Pulse-code modulation: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>Spyglasses
→History: Revision.
en>Dicklyon
→Implementations: clarify what the source says
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Symbolic circuit analysis''' is a formal technique of [[circuit analysis]] to calculate the behaviour or characteristic of an electric/electronic circuit with the independent variables (time or frequency), the dependent variables (voltages and currents), and (some or all of) the circuit elements represented by symbols.<ref>G. Gielen and W. Sansen, Symbolic Analysis for Automated Design of Analog Integrated Circuits. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.</ref>
It depends on the quality of the Wordpress theme but even if it's not a professional one you will be able to average 50-60$ EACH link. It is used by around 25% of all new websites, and there are more than 27 thousand plugins currently available. The effect is to promote older posts by moving them back onto the front page and into the rss feed. If you're using Wordpress and want to make your blog a "dofollow" blog, meaning that links from your blog pass on the benefits of Google pagerank, you can install one of the many dofollow plugins available. provided by Word - Press Automatic Upgrade, so whenever you need to update the new version does not, it automatically creates no webmaster. <br><br>Any business enterprise that is certainly worth its name should really shell out a good deal in making sure that they have the most effective website that provides related info to its prospect. Best of all, you can still have all the functionality that you desire when you use the Word - Press platform. Well Managed Administration  The Word - Press can easily absorb the high numbers of traffic by controlling the server load to make sure that the site works properly. By purchasing Word - Press weblogs you can acquire your very own domain title and have total command of your web site. Moreover, many Word - Press themes need to be purchased and designing your own WP site can be boring. <br><br>Your Word - Press blog or site will also require a domain name which many hosting companies can also provide. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. Whether or not it's an viewers on your web page, your social media pages, or your web page, those who have a present and effective viewers of "fans" are best best for provide provides, reductions, and deals to help re-invigorate their viewers and add to their main point here. Storing write-ups in advance would have to be neccessary with the auto blogs. Article Source: Stevens works in Internet and Network Marketing. <br><br>Whether your Word - Press themes is premium or not, but nowadays every theme is designed with widget-ready. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training and HR support services. However, you may not be able to find a theme that is in sync with your business. Fast Content Update - It's easy to edit or add posts with free Wordpress websites. Fortunately, Word - Press Customization Service is available these days, right from custom theme design, to plugin customization and modifying your website, you can take any bespoke service for your Word - Press development project. <br><br>Many developers design websites and give them to the clients, but still the client faces problems to handle the website. When you sign up with Wordpress, you gain access to several different templates and plug-in that allow you to customize your blog so that it fits in with your business website design seamlessly. Useful Plugins  Uber - Menu Top Megamenu  Now it is the time of sticky Top navbar. Working with a Word - Press blog and the appropriate cost-free Word - Press theme, you can get a professional internet site up and published in no time at all. You can check out the statistics of page of views for your web pages using free tools that are available on the internet If you liked this article and also you would like to acquire more info about [http://twsi.in/wordpress_backup_plugin_45502 wordpress dropbox backup] generously visit our web-site. .
 
When analysing electric/electronic circuits, we may ask two types of questions: What is the '''value''' of certain circuit variable ([[voltage]], [[current (electricity)|current]], [[resistance (electricity)|resistance]], [[gain]], etc.) or what is the '''relationship''' between some circuit variables or between a circuit variable and circuit components and frequency (or time). Such relationship may take the form of a graph, where numerical values of a circuit variable are plotted versus frequency or component value (the most common example would be a plot of the magnitude of a transfer function vs. frequency).
 
Symbolic circuit analysis is concerned with obtaining those relationships in symbolic form, i.e., in the form of [[analytical expression]], where the complex frequency (or time) and some or all of the circuit components are represented by symbols.
 
==Frequency domain expressions==
 
In the frequency domain the most common task of symbolic circuit analysis is to obtain the relationship between input and output variables in the form of a [[rational function]] in the [[complex frequency]] <math>\mathit{s}\,</math> and symbolic variables <math>\mathbf{x}</math>:
 
<center><math>T(s,\mathbf{x})=\frac{N(s,\mathbf{x})}{D(s,\mathbf{x})}</math></center>
 
The above relationship is often called the network function. For physical systems, <math>N(s,\mathbf{x})</math> and <math>D(s,\mathbf{x})</math> are [[polynomial]]s in <math>\mathit{s}\,</math> with real coefficients:
 
<center><math>T(s,\mathbf{x})=\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n a_i(\mathbf{x}) s^i}{\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^m b_i(\mathbf{x}) s^i}=K\frac{\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^n (s-z_i(\mathbf{x}))}{\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^m (s-p_i(\mathbf{x}))}</math></center>
 
where <math>z_i(\mathbf{x})</math> are the zeroes and <math>p_i(\mathbf{x})</math> are the poles of the network function; <math>m \geqslant n</math>.
 
While there are several methods for generating coefficients <math>a_i(\mathbf{x})</math> and <math>b_i(\mathbf{x})</math>, no technique exists to obtain exact symbolic expressions for poles and zeroes for polynomials of order higher than 5.
 
==Types of symbolic network functions==
 
Depending on which parameters are kept as symbols, we may have several different types of symbolic network functions. This is best illustrated on an example. Consider, for instance, the [[biquad filter]] circuit with ideal [[op amp]]s, shown below. We want to obtain a formula for its voltage transmittance (also called the [[voltage gain]]) in the frequency domain, <math>{T_v(s) = V_{out}(s)/V_{in}(s)}\,</math>.
 
[[Image:Biquad circuit.gif|thumb|510px|center|Figure 1: Biquad circuit with ideal opamps. (This diagram was created using the [[schematic capture]] feature of [[SapWin]].)]]
 
===Network function with ''s'' as the only variable===
 
If the complex frequency <math>\mathit{s}\,</math> is the only variable, the formula will look like this (for simplicity we use the numerical values: <math>R_i=i, C_i = 0.01i\,</math>):
 
<center><math>T(s)=\frac{3.48s}{13.2s^2+1.32s+0.33}</math></center>
 
===Semi-symbolic network function===
 
If the complex frequency <math>\mathit{s}\,</math> and some circuit variables are kept as symbols (semi-symbolic analysis), the formula may take a form:
 
<center>
<math>
\begin{align}
  T(s,\mathbf{x})&=\frac{1.74C_2s}{6.6C_1 C_2 s^2+0.66C_2 s+0.33} \\
      \mathbf{x}&=[C_1~C_2]
\end{align}
</math>
</center>
 
===Fully symbolic network function===
 
If the complex frequency <math>\mathit{s}\,</math> and all circuit variables are symbolic (fully symbolic analysis), the voltage transmittance is given by (here <math>G_i = 1/R_i \,</math>):
 
<center>
<math>
\begin{align}
T(s,\mathbf{x})&=\frac{G_4 G_6 G_8 C_2s}{G_6 G_{11} C_1 C_2 s^2+G_1 G_6 G_{11} C_2 s+G_2 G_3 G_5 G_{11}} \\
    \mathbf{x}&=[C_1~C_2~G_1~G_2~G_3~G_4~G_5~G_6~G_8~G_{11}]
\end{align}
</math>
</center>
 
All expressions above are extremely useful in obtaining insight into operation of the circuit and understanding how each component contributes to the overall circuit performance. As the circuit size increases, however, the number of terms in such expressions grows exponentially. So, even for relatively simple circuits, the formulae become too long to be of any practical value. One way to deal with this problem is to omit insignificant terms from the symbolic expression, keeping the inevitable error below the predetermined limit.<ref>B. Rodanski, M. Hassoun, "Symbolic Analysis," in The Circuits and Filters Handbook: Fundamentals of Circuits and Filters, 3rd ed., Wai-Kai Chen, Editor. CRC Press, 2009, pp. 25-1 - 25-29.</ref>
 
===Sequence of Expressions form===
 
Another possibility to shorten the symbolic expression to manageable length is to represent the network function by a sequence of expressions (SoE).<ref>M. Pierzchala, B. Rodanski, "Generation of Sequential Symbolic Network Functions for Large-Scale Networks by Circuit Reduction to a Two-Port," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol. 48, no. 7, July 2001, pp. 906-909.</ref> Of course, the interpretability of the formula is lost, but this approach is very useful for repetitive numerical calculations. A software package STAINS (Symbolic Two-port Analysis via Internal Node Suppression) has been developed to generate such sequences.<ref>L.P. Huelsman, "STAINS - Symbolic Two-Port Analysis via Internal Node Suppression," IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, March 2002, pp. 3-6.</ref> There are several types of SoE that can be obtained from STAINS. For example, the compact SoE for <math>T_v(s)\,</math> of our biquad is
 
<pre>
x1 = G5*G3/G6
x2 = -G1-s*C1-G2*x1/(s*C2)
x3 = -G4*G8/x2
Ts = x3/G11
</pre>
The above sequence contains fractions. If this is not desirable (when divisions by zero appear, for instance), we may generate a fractionless SoE:
 
<pre>
x1 = -G2*G5
x2 = G6*s*C2
x3 = -G4*x2
x4 = x1*G3-(G1+s*C1)*x2
x5 = x3*G8
x6 = -G11*x4
Ts = -x5/x6
</pre>
 
Yet another way to shorten the expression is to [[factorise]] [[polynomial]]s <math>N(s,\mathbf{x})</math> and <math>D(s,\mathbf{x})</math>. For our example this is very simple and leads to:
 
<pre>
Num = G4*G6*G8*s*C2
Den = G11*((G1+s*C1)*G6*s*C2+G2*G3*G5)
Ts = Num/Den
</pre>
 
For larger circuits, however, factorisation becomes a difficult [[combinatorial]] problem and the final result may be impractical for both interpretation and numerical calculations.
 
== References ==
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically -->
{{Reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://rodanski.net/ben/work/symbolic/index.htm Library of benchmark circuits for symbolic circuit analysis]
 
[[Category:Electronic design]]

Latest revision as of 04:13, 13 December 2014

It depends on the quality of the Wordpress theme but even if it's not a professional one you will be able to average 50-60$ EACH link. It is used by around 25% of all new websites, and there are more than 27 thousand plugins currently available. The effect is to promote older posts by moving them back onto the front page and into the rss feed. If you're using Wordpress and want to make your blog a "dofollow" blog, meaning that links from your blog pass on the benefits of Google pagerank, you can install one of the many dofollow plugins available. provided by Word - Press Automatic Upgrade, so whenever you need to update the new version does not, it automatically creates no webmaster.

Any business enterprise that is certainly worth its name should really shell out a good deal in making sure that they have the most effective website that provides related info to its prospect. Best of all, you can still have all the functionality that you desire when you use the Word - Press platform. Well Managed Administration The Word - Press can easily absorb the high numbers of traffic by controlling the server load to make sure that the site works properly. By purchasing Word - Press weblogs you can acquire your very own domain title and have total command of your web site. Moreover, many Word - Press themes need to be purchased and designing your own WP site can be boring.

Your Word - Press blog or site will also require a domain name which many hosting companies can also provide. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. Whether or not it's an viewers on your web page, your social media pages, or your web page, those who have a present and effective viewers of "fans" are best best for provide provides, reductions, and deals to help re-invigorate their viewers and add to their main point here. Storing write-ups in advance would have to be neccessary with the auto blogs. Article Source: Stevens works in Internet and Network Marketing.

Whether your Word - Press themes is premium or not, but nowadays every theme is designed with widget-ready. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training and HR support services. However, you may not be able to find a theme that is in sync with your business. Fast Content Update - It's easy to edit or add posts with free Wordpress websites. Fortunately, Word - Press Customization Service is available these days, right from custom theme design, to plugin customization and modifying your website, you can take any bespoke service for your Word - Press development project.

Many developers design websites and give them to the clients, but still the client faces problems to handle the website. When you sign up with Wordpress, you gain access to several different templates and plug-in that allow you to customize your blog so that it fits in with your business website design seamlessly. Useful Plugins Uber - Menu Top Megamenu Now it is the time of sticky Top navbar. Working with a Word - Press blog and the appropriate cost-free Word - Press theme, you can get a professional internet site up and published in no time at all. You can check out the statistics of page of views for your web pages using free tools that are available on the internet If you liked this article and also you would like to acquire more info about wordpress dropbox backup generously visit our web-site. .

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Pulse-code_modulation&oldid=265760"