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[[File:Versine.svg|right|thumb|300px|Sine, cosine, and versine of θ in terms of a unit circle, centered at ''O'']]
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The '''Hallade method''', devised by Frenchman Emile Hallade, is a method used in [[track geometry]] for surveying, designing and setting out curves in [[Rail transport|railway]] track.<ref name=Iwnicki>{{cite book|last=Iwnicki|first=Simon|title=Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics|year=2006|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-3321-0|page=448|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Im0ZjhI3a-cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:0849333210&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
 
It involves measuring the offset of a string line from the outside of a curve at the central point of a [[Chord (geometry)|chord]]. A standard chord length is used: in the UK this is conventionally one [[Chain (length)|chain]], i.e. 22 [[yards]].  Half chords, i.e. half a chain intervals, are marked on the datum rail using chalk. The string, which is one chain long, is then held taut with one end on two marks at each end of a chord, and the offset at the half chord mark measured. The [[versine]] of the chord, which is equal to this measured offset value can be calculated using the approximation of:
 
<math>versin(\theta)=1-cos(\theta)</math>
 
which is:
 
<math>v = \frac{L^2}{8r}</math>
 
where
v = versine (m)
L = chord length (m)
r = radius of curve (m)
 
This formula is also true for other units of measurement such as in feet. The relationship of versine, chord and radius is derived from the [[Pythagorean theorem]]. Based on the diagram on the right:
 
::<math>OC = \sqrt{OA^2 - AC^2}</math>
 
We can replace OC with r (radius) minus v, OA with r and AC with L/2 (half a chord). Then the rearrange formula to:
 
::<math>r - v = \sqrt{r^2 - (\frac{L}{2})^2},</math>
::<math>r^2 - 2rv + v^2 = r^2 - (\frac{L}{2})^2,</math>
::<math>2r - v = \frac{L^2}{4v},</math>
::<math>r=\frac{L^2}{8v}+ \frac{v}{2}.</math>
 
Since, the curved tracks are usually large, the result of v/2 is very small. To simplify the formula, the approximation is:
::<math>r=\frac{L^2}{8v}</math>
 
Or to find versine of a given constant radius curve, we can use:<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=The Hallade training manual|year=1998|url=http://www.iainellis.com/hallade.pdf}}</ref>
::<math>v=\frac{L^2}{8r}</math>
 
The Hallade method is use the chord to continuously measure versine in an overlapping pattern along the curve. The versine values for the a perfect circular curve would have the same number.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=compiled by Iain|title=Ellis' British railway engineering encyclopaedia : being a compendious reference of specialist engineering terms in common use upon the Railways of Britain|year=2006|publisher=Lulu|location=Raleigh, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=22 November 2012|page=160}}</ref> By comparing the surveyed versine figures to the design versines, this can then be used to determine what slues should be applied to the track in order to make the curve correctly aligned. This is often done using pegs which are driven into the ground in the cess beside the track to be aligned. The process of putting the pegs in the correct positions is known as 'setting out'.
If the curve needs to be of a desired constant radius, which will usually be determined by physical obstructions and the degree of cant which is permitted, the versine can be calculated for the desired radius using this approximation. In practice, many track curves are transition curves and so have changing radii. In order to maintain a smooth transition, the differences in versines between consecutive half chords are measured and minimised.
 
The '''Hallade survey''' is a survey method that uses the same principal to measure the versines along the existing curve. Based on the versine values, the radius of that circular curved track can be approximated to:<ref>:{{cite book|last=Camp|first=Walter Mason|title=Notes on track - Construction and Maintenance|year=1904|publisher=Walter Mason Camp|location=Auburn Park, Chicago|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Fc5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=Second Edition, Revised|accessdate=22 November 2012|page=232}}</ref>
 
::<math>r=\frac{L^2}{8v}</math>
 
This method can be done manually, and this method is still used in the UK railway. However, due to the complexity of the calculations over long lengths of track, it is now often done computationally,<ref name="railsoft">{{cite web|url=http://www.railsoftware.co.uk/index.htm|title=Rail Software|accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref> with the track geometry data being loaded straight onto a computer controlled [[Ballast tamper|tamping and lining machine]] for implementation.
 
==See also==
* [[Track geometry]]
* [[Track geometry car]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://home.btconnect.com/Enhance-Ecosse/Hallade1.htm The Hallade System]
*[http://www.steamindex.com/people/civils.htm#surnha Railway engineers]
 
[[Category:Track geometry]]

Latest revision as of 00:57, 31 December 2014

Gerber LMF II additionally contains a butt cap. It's divided from the handle and substrate to take in influence at any time when utilised as a result of the hammer. It may give electrical insulation by using it is sharp blade. The ergonomic specific design and structure have lashing holes to make Leatherman Crater Knife Review use of the knife as being a spearhead. The Sebenza is obtainable in massive or small and devoted right or left handed models. This really is considered by many to be the cream of the crop and the value is accordingly steep. This one will set you again round $450. Still not sure which knife to buy?

Fastened blade knives should not have the hinge to fold them, so they're thought of a stronger knife that can be utilized beneath more stressful conditions. The blade is made out of a solid piece of steel that extends into the deal with. The mounted blade knife is always in the open position. The highest quality fixed blade knives are constructed using a full tang. Because of this from the tip of the blade to the butt finish of the handle it's solid metal. The deal with is than attached to both sides of the blade and normally riveted to the tang.

Lock blade and folding blade knives are available with one handed opening function that utilizes a small thumb lever, or a gap in the blade to position your thumb in to assist within the opening of the blade. Most quality folding knives have another function that makes them safer to make use of, it's a locking function that, after opening the blade stays locked to prevent accidental closing that would trigger injury to you. When closing the knife you have to depress a small locking lever and the blade will fold back into the handle.

The pocket knives are effectively suited for the specific situation. It is vitally handy to use and carry for the people. Most of the people like to buy the Finest Pocket Knife The sort of knives is very lighter and comfy for the one who travels in the long distance. The pocket knives are extensively the best pocket knife reviews used for the self defense. You'll be able to able to shortly open the knife in your critical scenario. Many people want a folding knife for a lot of totally different functions. The very best pocket knife has the clean and sharp edges. The blade of the pocket knife will serve for you a very long time.

A knife can also be sharpened using steel. Take a great stance when holding the steel. Hold the metal firmly within the non-dominant hand, which is the left hand for proper-handed people. Grip the metal comfortably. The tip of the metal needs to be greater than the handle of the steel. Now maintain the knife within the dominant hand, which is normally the correct mora knives hand. The angle between the knife and the metal ought to be 20 levels. Preserve this angle all through the sharpening course of. Move the knife against the steel in lengthy, slow strokes. Set up a rhythm. Whenever you're completed, test the sharpness on a piece of ribbon.

The folding knives are possible to out there in lots of manufacturers and kinds. Some of the folding knives are used for a lot of sorts of actions equivalent to tenting and mountaineering, hunting, tactical and combination knives. One of the best folding knife is designed with two sorts. They're traditional pocket knife and lock back folding knife. The lock again folding knife is robust and made with the mounted blade. It is very secure and easy to carry. The folding hunting knives are very compact for the users. It has several benefits and help for looking. The folding knife also used for the purpose of skinning game, slicing tree limbs and reducing fishing line.

Before you go working out to Cabela’s, Bass Pro Shop, REI or your favorite leisure outside retailer, one ultimate bit of recommendation. There are some pocket knives out there that go for a fairly penny. You may get one that provides high quality and nice options with out paying so much, and you’ll in all probability be simply as proud of a more economical knife than an overpriced one. I once noticed one in the marketplace for over $four hundred. Now that you realize what to search for when buying the most effective pocket knife, hopefully your purchasing will probably be a little simpler.

Victorinox has made a name for itself by manufacturing some of the finest Swiss knives to be found available in the market. The Midnite Minichamp is without doubt one of the finest utility knives available in the market. It comes outfitted with sixteen instruments including a screwdriver, tweezers, toothpicks, and even a ballpoint pen! The blade is just all about pocket knives over 2″ in length, crafted out of stainless-steel. The highlight of the Midnite Minichamp is the LED gentle installed at its finish which functions as a bright flashlight. If you're going for max utility, you can not get a better option than the Victorinox Midnite Minichamp.

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