhevnikov]]''', neurologist and psychiatrist, described the [[epilepsia partialis continua]]
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| * '''[[Aleksey Leontyev]]''', founder of [[activity theory]] in psychology
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| * '''[[Peter Lesgaft]]''', founder of the modern system of [[physical education]] in Russia
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| * '''[[Alexander Luria]]''', co-developer of activity theory and [[cultural-historical psychology]], major researcher of [[aphasia]]
| |
| * '''[[Ilya Mechnikov]]''', pioneer researcher of [[immune system]], [[probiotics]] and [[phagocytosis]]; coined the term ''[[gerontology]]'', [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] winner[[File:Ivan Pavlov (Nobel).png|thumb|90px|'''[[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Lazar Minor]]''', neurologist, described [[Minor's disease]]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Nikolsky]]''', [[dermatologist]], discoveror of [[Nikolsky's sign]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexey Olovnikov]]''', predicted existence of [[Telomerase]], suggested the [[Telomere hypothesis of aging]] and the [[Telomere relations to cancer]]
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Pavlov]]''', founder of modern [[physiology]], the first to research [[classical conditioning]], influenced [[comparative psychology]] and [[behaviorism]] by his works on [[reflex]]es, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov|Nikolay Pirogov]]''', pioneer of [[ether]] [[anaesthesia]] and modern [[field surgery]], the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Rogozov]]''', performed an [[appendectomy]] on himself during the 6th [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]], a famous case of [[self-surgery]][[File:Sechenov.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Sechenov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Grigory Rossolimo]]''', pioneer of child [[neuropsychology]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Roth]]''', [[neuropathologist]], described [[meralgia paraesthetica]]
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Sechenov]]''', founder of [[electrophysiology]] and [[neurophysiology]], author of the classic work ''[[Reflex]]es of the [[Brain]]''
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Serbsky]]''', founder of [[forensic psychiatry]] in Russia
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Sklifosovskiy]]''', prominent 19th century [[field surgeon]]
| |
| * '''[[Lina Stern]]''', pioneer researcher of [[blood–brain barrier]]
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Uglov]]''', the oldest practicing surgeon in history
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Varshavsky]]''', researched [[ubiquitin]]ation, [[Wolf Prize in Medicine]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky]]''', founder of [[purulent]] [[surgery]], saint
| |
| * '''[[Lev Vygotsky]]''', founder of [[cultural-historical psychology]], major contributor to [[child development]] and [[psycholinguistics]], introduced [[zone of proximal development]] and [[cultural mediation]] concepts
| |
| * '''[[Josias Weitbrecht]]''', the first to describe the construction and function of [[intervertebral disc]]s
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Yudin]]''', inventor of [[cadaveric blood transfusion]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Zalmanov]]''', developer of [[turpentine bath]] therapy
| |
| * '''[[Bluma Zeigarnik]]''', psychiatrist, discovered the [[Zeigarnik effect]], founded experimental [[psychopathology]]
| |
| | |
| ==Economists and sociologists==
| |
| [[File:Leonid Kantorovich 1975.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Kantorovich]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Chayanov]]''', developed the [[consumption-labour-balance principle]]
| |
| * '''[[Georges Gurvitch]]''', major developer of [[sociology of knowledge]] and [[sociology of law]]
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Kantorovich]]''', mathematician and economist, founded [[linear programming]], developed the theory of [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimal allocation]] of resources, [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Kondratiev]]''', discoverer of the [[Kondratiev wave]]s
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Korotayev]]''', historian and anthropologist, a founder of [[cliodynamics]], a prominent developer of [[social cycle theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Gleb Krzhizhanovsky]]''', developer of [[GOELRO plan]], the first Chief of [[Gosplan]]
| |
| * '''[[Simon Kuznets]]''', discovered the [[Kuznets swing]]s, built the [[Kuznets curve]], disproved the [[Absolute Income Hypothesis]], Nobel Prize in Economics winner[[File:Питирим Сорокин.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Pitirim Sorokin|Sorokin]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Lenin]]''', leader of the [[October Revolution]] and founder of the [[Soviet Union]], introduced [[planned economy]] and [[Leninism]]
| |
| * '''[[Evsei Liberman]]''', laid the scientific support for the Soviet [[1965 Soviet economic reform|Kosygin reform]] (iniatied by [[Alexei Kosygin]]) in economy
| |
| * '''[[Wassily Leontief]]''', developed [[input-output analysis]] and the [[Leontief paradox]], Nobel Prize in Economics winner
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Nemchinov]]''', created the mathematical basis for the Soviet [[central planning]]
| |
| * '''[[Grigory Orlov]]''', founder of the [[Free Economic Society]]
| |
| * '''[[Pitirim Sorokin]]''', sociologist, a prominent developer of the [[social cycle theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Eugen Slutsky]]''', statistician and economist,developed the [[Slutsky equation]]
| |
| * '''[[Stanislav Strumilin]]''', pioneer of the [[planned economy]], developed the [[First Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)|first]] [[Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union|five-year plans]]
| |
| | |
| ==Historians and archeologists==
| |
| {{main|Russian historians}}
| |
| [[File:Artamonov student.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Mikhail Artamonov|Artamonov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Friedrich von Adelung]]''', historian and [[museologist]], researched the European accounts of the [[Time of Troubles]]
| |
| * '''[[Valeri Pavlovich Alekseyev|Valery Alekseyev]]''', anthropologist, proposed ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Artamonov]]''', historian and archaeologist, founder of modern [[Khazar]] studies, excavated a great number of [[Scythian]] and Khazar [[kurgan]]s and settlements, including the fortress of [[Sarkel]]
| |
| * '''[[Artemiy Artsikhovsky]]''', archaeologist, discoverer of [[birch bark document]]s in [[Novgorod]]
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Bartold]]''', [[turkologist]], the ''"[[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]] of [[Turkestan]]"'', an archaeologist of [[Samarcand]]
| |
| * '''[[Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin]]''', 19th-century historian and [[paleographer]], founder of the [[Bestuzhev Courses]] for women[[File:Nikolay Danilevski.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Nikolay Danilevsky|Danilevsky]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Nikita Bichurin]]''', a founder of [[Sinology]], published many documents on [[Chinese history|Chinese]] and [[Mongolian history]], opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Danilevsky]]''', ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of [[Eurasianism]], the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct [[civilisations]]
| |
| * '''[[Igor Diakonov]]''', historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of [[Sumer]] and [[Assyria]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Farmakovsky]]''', archaeologist of [[Ancient Greek]] colony [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Golenishchev]]''', egyptologist, excavated [[Wadi Hammamat]], discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the ''[[Moscow Mathematical Papyrus]]'', the ''[[Story of Wenamun]]'', and various [[Fayum portraits]][[File:Tropinin karamzin.JPG|thumb|90px|'''[[Nikolai Karamzin|Karamzin]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Timofey Granovsky]]''', a founder of [[mediaeval studies]] in Russia, disproved the historicity of [[Vineta]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Grekov]]''', prominent researcher of [[Kievan Rus']] and [[Golden Horde]]
| |
| * '''[[Lev Gumilev]]''', historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of ancient [[Central Asia]]n peoples, related [[ethnogenesis]] and [[biosphere]], influenced the rise of [[Neo-Eurasianism]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Hessen]]''', physicist who brought [[externalism]] into modern [[historiography of science]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Ilovaysky]]''', major 19th century anti-[[Normanist]]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Kafarov]]''', prominent [[sinologist]], discovered many invaluable manuscripts, including ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]''
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Karamzin]]''', [[sentimentalist]] writer and historian, author of the 12-volume ''History of the Russian State'', the principal early 19th-century account of national history
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Klyuchevsky]]''', dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Kazhdan]]''', [[Byzantinist]], editor of the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]''
| |
| * '''[[Nikodim Kondakov]]''', prominent researcher of [[Byzantine art]][[File:Gerhard Friedrich Müller.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Gerhardt Friedrich Müller|Müller]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Korotayev]]''', historian and anthropologist, a founder of [[cliodynamics]], a prominent developer of [[social cycle theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Kostomarov]]''', historian, folklorist and romantic writer, researched the differences between [[Great Russia]] and [[Little Russia]] and the history of [[Ukraine]]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Kozlov]]''', explorer of [[Central Asia]], discoverer of the ancient [[Tangut people|Tangut]] city of [[Khara-Khoto]] and [[Xiongnu]] royal burials at [[Noin-Ula]]
| |
| * '''[[Platon Levshin]]''', president of the [[Most Holy Synod]] during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], author of the first systematic course of the history of [[Russian Orthodox Church]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Likhachyov]]''', the first and foremost Russian [[sigillographer]], prominent also in a number of other auxiliary historical disciplines
| |
| * '''[[Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky]]''', statesman, published the major ''Russian [[Genealogical]] Book''[[File:MAntokolsky Nestor.JPG|thumb|100px|'''[[Nestor the Chronicler|Nestor]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the [[Normanist theory]], published an early account of Russian history
| |
| * '''[[Boris Marshak]]''', excavated the [[Sogdian people|Sogdian]] ruins at [[Panjakent]]
| |
| * '''[[Friedrich Martens]]''', legal historian, drafted the [[Martens Clause]] of the [[Hague Peace Conference]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Minorsky]]''', prominent historian of [[Persia]]
| |
| * '''[[Gerhardt Friedrich Müller]]''', co-founder of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], explorer and the first academic historian of [[Siberia]], a founder of [[ethnography]], author of the first academic account of [[Russian history]], put forth the [[Normanist theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksei Musin-Pushkin]]''', prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discovered ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]''
| |
| * '''[[Nestor the Chronicler]]''', author of the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' (the first [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] chronicle) and several [[hagiographies]], saint
| |
| * '''[[Dimitri Obolensky]]''', [[Byzantine commonwealth]] researcher[[File:Charsolomon TProskouriakoff.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Tatyana Proskuryakova|Proskuryakova]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Alexey Okladnikov]]''', prominent historian and archaeologist of [[Siberia]] and [[Mongolia]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Oldenburg]]''', a founder of Russian [[Indology]] and the [[Academic Institute of Oriental Studies]]
| |
| * '''[[George Ostrogorsky]]''', preeminent 20th-century [[Byzantinist]]
| |
| * '''[[Avraamy Palitsyn]]''', 17th-century historian of the [[Time of Troubles]]
| |
| * '''[[Evgeny Pashukanis]]''', legal historian, wrote ''The General Theory of Law and [[Marxism]]''
| |
| * '''[[Boris Piotrovsky]]''', prominent researcher of [[Urartu]], [[Scythia]], and [[Nubia]], long-term director of the [[Hermitage Museum]]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Piotrovsky]]''', orientalist, current director of the [[Hermitage Museum]]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Pogodin]]''', leading mid-19th-century Russian historian, proponent of the [[Normanist theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Petrovich Polevoy|Boris Polevoy]]''', major historian of the [[Russian Far East]][[File:Rybakov BA.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Boris Rybakov|Rybakov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Pokrovsky]]''', [[Marxist]] historian prominent in 1920s
| |
| * '''[[Natalia Polosmak]]''', archaeologist of [[Pazyryk burials]], discoverer of [[Pazyryk Ice Maiden|Ice Maiden]] [[mummy]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Polovtsov]]''', statesman, historian and [[Maecenas]], founder of the Russian Historian Society
| |
| * '''[[Tatyana Proskuryakova]]''', [[Mayanist]] scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient [[Maya script]]
| |
| * '''[[Semyon Remezov]]''', cartographer and the first historian of [[Siberia]], author of the ''[[Remezov Chronicle]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Rostovtsev]]''', archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly examine the social and economic systems of the [[Ancient World]], excavated [[Dura-Europos]][[File:Solovjev S. M..jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Sergey Solovyov|Solovyov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Nicholas Roerich]]''', painter, archeologist, and public figure, explorer of [[Central Asia]], initiator of the international [[Roerich’s Pact]] on protection of historical monuments
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Rudenko]]''', discoverer of [[Scythian]] [[Pazyryk burials]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Rybakov]]''', historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the [[Normanist theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Samokvasov]]''', [[Black Grave]] discoverer
| |
| * '''[[Viktor Sarianidi]]''', discoverer of the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] and the ''[[Bactrian Gold]]'' in [[Central Asia]]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Shcherbatov]]''', a man of [[Russian Enlightenment]], conservative historian
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Solovyov]]''', principal Russian 19th-century historian, author of the 29-volume ''History of Russia''
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Vasilievich Struve|Vasily Struve]]''', orientalist and historian of the [[Ancient World]], put forth the [[Marxist]] theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education[[File:Tatishchev.png|thumb|105px|'''[[Vasily Tatishchev|Tatishchev]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Yevgeny Tarle]]''', author of the famous studies on [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia]] and on the [[Crimean War]]
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Tatischev]]''', statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', ''[[Sudebnik]]'' of 1550 and the controversial ''[[Ioachim Chronicle]]'', wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Tikhomirov]]''', leading specialist in medieval Russian [[paleography]], published the ''[[Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles]]''
| |
| * '''[[Boris Turayev]]''', author of the first full-scale ''History of [[Ancient World|Ancient East]]''
| |
| * '''[[Peter Turchin]]''', population biologist and historian, coined the term ''[[cliodynamics]]''
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Uspensky]]''', Byzantinist, researcher of the [[Trapezuntine Empire]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksey Uvarov]]''', founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient [[kurgan]]s
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Vasilievsky]]''', prominent 19th century [[Byzantinist]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|Alexander Vasiliev]]''', author of a comprehensive ''History of the [[Byzantine Empire]]''
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Veselovsky]]''', the first to excavate [[Afrasiab]] (the oldest part of [[Samarkand]]), as well as the [[Solokha]] and [[Maikop kurgan]]s in Southern Russia
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Yadrintsev]]''', discoverer of [[Genghis Khan]]'s capital [[Karakorum]] and the [[Orkhon script]] of ancient [[Türks]]
| |
| * '''[[Valentin Yanin]]''', primary researcher of ancient [[birch bark document]]s
| |
| * '''[[Gennady Zdanovich]]''', discoverer of [[Sintashta culture]] settlement [[Arkaim]]
| |
| | |
| ==Linguists and ethnographers==
| |
| {{main|Russian linguists}}
| |
| [[File:Baudouin1.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Baudouin de Courtenay]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Abaev]]''', a prominent researcher of [[Iranian languages]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Afanasyev]]''', leading Russian [[folklorist]], recorded and published over 600 [[Russian fairy tales]], by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay]]''', co-inventor of the concept of [[phoneme]] and the systematic treatment of [[alternation (linguistics)|alternations]], pioneer of [[synchronic analysis]] and [[mathematical linguistics]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Bogoraz]]''', researcher of [[Chukchi people]], founder of the [[Institute of the Peoples of the North]]
| |
| * '''[[Otto von Böhtlingk]]''', prominent [[Indologist]] and [[Sanskrit grammarian]]
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Buslaev]]''', philologist and folklorist, representative of the [[Mythological school]] of [[comparative literature]][[File:Портрет писателя Владимира Ивановича Даля.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Vladimir Dahl|Dahl]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Dahl]]''', the greatest [[Russian language]] [[lexicographer]] of the 19th century, folklorist and [[turkologist]], author of the ''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language]]''
| |
| * '''[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]]''', explorer, published the first full-scale work on ethnography of [[indigenous peoples of Russia]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Gerasimov]]''', medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European [[Renaissance]] scholars
| |
| * '''[[Vladislav Illich-Svitych]]''', founder of [[Nostratic]] linguistics
| |
| * '''[[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav Ivanov]]''', founder of [[glottalic theory]] of [[Indo-European]] [[consonant]]ism
| |
| * '''[[Roman Jakobson]]''', literary theorist and preeminent linguist of the 20th century, a founder of [[phonology]], made numerous contributions to [[Slavic linguistics]], author of [[Jackobson's Communication Model]]
| |
| * '''[[Wilhelm Junker]]''', explorer and ethnographer of [[Equatorial Africa]], studied the [[Zande people]] from Niam-Niam [[File:Архимандрит Палладий.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Pyotr Kafarov|Kafarov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Kafarov]]''', prominent [[sinologist]], developed the [[cyrillization of Chinese]], discovered and published many invaluable manuscripts, including ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]''
| |
| * '''[[Yuri Knorozov]]''', linguist, [[epigrapher]] and ethnographer, deciphered the ancient [[Maya script]], proposed a decipherment for the [[Indus script]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Krushevsky]]''', co-inventor of the concept of [[phoneme]] and the systematic treatment of [[alternation (linguistics)|alternations]]
| |
| * '''[[Gerasim Lebedev]]''', pioneer of [[Indology]], introduced [[Bengali script]] typing to Europe, founded the first European-style drama [[theater]] in India
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Likhachov]]''', major 20th century expert on [[Old Russian language]] and literature[[File:Miklukho-Maklai.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai|Miklukho-Maklai]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath scientist and artist, wrote a [[grammar]] that reformed Russian literary language by combining [[Old Church Slavonic]] with vernacular tongue
| |
| * '''[[Yuri Lotman]]''', prominent literary scholar and semiotician
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Lvov]]''', polymath artist and scientist, compiled the first significant collection of [[Russian folk songs]], published epic [[bylina]]s
| |
| * '''[[Richard Maack]]''', naturalist and ethographer of [[Siberia]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Malov]]''', turkologist, classified the [[Turkic alphabet (disambiguation)|Turkic alphabet]]s, deciphered ancient [[Orkhon script]]
| |
| * '''[[Nicholas Marr]]''', put forth a pseudo-linguistic ''[[Japhetic theory]]'' on the [[origin of language]]
| |
| * '''[[Igor Melchuk]]''', structural linguist, author of [[Meaning-Text Theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai]]''', anthropologist who lived and traveled among the natives of [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Pacific islands]], prominent [[anti-racist]]
| |
| * '''[[Gerhardt Friedrich Müller]]''', explorer and historian, a founder of [[ethnography]]
| |
| * '''[[Semyon Novgorodov]]''', [[Yakuts|Yakut]] politician and linguist, creator of written [[Yakut language]] ([[Sakha scripts]])
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Ozhegov]]''', author of the most widely used explanatory dictionary of [[Russian language]][[File:Nikolai Trubetzkoy.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Nikolai Trubetzkoy|Trubetzkoy]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Stephan of Perm]]''', 14th century missionary, converted [[Komi Permyaks]] to Christianity and invented the [[Old Permic script]]
| |
| * '''[[Yevgeny Polivanov]]''', linguist, orientalist and [[polyglot (person)|polyglot]], developed the [[cyrillization of Japanese]]
| |
| * '''[[Nicholas Poppe]]''', prominent [[Altaic languages]] researcher
| |
| * '''[[Grigory Potanin]]''', explorer of [[Central Asia]], the first to research [[Salar people]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Propp]]''', [[Formalism (literature)|formalist]] scholar, major researcher of [[Folklore|folk tale]]s and [[mythology]]
| |
| * '''[[Tatyana Proskuryakova]]''', [[Mayanist]] scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient [[Maya script]]
| |
| * '''[[George de Roerich]]''', major 20th century [[Tibetologist]]
| |
| * '''[[Franz Anton Schiefner]]''', prominent [[tibetologist]], [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] and [[Caucasus]] languages researcher
| |
| * '''[[Isaac Jacob Schmidt]]''', the first researcher of [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]][[File:Zalizn 5.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Leopold von Schrenck]]''', naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term ''[[Paleo-Asiatic]] peoples'', the first director of the [[Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksey Shakhmatov]]''', a founder of [[textology]], prepared major 20th century [[reforms of Russian orthography]], pioneered the systematic research of [[Old Russian]] and medieval [[Russian literature]]
| |
| * '''[[Lev Shcherba]]''', [[phonetics|phonetist]] and [[phonologist]], author of the ''[[glokaya kuzdra]]'' phrase
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy]]''', [[Indologist]], initiated the scholarly study of [[Buddhist]] philosophy in the West
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Snegiryov]]''', an early collector of [[Russian proverbs]] and researcher of [[lubok]] prints
| |
| * '''[[Izmail Sreznevsky]]''', leading 19th century [[Slavist]], published ''[[Codex Zographensis]]'', ''[[Codex Marianus]]'' and ''[[Kiev Fragments]]''[[File:1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Ludwik Zamenhof|Zamenhof]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Starostin]]''', prominent supporter of [[Altaic languages]] theory, proposed [[Dené–Caucasian languages]] [[macrofamily]], reconstructed a number of Eurasian proto-languages
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Tatischev]]''', geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic [[dictionary]] of [[Russian language|Russian]]
| |
| * '''[[Tenevil]]''', [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] [[reindeer herder]] who created a writing system for the [[Chukchi language]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]]''', principal developer of [[phonology]] and inventor of [[morphophonology]], defined [[phoneme]], a founder of the [[Prague School]] of [[structural linguistics]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Ushakov]]''', author of the academic ''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov)|Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language]]''
| |
| * '''[[Max Vasmer]]''', leading [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] [[etymologist]], author of the ''Etymological dictionary of the [[Russian language]]''
| |
| * '''[[Viktor Vinogradov]]''', linguist and philologist, founder of the [[Russian Language Institute]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Vostokov]]''', coined the term ''[[Old Church Slavonic]]'', discovered ''[[Ostromir Gospel]]'' (the most ancient [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] book), pioneer researcher of the [[Russian grammar]]
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Zaliznyak]]''', author of the comprehensive systematic description of Russian [[inflection]], prominent researcher of the [[Old Novgorod dialect]] and [[birch bark document]]s, proved the authentity of the ''[[Tale of Igor's Campaign]]''
| |
| * '''[[Ludwik Zamenhof]]''', inventor of [[Esperanto]], the most widely spoken [[Constructed language|constructed]] [[international auxiliary language]]
| |
| | |
| ==Mathematicians==
| |
| {{main|Russian mathematicians}}
| |
| [[File:Vladimir Arnold-1.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Vladimir Arnold|Arnold]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]]''', inventor of [[AVL tree]] algorithm, developer of [[Kaissa]], the first world computer chess champion
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov|Aleksandr Aleksandrov]]''', developer of [[CAT(k) space]] and [[Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem]] in geometry
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Alexandrov]]''', author of the [[Alexandroff compactification]] and the [[Alexandrov topology]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitri Anosov]]''', developed [[Anosov diffeomorphism]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Arnold]]''', an author of the [[Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem]] in [[dynamical system]]s, solved [[Hilbert's 13th problem]], raised the [[ADE classification]] and [[Arnold's rouble problem]]s
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Bernstein]]''', developed the [[Bernstein polynomial]], [[Bernstein's theorem on monotone functions]] and [[Bernstein inequalities in probability theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Bogolyubov]]''', mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the [[edge-of-the-wedge theorem]], [[Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem]], [[describing function]] and multiple important contributions to [[quantum mechanics]][[File:Chebyshev.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Chebyshev]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin|Sergey Chaplygin]]''', author of [[Chaplygin's equation]] important in [[aerodynamics]] and notion of [[Chaplygin gas]].
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Chebotaryov]]''', author of [[Chebotarev's density theorem]]
| |
| * '''[[Pafnuti Chebyshev]]''', prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics, contributed to [[probability]], [[statistics]] and [[number theory]], author of the [[Chebyshev's inequality]], [[Chebyshev distance]], [[Chebyshev function]], [[Chebyshev equation]] etc.
| |
| * '''[[Boris Delaunay]]''', inventor of [[Delaunay triangulation]], organised the first [[Soviet Student Olympiad]] in mathematics
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Drinfeld]]''', mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced [[quantum group]]s and [[ADHM construction]], [[Fields Medal]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Eugene Dynkin]]''', developed [[Dynkin diagram]], [[Doob–Dynkin lemma]] and [[Dynkin system]] in [[algebra]] and [[probability]]
| |
| * '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''', preeminent 18th century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in [[mathematical analysis]],[[File:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Euler]]''']] [[graph theory]] and [[number theory]], introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation ([[mathematical function]], [[Euler's number]], [[Euler circles]] etc.)
| |
| * '''[[Anatoly Fomenko]]''', topologist and chronologist, put forth a controversial theory of the [[New Chronology (Fomenko)|New Chronology]]
| |
| * '''[[Evgraf Fedorov]]''', mathematician and crystallographer, identified [[Periodic graph (geometry)|Periodic graph]] in geometry, the first to catalogue all of the 230 [[space groups]] of crystals
| |
| * '''[[Boris Galerkin]]''', developed the [[Galerkin method]] in [[numerical analysis]]
| |
| * '''[[Israel Gelfand]]''', major contributor to numerous areas of mathematics, including [[group theory]], [[representation theory]] and [[linear algebra]], author of the [[Gelfand representation]], [[Gelfand pair]], [[Gelfand triple]], [[integral geometry]] etc.
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Gelfond]]''', author of [[Gelfond's theorem]], provided means to obtain infinite number of [[transcendentals]], including [[Gelfond–Schneider constant]] and [[Gelfond's constant]], [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Godunov]]''', developed [[Godunov's theorem]] and [[Godunov's scheme]] in [[differential equations]]
| |
| * '''[[Valery Goppa]]''', inventor of [[Goppa code]]s in [[algebraic geometry]][[File:Gromov Mikhail Leonidovich.jpg|thumb|105px|'''[[Mikhail Gromov (mathematician)|Gromov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Gromov (mathematician)|Mikhail Gromov]]''', a prominent developer of [[geometric group theory]], inventor of [[homotopy principle]], introduced [[Gromov's compactness theorem (disambiguation)|Gromov's compactness theorems]], [[Gromov norm]], [[Gromov product]] etc., Wolf Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Kantorovich]]''', mathematician and economist, founded [[linear programming]], introduced the [[Kantorovich inequality]] and [[Kantorovich metric]], developed the theory of [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimal allocation]] of resources, [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Anatoly Karatsuba]]''', developed the [[Karatsuba algorithm]] (the first fast [[multiplication algorithm]])
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Khachiyan]]''', developed the [[Ellipsoid algorithm]] for [[linear programming]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Khinchin]]''', developed the [[Pollaczek-Khinchine formula]], [[Wiener–Khinchin theorem]] and [[Khinchin inequality]] in [[probability theory]][[File:Sofja Wassiljewna Kowalewskaja 1.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Sofia Kovalevskaya|Kovalevskaya]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Kolmogorov]]''', a preeminent 20th century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; multiple contributions to mathematics include: [[probability axioms]], [[Chapman–Kolmogorov equation]] and [[Kolmogorov extension theorem]] in [[probability]]; [[Kolmogorov complexity]] etc.
| |
| * '''[[Maxim Kontsevich]]''', author of the [[Kontsevich integral]] and [[Kontsevich quantization formula]], Fields Medal winner
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov|Vladimir Kotelnikov]]''', a pioneer in [[information theory]], an author of fundamental [[sampling theorem]]
| |
| * '''[[Sofia Kovalevskaya]]''', the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the [[Kovalevskaya Top]]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Kravchuk]]''', developed the [[Kravchuk polynomials]] and [[Kravchuk matrix]]
| |
| * '''[[Mark Krein]]''', developed the [[Tannaka-Krein duality]], [[Krein–Milman theorem]] and [[Krein space]], Wolf Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Kronrod]]''', developer of [[Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula]] and [[Kaissa]], the first world computer chess champion
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Mitrofanovich Krylov|Nikolay Krylov]]''', author of the [[edge-of-the-wedge theorem]], [[Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem]] and [[describing function]][[File:Lobachevsky cropped.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Lobachevsky]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Kurosh]]''', author of the [[Kurosh subgroup theorem]] and [[Kurosh problem]] in [[group theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya|Olga Ladyzhenskaya]]''', made major contributions to solution of [[Hilbert's nineteenth problem|Hilbert's 19th problem]] and important [[Navier-Stokes equations]]
| |
| * '''[[Evgeny Landis]]''', inventor of [[AVL tree]] algorithm
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Levenshtein]]''', developed the [[Levenshtein automaton]], [[Levenshtein coding]] and [[Levenshtein distance]]
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Levin]]''', IT scientist, developed the [[Cook-Levin theorem]]
| |
| * '''[[Yuri Linnik]]''', developed [[Linnik's theorem]] in [[analytic number theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]''', a ''[[Copernicus]] of [[Geometry]]'' who created the first [[non-Euclidean]] geometry ([[Lobachevskian]] or [[hyperbolic geometry]])
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Lusin]]''', developed [[Luzin's theorem]], [[Polish space#Lusin spaces|Luzin spaces]] and [[Luzin set]]s in [[descriptive set theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Lyapunov]]''', founder of [[stability theory]], author of the [[Lyapunov's central limit theorem]], [[Lyapunov equation]], [[Lyapunov fractal]], [[Lyapunov time]] etc.
| |
| * '''[[Leonty Magnitsky]]''', a director of the [[Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation]], author of the principal Russian 18th-century textbook in mathematics
| |
| * '''[[Anatoly Maltsev]]''', researched [[decidability (logic)|decidability]] of various [[algebraic group]]s,[[File:Alexander Ljapunow jung.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Aleksandr Lyapunov|Lyapunov]]''']] developed the [[Malcev algebra]]
| |
| * '''[[Yuri Manin]]''', author of the [[Gauss–Manin connection]] in [[algebraic geometry]], [[Manin-Mumford conjecture]] and [[Manin obstruction]] in [[diophantine geometry]]
| |
| * '''[[Grigory Margulis]]''', worked on [[lattice (discrete subgroup)|lattice]]s in [[Lie groups]], Wolf Prize and [[Fields Medal]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Markov|Andrey Markov Sr.]]''', invented the [[Markov chain]]s, proved [[Markov brothers' inequality]], author of the [[hidden Markov model]], [[Markov number]], [[Markov property]], [[Markov's inequality]], [[Markov process]]es, [[Markov random field]], [[Markov algorithm]] etc.
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Markov (Soviet mathematician)|Andrey Markov Jr.]]''', author of [[Markov's principle]] and [[Markov's principle#Markov's rule|Markov's rule]] in logics
| |
| * '''[[Yuri Matiyasevich]]''', author of [[Matiyasevich's theorem]] in [[set theory]], provided negative solution for [[Hilbert's tenth problem]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov|Alexander Mikhailov]]''', coined the term ''[[Informatics (academic field)|Informatics]]''[[File:AAMarkov.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Andrey Markov|Markov Sr.]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Mark Naimark]]''', author of the [[Gelfand–Naimark theorem]] and [[Naimark's problem]]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Novikov]]''', solved the [[word problem for groups]] and [[Burnside's problem]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Novikov (mathematician)|Sergei Novikov]]''', worked on [[algebraic topology]] and [[soliton theory]], developed [[Adams–Novikov spectral sequence]] and [[Novikov conjecture]], Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
| |
| * '''[[Andrei Okounkov]]''', [[infinite symmetric group]]s and [[Hilbert scheme]] researcher, Fields Medal winner
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky|Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]''', mathematician and physicist, author of [[divergence theorem]] and [[partial fractions in integration]]
| |
| * '''[[Grigori Perelman]]''', made landmark contributions to [[Riemannian geometry]] and [[topology]], proved [[Geometrization conjecture]][[File:Sobolev S L.jpeg|thumb|95px|'''[[Sergei Sobolev|Sobolev]]''']] and [[Poincaré conjecture]], won a [[Fields medal]] and the first Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award (declined both)
| |
| * '''[[Lev Pontryagin]]''', blind mathematician, developed [[Pontryagin duality]] and [[Pontryagin class]]es in topology, and [[Pontryagin's minimum principle]] in [[optimal control]]
| |
| * '''[[Yury Prokhorov]]''', author of the [[Lévy–Prokhorov metric]] and [[Prokhorov's theorem]] in [[probability]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Razborov]]''', [[mathematician]] and [[computational theorist]] who won the [[Nevanlinna Prize]] in 1990 and the [[Gödel Prize]] for contributions to [[Theory of computation|computer sciences]]
| |
| * '''[[Lev Schnirelmann]]''', developed the [[Lusternik–Schnirelmann category]] in topology and [[Schnirelmann density]] of numbers
| |
| * '''[[Moses Schönfinkel]]''', inventor of [[combinatory logic]]
| |
| * '''[[Yakov Sinai]]''', developed the [[Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy]] and [[Sinai billiard]], Wolf Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Eugen Slutsky]]''', statistician and economist, developed the [[Slutsky equation]] and [[Slutsky's theorem]]
| |
| * '''[[Stanislav Smirnov]]''', prominent researcher of [[triangular lattice]], Fields Medalist
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Sobolev]]''', introduced the [[Sobolev space]]s and [[mathematical distribution]]s, co-developer of the first [[ternary computer]] ''[[Setun]]''
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Steklov]]''', mathematician and physicist, founder of [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]], proved theorems on [[generalized Fourier series]]
| |
| * '''[[Jakow Trachtenberg]]''', developed the [[Trachtenberg system]] of [[mental calculation]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Trakhtenbrot]]''', proved the [[Gap theorem]], developed [[Trakhtenbrot's theorem]]
| |
| * '''[[Valentin Turchin]]''', inventor of [[Refal programming language]], introduced [[metasystem transition]] and [[supercompilation]]
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Tychonoff|Andrey Tikhonov]]''', author of [[Tikhonov space]] and [[Tikhonov's theorem]] (central in [[general topology]]), the [[Tikhonov regularization]] of [[ill-posed problem]]s, invented [[magnetotellurics]]
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Urysohn]]''', developed the [[metrization theorems]], [[Urysohn's Lemma]] and [[Fréchet–Urysohn space]] in [[topology]]
| |
| * '''[[Nicolai A. Vasiliev|Nicolay Vasilyev]]''', inventor of [[non-Aristotelian logic]], the forerunner of [[Paraconsistent logic|paraconsistent]] and [[multi-valued logic]]s
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov|Ivan Vinogradov]]''', developed [[Vinogradov's theorem]] and [[Pólya–Vinogradov inequality]] in [[analytic number theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Voevodsky]]''', introduced a [[homotopy theory]] for schemes and modern [[motivic cohomology]], Fields Medalist
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Voronoy]]''', invented the [[Voronoi diagram]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Yegorov]]''', author of [[Egorov's Theorem]] in [[mathematical analysis]]
| |
| * '''[[Efim Zelmanov]]''', solved the [[restricted Burnside problem]], Fields Medal winner
| |
| | |
| ==Astronomers and cosmologists==
| |
| {{main|Russian astronomers}}
| |
| [[File:Fyodor Aleksandrovich Bredikhin.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Fyodor Bredikhin|Bredikhin]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Viktor Ambartsumian]]''', one of the founders of [[theoretical astrophysics]], discoverer of [[stellar associations]], founder of [[Byurakan Observatory]] in [[Armenia]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Belinski]]''', an author of the [[BKL singularity]] model of the Universe evolution
| |
| * '''[[Aristarkh Belopolsky]]''', invented a [[spectrograph]] based on the [[Doppler effect]], among the first photographers of [[stellar spectra]]
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Bredikhin]]''', developed the theory of [[comet]] tails, [[meteor]]s and [[meteor shower]]s, a director of the [[Pulkovo Observatory]]
| |
| * '''[[Jacob Bruce]]''', statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first [[observatory]] in Russia (in the [[Sukharev Tower]])
| |
| * '''[[Lyudmila Chernykh]]''', astronomer, discovered 268 [[asteroid]]s[[File:Aleksandr Fridman cropped.png|thumb|100px|'''[[Alexander Friedmann|Friedmann]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Chernykh]]''', astronomer, discovered 537 [[asteroid]]s and 2 [[comets]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Chudakov]]''', co-discoverer of the Earth's [[radiation belt]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Friedmann]]''', mathematician and cosmologist, discovered the [[metric expansion of space|expanding-universe]] [[Friedmann equations|solution]] to the [[general relativity]] [[Einstein field equations|field equations]], an author of the [[FLRW]] metric of [[Universe]]
| |
| * '''[[George Gamow]]''', theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discovered [[quantum tunneling|alpha decay via quantum tunneling]] and [[Gamow factor]] in [[stellar nucleosynthesis]], introduced the [[big bang nucleosynthesis]] theory, predicted [[cosmic microwave background]][[File:GamovGA 1930.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[George Gamow|Gamow]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Matvey Gusev]]''', the first to prove the non-sphericity of the [[Moon]], pioneer of photography in astronomy
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Kardashev]]''', astrophysicist, inventor of [[Kardashev scale]] for ranking the space civilizations
| |
| * '''[[Isaak Khalatnikov]]''', an author of the [[BKL singularity]] model of the Universe evolution
| |
| * '''[[Marian Kowalski]]''', the first to measure the rotation of the [[Milky Way]]
| |
| * '''[[Feodosy Krasovsky]]''', astronomer and geodesist, measured the [[Krasovsky ellipsoid]], a coordinate system used in the [[USSR]] and the post-Soviet states
| |
| * '''[[Anders Johan Lexell]]''', astronomer and mathematician, researcher of [[celestial mechanics]] and [[comet]] astronomy, proved that [[Uranus]] is a planet rather than a [[comet]]
| |
| * '''[[Andrei Linde]]''', created the Universe [[chaotic inflation theory]][[File:Struve.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Friedrich Wilhelm Struve|F.W. Struve]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]''', an author of the [[BKL singularity]] model of the Universe evolution
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''' polymath, inventor of the [[Reflecting telescope#Off-axis designs|off-axis reflecting telescope]], discoverer of the [[atmosphere of Venus]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov]]''', inventor of the [[Maksutov telescope]]
| |
| * '''[[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]]''', theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, formulated the [[Novikov self-consistency principle]] in the theory of [[time travel]]
| |
| * '''[[Viktor Safronov]]''', astronomer and cosmologist, author of the [[planetesimal]] hypothesis of [[planet formation]]
| |
| * '''[[Grigory Shayn]]''', astronomer and astrophysicist, the first director of the [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory]],[[File:Sunyaev.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Rashid Sunyaev|Sunyaev]]''']] co-developed a method for measurement of [[stellar rotation]]
| |
| * '''[[Iosif Shklovsky]]''', astronomer and astrophysicist, author of several discoveries in the fields of [[radio astronomy]] and [[cosmic rays]], [[extraterrestrial life]] researcher
| |
| * '''[[Friedrich Wilhelm Struve]]''', astronomer and geodesist, founder and the first director of the [[Pulkovo Observatory]], prominent researcher and discoverer of new [[double stars]], initiated the construction of 2,820 km long [[Struve Geodetic Arc]], progenitor of the [[Struve family]] of astronomers
| |
| * '''[[Otto Lyudvigovich Struve]]''', astronomer and astrophysicist, co-developed a method for measurement of [[stellar rotation]], directed several observatories in the [[U.S.]]
| |
| * '''[[Otto Wilhelm von Struve]]''', astronomer, director of the [[Pulkovo Observatory]], discovered over 500 [[double stars]]
| |
| * '''[[Rashid Sunyaev]]''', astrophysicist, co-predicted the [[Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect]] of CMB distortion
| |
| * '''[[George Volkoff]]''', predicted the existence of [[neutron stars]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov]]''', discovered the absorption of light by [[interstellar dust]], author of the ''[[Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies]]''
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Yarkovsky]]''', discovered the [[YORP]] and [[Yarkovsky effect]]s of [[meteoroid]]s or [[asteroid]]s
| |
| *'''[[A.L. Zaitsev|Aleksandr Zaitsev]]''', coined the term ''[[Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence]]'', conducted the first intercontinental [[radar astronomy]] experiment, transmitted the [[Cosmic Call]]s
| |
| *'''[[Felix Ziegel]]''', Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology at the [[Moscow Aviation Institute]], author of more than 40 popular books on astronomy and space exploration, generally regarded as a founder of Russian [[ufology]]
| |
| * '''[[Yakov Zel'dovich]]''', physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist, the first to suggest that [[accretion disc]]s around massive [[black hole]]s are responsible for the [[quasar]] radiation, co-predicted the [[Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect]] of CMB distortion
| |
| | |
| ==Physicists==
| |
| {{main|Russian physicists}}
| |
| [[File:Zhores Alferov.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Zhores Alferov|Alferov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov|Alexei Abrikosov]]''', discovered how [[magnetic flux]] can penetrate a [[superconductor]] (the [[Abrikosov vortex]]), [[Nobel Prize]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Artem Alikhanian]]''', a prominent researcher of [[cosmic rays]], inventor of wide-gap track [[spark chamber]]
| |
| * '''[[Franz Aepinus]]''', related [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]], proved the electric nature of [[pyroelectricity]], explained [[electric polarization]] and [[electrostatic induction]], invented [[Achromatic lens|achromatic]] [[microscope]]
| |
| * '''[[Abraham Alikhanov]]''', a prominent researcher of [[cosmic rays]], built the first [[nuclear reactor]]s in the [[USSR]]
| |
| * '''[[Zhores Alferov]]''', inventor of modern [[heterotransistor]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Semen Altshuler]]''', researched [[Electron paramagnetic resonance|EPR]] and [[NMR]], predicted [[acoustic paramagnetic resonance]][[File:Basov.jpg|thumb|85px|'''[[Nikolay Basov|Basov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Lev Artsimovich]]''', builder of the first [[tokamak]], researcher of high temperature [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]
| |
| * '''[[Gurgen Askaryan]]''', predicted [[self focusing]] of light, discovered [[Askaryan effect]] in the [[particle physics]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Basov]]''', physicist, co-inventor of [[laser]] and [[maser]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Bogolyubov]]''', mathematician and theoretical physicist,co-developed the [[BBGKY hierarchy]], formulated a microscopic theory of [[superconductivity]], suggested a triplet [[quark]] model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom ([[color charge]])
| |
| * '''[[Gersh Budker]]''', inventor of [[electron cooling]], co-inventor of [[collider]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Chaplygin]]''', a founder of [[aerodynamics|aero-]] and [[hydrodynamics]], formulated the [[Chaplygin's equation]]s and [[Chaplygin gas]] concept
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Cherenkov]]''', discoverer of [[Cherenkov radiation]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Yuri Denisyuk]]''', inventor of [[Holography|3D holography]]
| |
| * '''[[Ludvig Faddeev]]''', discoverer of [[Faddeev–Popov ghosts]] and [[Faddeev equations]] in [[quantum physics]][[File:Cerenkov.jpg|thumb|85px|'''[[Pavel Cherenkov|Cherenkov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Flyorov]]''', [[nuclear physicist]], one of the initiators of the [[Soviet atomic bomb project]], co-discoverer of [[seaborgium]] and [[bohrium]], founder of the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Fock]]''', developed the [[Fock space]], [[Fock state]] and the [[Hartree–Fock method]] in [[quantum mechanics]]
| |
| * '''[[Ilya Frank]]''', explained the phenomenonof [[Cherenkov radiation]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| *'''[[Vsevolod Frederiks|Vsevolod Frederiks (Fréedericksz)]]''', discovered the [[Fréedericksz transition]], the Fréedericksz critical field in [[liquid crystal]]s
| |
| * '''[[Yakov Frenkel]]''', introduced the notion of [[electron hole]], discovered the [[Frenkel defect]] of a [[crystal lattice]], described the [[Poole–Frenkel effect]] in [[solid-state physics]]
| |
| * '''[[Andre Geim]]''', inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize winner and at the same time [[Ig Nobel Prize]] winner for [[diamagnetic levitation]] of a living [[frog]]
| |
| * '''[[Vitaly Ginzburg]]''', co-author of the [[Ginzburg–Landau theory]] of [[superconductivity]], a developer of [[hydrogen bomb]], Nobel Prize winner[[File:Pyotr L Kapitsa Russian physicist 1964.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Pyotr Kapitsa|Kapitsa]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Gribov]]''', introduced [[pomeron]], [[DGLAP]] equations and [[Gribov ambiguity]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Gurevich]]''', author of the [[runaway breakdown]] theory of [[lightning]]
| |
| * '''[[Abram Ioffe]]''', founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent scientists
| |
| * '''[[Dmitri Ivanenko]]''', proposed the first models of [[Nuclear shell model|nuclear shell]] and exchange of [[Atomic nucleus|nuclear forces]], predicted the [[synchrotron radiation]], the author of the hypothesis of [[Color superconductivity|quark stars]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Jacobi]]''', formulated the [[Maximum power theorem]] in [[electrical engineering]], invented [[electroplating]], [[electrotyping]], [[galvanoplastic|galvanoplastic sculpture]] and [[electric boat]][[File:Landau.jpg|thumb|85px|'''[[Lev Landau|Landau]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Kapitsa]]''', originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong [[magnetic field]]s, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an [[atomic nucleus]] discovered [[superfluidity]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Yuly Khariton]]''', chief designer of the [[Soviet atomic bomb]], co-developer of the [[Tsar Bomb]]
| |
| * '''[[Orest Khvolson]]''', the first to study the [[Chwolson ring]] effect of [[gravitational lensing]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Krasnikov]]''', developer of the [[Krasnikov tube]], a speculative mechanism for space travel
| |
| * '''[[Igor Kurchatov]]''', builder of the first [[nuclear power plant]], developer of the first [[nuclear reactor]]s for [[Nuclear marine propulsion|surface ships]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Lachinov]]''', physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist
| |
| * '''[[Lev Landau]]''', theoretical physicist, developed the [[Ginzburg–Landau theory]] of [[superconductivity]], explained the [[Landau damping]] in [[plasma physics]], pointed out the [[Landau pole]] in [[quantum electrodynamics]], co-author of the famous ''[[Course of Theoretical Physics]]'', Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Grigory Landsberg]]''', co-discoverer of [[Raman scattering]] of light[[File:Emil Lenz.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Heinrich Lenz|Lenz]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lavrentyev]]''', physicist and mathematician, founded the Siberian Division of the [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]] and [[Akademgorodok]] in [[Novosibirsk]]
| |
| * '''[[Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev|Pyotr Lebedev]]''', the first to measure the [[radiation pressure]] on a solid body, thus privoving the [[Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism]]
| |
| * '''[[Heinrich Lenz]]''', discovered the [[Lenz's law]] of [[electromagnetism]]
| |
| * '''[[Evgeny Lifshitz]]''', an author of the [[BKL singularity]] model of the Universe evolution, co-author of the famous ''[[Course of Theoretical Physics]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath scientist, artist and inventor, proposed the law of [[conservation of matter]], disproved the [[phlogiston theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Oleg Losev]]''', inventor of [[light-emitting diode]] and [[crystadine]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov|Alexander Makarov]]''', inventor of [[orbitrap]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Mamyrin]]''', inventor of [[reflectron]][[File:Vasily petrov.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov|Petrov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Mandelshtam]]''', co-discoverer of [[Raman effect]]
| |
| * '''[[Stanislav Mikheyev]]''', co-discoverer of [[Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect]] of [[neutrino oscillations]]
| |
| * '''[[Konstantin Novoselov]]''', inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov|Vasily Petrov]]''', discoverer of [[electric arc]], proposed [[arc lamp]] and [[arc welding]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Podolsky]]''', an author of [[EPR Paradox]] in [[quantum physics]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Markovich Polyakov|Alexander Polyakov]]''', developed the concepts of [[Polyakov action]], [['t Hooft–Polyakov monopole]] and [[BPST instanton]]
| |
| * '''[[Isaak Pomeranchuk]]''', predicted [[synchrotron radiation]]
| |
| * '''[[Bruno Pontecorvo]]''', a founder of [[neutrino]] [[high energy physics]], his work led to the discovery of [[PMNS matrix]][[File:Aleksandr Prokhorov.jpg|thumb|85px|'''[[Alexander Prokhorov|Prokhorov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]]''', inventor of [[lightning detector]], one of the [[Invention of radio|inventors of radio]],recorded the first experimental [[radiolocation]] at sea
| |
| * '''[[Victor Popov]]''', co-discoverer of [[Faddeev–Popov ghost]]s in [[quantum field theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Prokhorov]]''', co-inventor of [[laser]] and [[maser]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]]''', inventor of [[electrometer]], pioneer researcher of [[atmospheric electricity]], killed by a [[ball lightning]] in experiment
| |
| * '''[[Andrei Sakharov]]''', co-developer of [[tokamak]] and the [[Tsar Bomb]], inventor of [[explosively pumped flux compression generator]], [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Semyonov]]''', physical chemist, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an [[atomic nucleus]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner
| |
| * '''[[Lev Shubnikov]]''', discoverer of [[Shubnikov–de Haas effect]], one of the first researchers of [[solid hydrogen]] and [[liquid helium]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitri Skobeltsyn]]''', the first to use [[cloud chamber]] for studying [[cosmic rays]], the first to observe [[positron]]s
| |
| * '''[[Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov|Alexei Smirnov]]''', co-discoverer of [[Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect]] of [[neutrino oscillations]]
| |
| * '''[[Arseny Sokolov]]''', co-discoverer of [[Sokolov–Ternov effect]], a developer of [[synchrotron radiation]] theory[[File:Alexander stoletov.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Aleksandr Stoletov|Stoletov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Igor Tamm]]''', explained the phenomenon of [[Cherenkov radiation]], co-developer of [[tokamak]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Stoletov]]''', inventor of [[photoelectric cell]], built the [[Stoletov curve]] and pioneered the research of [[ferromagnetism]]
| |
| * '''[[Igor Ternov]]''', co-discoverer of [[Sokolov–Ternov effect]] of [[synchrotron radiation]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Umov]]''', discovered the [[Umov–Poynting vector]] and [[Umov effect]], the first to propose the formula [[Mass–energy equivalence|<small><math>E=kmc^2</math></small>]]
| |
| * '''[[Petr Ufimtsev]]''', developed the theory that led to modern [[stealth technology]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Vavilov]]''', co-discoverer of [[Cherenkov radiation]], formulated the [[Kasha–Vavilov rule]] of [[quantum yield]]s[[File:NikolaiYegorovichZhukovsky.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Zhukovsky]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Veksler]]''', inventor of [[synchrophasotron]], co-inventor of [[synchrotron]]
| |
| * '''[[Evgeny Velikhov]]''', leader of the international program [[ITER]] (thermonuclear experimental [[tokamak]])
| |
| * '''[[Anatoly Vlasov]]''', developed the [[Vlasov equation]] in [[plasma physics]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexey Yekimov]]''', discoverer of [[quantum dot]]s
| |
| * '''[[Yevgeny Zavoisky]]''', inventor of [[EPR spectroscopy]], co-developer of [[NMR spectroscopy]]
| |
| * '''[[Yakov Zel'dovich]]''', physicist and cosmologist, predicted the [[beta decay]] of a [[pi meson]] and the [[muon]] [[catalysis]], co-predicted the [[Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect]] of CMB distortion
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Nikolai Zhukovsky]]''', a founder of [[aerodynamics|aero-]] and [[hydrodynamics]], the first to study airflow, author of [[Joukowsky transform]] and [[Kutta–Joukowski theorem]], founder of [[TsAGI]] and pioneer of aviation
| |
| | |
| ==Chemists and material scientists==
| |
| {{main|Russian chemists}}
| |
| [[File:Butlerov A.png|thumb|95px|'''[[Aleksandr Butlerov|Butlerov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Ernest Beaux]]''', inventor of [[Chanel No. 5]], ''"the world's most legendary fragrance"''
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Beketov]]''', inventor of [[aluminothermy]], a founder of [[physical chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Friedrich Konrad Beilstein]]''', proposed the [[Beilstein test]] for the detection of [[halogens]], author of the [[Beilstein database]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Pavlovich Belousov|Boris Belousov]]''', chemist and biophysicist, discoverer of [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], a classical example of [[non-equilibrium thermodynamics]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Borodin]]''', chemist and composer, the author of the famous opera ''[[Prince Igor]]'', discovered [[Borodin reaction]], co-discovered [[Aldol reaction]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Butlerov]]''', discovered [[hexamine]], [[formaldehyde]] and [[formose reaction]] (the first synthesis of [[sugar]]), the first to incorporate [[double bond]]s into structural formulae, a founder of [[organic chemistry]] and the theory of [[chemical structure]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Chernov]]''', founder of modern [[metallography]], discovered [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphism]] in metals, built the [[iron]]-[[carbon]] [[phase diagram]][[File:ClausKE.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Karl Ernst Claus|Claus]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksei Chichibabin]]''', discovered [[Chichibabin pyridine synthesis]], [[Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis]] and [[Chichibabin reaction]]
| |
| * '''[[Lev Chugaev]]''', discoverer of [[Chugaev elimination]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Karl Ernst Claus]]''', chemist and botanist, discoverer of [[ruthenium]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Demyanov]]''', discoverer of [[Demjanov rearrangement]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Dianin]]''', discoverer of [[Bisphenol A]] and [[Dianin's compound]]
| |
| * '''[[Constantin Fahlberg]]''', inventor of [[saccharin]], the first [[artificial sweetener]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexey Favorsky]]''', discoverer of [[Favorskii rearrangement]] and [[Favorskii reaction]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Frumkin]]''', a founder of modern [[electrochemistry]], author of the theory of [[electrode]] reactions
| |
| * '''[[Evgraf Fedorov]]''', the first to enumerate all of the 230 [[space group]]s of [[crystal]]s, thus founding the modern [[crystallography]][[File:Jewgraf Stepanowitsch Fjodorow.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Evgraf Fedorov|Fedorov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Andre Geim]]''', inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize in Physics winner
| |
| * '''[[Igor Gorynin]]''', inventor of [[weldable]] [[titanium]] alloys, high strength [[aluminium]] alloys, and many [[radiation-hardened]] steels
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Ipatieff]]''', inventor of [[Ipatieff bomb]], a founder of [[petrochemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Isidore (inventor)|Isidore]]''', legendary inventor of the [[vodka|Russian vodka]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Jacobi]]''', re-discovered [[electroplating]] and initiated its practical usage
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Kapitsa]]''', discovered [[superfluidity]] while studying [[liquid helium]], Nobel Prize in Physics winner
| |
| * '''[[Morris Kharasch]]''', inventor of anti-microbial compound [[thimerosal]][[File:MarkovnikovVV 1870.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Vladimir Markovnikov|Markovnikov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Gottlieb Kirchhoff]]''', discoverer of [[glucose]]
| |
| * '''[[Ivan Knunyants]]''', inventor of [[Nylon 6|poly-caprolactam]], founder of Soviet school of [[fluorocarbon]]'s chemistry, a developer of Soviet [[chemical weapons]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev|Sergei Lebedev]]''', inventor of [[polybutadiene]], the first commercially viable [[synthetic rubber]]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath, coined the term ''[[physical chemistry]]'', re-discovered [[smalt]], proved that the [[phlogiston theory]] was false, the first to record the [[freezing]] of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Loran]]''', inventor of [[fire fighting foam]]
| |
| * '''[[Konstantin Novoselov]]''', inventor of [[graphene]], developer of [[gecko tape]], Nobel Prize in Physics winner[[File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Dmitri Mendeleev|Mendeleev]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Markovnikov]]''', author of the [[Markovnikov's rule]] in [[organic chemistry]], discoverer of [[naphthenes]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitri Mendeleyev]]''', invented the [[Periodic table]] of [[chemical elements]], the first to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered, invented [[pyrocollodion]], developer of [[pipeline transport|pipelines]] and a prominent researcher of [[vodka]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Menshutkin]]''', discoverer of [[Menshutkin reaction]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Namyotkin]]''', a prominent researcher of [[terpenes]], discoverer of [[Nametkin rearrangement]]
| |
| * '''[[Ilya Prigogine]]''', researcher of [[dissipative system|dissipative structures]],[[File:Tswett 01.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Mikhail Tsvet|Tsvet]]''']] [[complex systems]] and [[irreversibility]], Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Reformatsky]]''', discoverer of [[Reformatsky reaction]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Semyonov]]''', physical chemist, author of the [[chain reaction]] theory, Nobel Prize winner
| |
| * '''[[Carl Schmidt (chemist)|Carl Schmidt]]''', analyzed the crystal structure of many biochemicals, proved that [[animal]] and [[plant]] cells are chemically similar
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Shukhov]]''', polymath, inventor of [[chemical cracking]]
| |
| *'''[[Mikhail Shultz]]''', physical chemist and artist; one of the creators the [[glass electrode]] theory; author of several thermodynamic methods.
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Tsvet]]''', botanist, inventor of [[chromatography]]
| |
| * '''[[Victor Veselago]]''', the first researcher of materials with negative [[permittivity]] and [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]]
| |
| * '''[[Paul Walden]]''', discovered the [[Walden inversion]] and [[ethylammonium nitrate]], the first room temperature [[ionic liquid]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev|Alexander Zaytsev]]''', author of the [[Zaitsev's rule]] in [[organic chemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Zelinsky]]''', inventor of [[activated charcoal]] [[gas mask]] in [[Europe]] during [[World War I]], co-discoverer of [[Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation]], a founder of [[petrochemistry]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Zinin]]''', discovered [[benzidine]], co-discovered [[aniline]], the first President of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society
| |
| * '''[[Anatol Zhabotinsky]]''', discoverer of [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], a classical example of [[non-equilibrium thermodynamics]]
| |
| | |
| ==Structural engineers==
| |
| [[File:Augustin de Betancourt in Russian attire, 1810s.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Agustín de Betancourt|Betancourt]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Belelyubsky]]''', major bridge designer, invented a number of construction schemes
| |
| * '''[[Agustín de Betancourt]]''', polymath-engineer and urban planner, designed the [[Moscow Manege]] and the giant cast iron dome of [[St. Isaac's Cathedral]], founded [[Goznak]]
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Barmin]]''', designer of the world's first rocket [[launch complex]] ([[Baikonur Cosmodrome]])
| |
| * '''[[Akinfiy Demidov]]''', builder of the [[Leaning Tower of Nevyansk]],the first structure to employ [[rebar]]s and [[cast iron]] [[cupola]], as well as the first [[lightning rod]] in the Western world
| |
| * '''[[Alexey Dushkin]]''', designer of the first [[deep column station]], ''[[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]]''
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Hrennikoff]]''', founder of the [[Finite Element Method]]
| |
| [[File:Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov 1891.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Vladimir Shukhov|Shukhov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Nikitin]]''', engineer of the largest Soviet structures: [[Moscow State University]], [[Luzhniki Stadium]], [[The Motherland Calls]] and [[Ostankino Tower]] (once the world's [[tallest freestanding structure]])
| |
| * '''[[Lavr Proskuryakov]]''', builder of multiple bridges along the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], inventor and tutor
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Shukhov]]''', engineer-polymath, inventor of breakthrough [[industrial design]]s ([[hyperboloid structure]], [[thin-shell structure]], [[tensile structure]], [[gridshell]]), builder of [[Shukhov Tower]]s and multiple other structures
| |
| | |
| ==Aerospace engineers==
| |
| {{main|Russian aerospace engineers}}
| |
| [[File:Olegantonov.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Oleg Antonov|Antonov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Rostislav Alexeyev]]''', designer of high-speed [[Raketa hydrofoil]]s and [[ekranoplan]]s, including the ''[[Caspian Sea Monster]]''
| |
| * '''[[Oleg Antonov]]''', designer of the [[Antonov|An]]-series aircraft, including ''[[Antonov A-40|A-40]]'' [[winged tank]] and ''[[An-124]]'' (the largest serial [[cargo aircraft]], later modified to world's largest [[fixed-wing aircraft]] ''[[An-225]]'')
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Babakin]]''', designed the first [[soft lander spacecraft]] ''[[Luna 9]]''
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Barmin]]''', designer of the first rocket [[launch complex]] ([[Baikonur Cosmodrome]])
| |
| * '''[[Robert Bartini]]''', developer of [[ekranoplan]]s and [[VTOL]] [[amphibious aircraft]]s, physicist, tutor to many other aerospace designers
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Bereznyak]]''', designer of the first fighter [[rocket-powered aircraft]], ''[[BI-1]]''
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Beriev]]''', designer of the [[Beriev|Be]]-series [[amphibious aircraft]][[File:Valentin Glushko on a 2008 Russian coin; RR5110-0084R.png|thumb|105px|'''[[Valentyn Glushko|Glushko]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Bothezat]]''', inventor of [[quadcopter]] helicopter (''[[The Flying Octopus]]'')
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Chelomey]]''', designer of the first [[space station]] ''[[Salyut 1]]'', creator of [[Proton rocket]] ([[Comparison of heavy lift launch systems|the most used heavy lift launch system]])
| |
| * '''[[Evgeniy Chertovsky]]''', inventor of [[pressure suit]]
| |
| * '''[[Nicolas Florine]]''', builder of the first successful [[tandem rotor]] helicopter
| |
| * '''[[Valentyn Glushko]]''', inventor of [[hypergolic propellant]] and [[electrically powered spacecraft propulsion]], designer of the world's most powerful [[liquid-fuel rocket]] engine [[RD-170]][[File:Sergey Korolyov 140-190 for collage.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Sergei Korolyov|Korolyov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Pyotr Grushin]]''', inventor of [[anti-ballistic missile]]
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft designer)|Mikhail Gurevich]]''', designer of the [[MiG]]-series fighter aircraft, including [[most produced aircraft|world's most produced]] [[jet aircraft]] ''[[MiG-15]]'' and most produced [[supersonic aircraft]] ''[[MiG-21]]''
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Ilyushin]]''', designed the [[Ilyushin|Il]]-series fighter aircraft, including ''[[Ilyushin Il-2|Il-2]]'' bomber (the [[most produced military aircraft]] in history)
| |
| * '''[[Aleksei Isaev]]''', designer of the first [[rocket-powered aircraft|rocket-powered]] fighter aircraft, ''[[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1|BI-1]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mstislav Keldysh]]''', co-developer of the first [[satellite]] (''[[Sputnik]]'') and [[Keldysh bomber]]
| |
| * '''[[Kerim Kerimov]]''', the secret figure behind the Soviet space program
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Kamov]]''', designed the [[Kamov|Ka]]-series [[coaxial rotor]] helicopters[[File:Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Gleb Kotelnikov|Kotelnikov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Kemurdzhian]]''', inventor of [[space rover]] (''[[Lunokhod]]'')
| |
| * '''[[Sergei Korolyov]]''', ''the Farther of the [[Soviet space program]]'', inventor of the first [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] and the first [[space rocket]] (''[[R-7 Semyorka]]''), creator of the first [[satellite]] (''[[Sputnik]]''), supervisor of the [[first human spaceflight]]
| |
| * '''[[Gleb Kotelnikov]]''', inventor of [[knapsack parachute]] and [[drogue parachute]]
| |
| * '''[[Semyon Lavochkin]]''', designer of the [[Lavochkin|La]]-series aircraft and the first operational [[surface-to-air missile]] ''[[S-25 Berkut]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Lomonosov]]''', polymath, inventor of [[coaxial rotor]] and the first [[helicopter]]
| |
| * '''[[Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy]]''', designer of the [[Buran space shuttle]] and [[Spiral project]]
| |
| * '''[[Arkhip Lyulka]]''', designer of the [[Lyulka]]-series [[aircraft engine]]s, including the first double jet [[turbofan]]
| |
| * '''[[Victor Makeev]]''', developer of the first intercontinental [[SLBM]]
| |
| * '''[[Artem Mikoyan]]''', designer of the [[MiG]]-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet ''[[MiG-15]]'' and most produced [[supersonic aircraft]] ''[[MiG-21]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Mil]]''', designer of the [[Mil Helicopters|Mi]]-series helicopters, including ''[[Mil Mi-8]]'' (the world's [[most produced helicopter]]) and ''[[Mil Mi-12]]'' (the world's largest helicopter)
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Mozhaysky]]''', author of the first attempt to create [[heavier-than-air craft]] in [[Russia]], designed the largest of 19th century [[airplane]]s
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Nadiradze]]''', designer of the first mobile [[ICBM]] ''[[RT-21 Temp 2S]]'' and the first reliable mobile ICBM ''[[RT-2PM Topol]]''
| |
| * '''[[Nikolai Polikarpov]]''', designer of the [[Polikarpov|Po]]-series aircraft, including ''[[Po-2]]'' ''[[Polikarpov Po-2|Kukuruznik]]'' (world's [[most produced biplane]])
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Procofieff de Seversky]]''', inventor of [[ionocraft]] and [[gyroscopic]]ally stabilized [[bombsight]]
| |
| * '''[[Guy Severin]]''', designed the first [[spacewalk]] supporting system
| |
| * '''[[Igor Sikorsky]]''', inventor of [[airliner]] and [[strategic bomber]] (''[[Sikorsky Ilya Muromets]]''), father of modern [[helicopter]], founder of the [[Sikorsky Aircraft]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Shavyrin]]''', inventor of [[air-augmented rocket]]
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Sukhoi]]''', designer of the [[Sukhoi|Su]]-series fighter aircraft
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Syromyatnikov]]''', designer of the ''[[Androgynous Peripheral Attach System]]''
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Tikhonravov]]''', designer of [[Sputnik]]s, including the first artificial satellite ''[[Sputnik 1]]''[[File:Tsiolkovsky.jpg|thumb|100px|'''[[Tsiolkovsky]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]''', principal pioneer of [[astronautics]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexei Tupolev]]''', designer of the [[Tupolev|Tu]]-series aircraft, including the first [[supersonic transport]] ''[[Tu-144]]''
| |
| * '''[[Andrey Tupolev]]''', designer of the Tu-series aircraft, including the [[turboprop]] long-range airliner ''[[Tu-114]]'' and [[turboprop]] strategic bomber ''[[Tu-95]]''
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Vakhmistrov]]''', supervisor of [[Zveno project]] (the first bomber with [[parasite aircraft]]s)
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev|Alexander Yakovlev]]''', designer of the [[Yakovlev|Yak]]-series aircraft, including the first [[regional jet]] ''[[Yak-40]]''
| |
| * '''[[Friedrich Zander]]''', designed the first [[liquid-fuel rocket]] in the Soviet Union, [[GIRD]]-X, pioneer of astronautics
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Nikolai Zhukovsky]]''', founder of modern [[aerodynamics|aero-]] and [[hydrodynamics]], pioneer of [[aviation]]
| |
| | |
| ==Naval engineers==
| |
| {{main|Russian naval engineers}}
| |
| [[File:Alexey Krylov 1910s.JPG|thumb|90px|'''[[Alexey Krylov|Krylov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Rostislav Alexeyev]]''', designer of high-speed [[Raketa hydrofoil]]s and [[ekranoplan]]s, including the ''[[Caspian Sea Monster]]''
| |
| * '''[[Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov|Anatoly Alexandrov]]''', inventor of [[degaussing]], developer of [[naval nuclear reactor]]s (including one for the first [[nuclear icebreaker]])
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Britnev]]''', designer of the first [[metal]]-[[ship hull|hull]] [[icebreaker]] ''[[Pilot (icebreaker)|Pilot]]''
| |
| * '''[[Stefan Drzewiecki]]''', inventor of electric-powered submarine and [[midget submarine]], designed the first serial submarine, developed the [[blade element theory]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Jacobi]]''', inventor of [[electric boat]], developer of modern [[naval mining]]
| |
| * '''[[Konstantin Khrenov]]''', inventor of [[underwater welding]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexei Krylov]]''', inventor of [[gyroscopic]] [[damping]] of ships, author of the [[insubmersibility]] theory[[File:SO Makarov 01.jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Stepan Makarov|Makarov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Litke]]''', explorer, inventor of recording [[tide measurer]]
| |
| * '''[[Stepan Makarov]]''', Admiral, war hero, oceanographer, inventor of [[torpedo boat tender]], builder of [[Icebreaker Yermak|the first polar icebreaker]], author of the insubmersibility theory
| |
| * '''[[Victor Makeev]]''', developer of the first intercontinental [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]
| |
| * '''[[Ludvig Nobel]]''', designer of the modern [[oil tanker]]
| |
| * '''[[Peter the Great]]''', monarch and craftsman, inventor of [[yacht club]] and [[sounding line]] with separating [[Plumb-bob|plummet]], founder of the [[Russian Navy]]
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Schilling]]''', inventor of [[electric]] [[naval mine]]
| |
| * '''[[Igor Spassky]]''', designer of the [[Sea Launch]] platform and over 200 [[nuclear submarine]]s, including the world's largest submarines (''[[Typhoon class]]'')
| |
| * '''[[Vladimir Yourkevitch]]''', designer of ''[[SS Normandie]]'', developer of modern [[ship hull]] design
| |
| | |
| ==Electrical engineers==
| |
| {{main|Russian electrical engineers}}
| |
| [[File:Pavel Shilling.jpg|thumb|95px|[[Pavel Schilling|Schilling]]]]
| |
| * '''[[Zhores Alferov]]''', physicist, inventor of [[heterotransistor]], [[Nobel Prize]] winner
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Benardos]]''', inventor of [[carbon arc welding]] (the first practical [[arc welding]] method)
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky]]''', inventor of [[three-phase electric power]]
| |
| * '''[[Boris Jacobi]]''', inventor of [[electroplating]], [[electrotyping]], [[galvanoplastic sculpture]] and [[electric boat]]
| |
| * '''[[Konstantin Khrenov]]''', inventor of [[underwater welding]]
| |
| * '''[[Dmitry Lachinov]]''', inventor ofelectricity [[economizer]], [[electrical insulation]] tester, pioneer of long-distance [[electricity transmission]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Lodygin]]''', one of the inventors of [[incandescent light bulb]], inventor of [[electric]] [[streetlight]] and [[tungsten filament]]
| |
| * '''[[Oleg Losev]]''', inventor of [[light-emitting diode]] and [[crystadine]][[File:Yablochkov 1.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Yablochkov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov|Vasily Petrov]]''', inventor of [[electric arc]] and [[arc welding]]
| |
| * '''[[Fyodor Pirotsky]]''', inventor of [[railway electrification system]] and [[electric tram]]
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Poniatoff]]''', inventor of [[videotape recorder]]
| |
| * '''[[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]]''', inventor of [[electrometer]], died from [[ball lightning]] during an experiment
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Schilling]]''', inventor of [[shielded cable]], [[naval mine|electric mine]] and [[electromagnetic telegraph]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Slavyanov]]''', inventor of [[shielded metal arc welding]]
| |
| * '''[[Aleksandr Stoletov]]''', physicist, inventor of [[photoelectric cell]]
| |
| * '''[[Pavel Yablochkov]]''', inventor of [[Yablochkov candle]] (the first commercially viable [[electric lamp]]), [[AC transformer]] and [[headlamp]]
| |
| | |
| ==Computer scientists==
| |
| {{main|Russian IT developers}}
| |
| [[File:Victor Glushkov envelope-cropped.jpg|thumb|95px|'''[[Victor Glushkov|Glushkov]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]]''', inventor of [[AVL tree]] algorithm, developer of [[Kaissa]] (the first [[World Computer Chess Champion]])
| |
| * '''[[Boris Babaian]]''', developer of the [[Elbrus supercomputer]]s
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Brin]]''', inventor of the [[Google web search engine]]
| |
| * '''[[Nikolay Brusentsov]]''', inventor of [[ternary computer]] (''[[Setun]]'')
| |
| * '''[[Mikhail Donskoy]]''', a leading developer of [[Kaissa]], the first computer chess champion
| |
| * '''[[Victor Glushkov]]''', a founder of [[cybernetics]], inventor of the first [[personal computer]] ''[[MIR (computer)|MIR]]''
| |
| * '''[[Yevgeny Kaspersky]]''', developer of [[Kaspersky]] [[anti-virus product]]s[[File:Eugene Kaspersky 2007.jpg|thumb|85px|'''[[Yevgeny Kaspersky|Kaspersky]]''']]
| |
| * '''[[Semen Korsakov]]''', the first to use [[punched card]]s for information storage and search
| |
| * '''[[Evgeny Landis]]''', inventor of [[AVL tree]] algorithm
| |
| * '''[[Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev|Sergey Lebedev]]''', developer of the first Soviet and European [[electronic computer]]s, [[MESM]] and [[BESM]]
| |
| * '''[[Leonid Levin]]''', IT scientist, developed the [[Cook-Levin theorem]]
| |
| * '''[[Willgodt Theophil Odhner]]''', inventor of the [[Odhner Arithmometer]], the most popular mechanical calculator in the 20th century
| |
| * '''[[Alexey Pajitnov]]''', inventor of ''[[Tetris]]''
| |
| * '''[[Alexander Razborov]]''', [[mathematician]] and [[computational theorist]] who won the [[Nevanlinna Prize]] in 1990 and the [[Gödel Prize]] for contributions to [[Theory of computation|computer sciences]]
| |
| * '''[[Eugene Roshal]]''', developer of the [[FAR file manager]], [[RAR file format]], [[WinRAR]] [[file archiver]]
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| * '''[[Valentin Turchin]]''', inventor of [[Refal programming language]], introduced [[metasystem transition]] and [[supercompilation]][[File:Alexey Pajitnov - 2575833305 (crop).jpg|thumb|90px|'''[[Pajitnov]]''']]
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| * '''[[David Yang]]''', developer of [[Cybiko]], founder of [[ABBYY]] company
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == See also ==
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| * [[List of scientists]]
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| * [[List of Russian inventors]]
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| * [[Science and technology in Russia]]
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| * [[Science and technology in the Soviet Union]]
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| * [[Timeline of Russian inventions]]
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| {{Lists of Russians|state=uncollapsed}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Russian Scientists}}
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| [[Category:Russian scientists| ]]
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| [[Category:Lists of scientists by nationality|Russian]]
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| [[Category:Science and technology in Russia| ]]
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| [[Category:Soviet scientists| ]]
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| [[Category:Lists of Russian people by occupation|Scientists]]
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| [[Category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union]]
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| [[Category:Ukrainian scientists]]
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