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{{Quantum field theory}}
In theoretical [[particle physics]], '''maximally helicity violating amplitudes''' are amplitudes with n external gauge bosons, where n-2 gauge bosons have a particular [[helicity (particle physics)|helicity]] and the other two have the opposite helicity.  These amplitudes are called MHV amplitudes, because at tree level, they violate helicity conservation to the maximum extent possible. The tree amplitudes in which all gauge bosons have the same helicity or all but one have the same helicity vanish.


MHV amplitudes may be calculated very efficiently by means of the Parke Taylor formula.


Although developed for pure gluon scattering, extensions exist for massive particles, scalars (the [[higgs boson|Higgs]]) and for fermions ([[quarks]] and their interactions in [[quantum chromodynamics|QCD]]).
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== The Parke–Taylor amplitudes ==
 
Work done in 1980s by [[Stephen Parke]] and [[Tomasz Taylor]] <ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v56/i23/p2459_1] "Amplitude for n-Gluon Scattering", Parke and Taylor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2459 (1986)</ref>
found that when considering the scattering of many gluons, certain classes of amplitude vanish at tree level; in particular when fewer than two gluons have negative helicity (and all the rest have positive helicity):
 
: <math> \begin{align} \mathcal{A}(1^+ \cdots n^+) &= 0, \\
                      \mathcal{A}(1^+ \cdots i^- \cdots n^+) &= 0. \end{align} </math>
 
The first non-vanishing case occurs when two gluons have negative helicity. Such amplitudes are known as "maximally helicity violating" and have an extremely simple form in terms of momentum bilinears, independent of the number of gluons present:
 
: <math> \mathcal{A}(1^+\cdots i^- \cdots j^- \cdots n^+)
= i(-g)^{n-2} \frac{\langle i \; j\rangle^4}{\langle 1\;2 \rangle \langle 2\;3 \rangle \cdots \langle (n-1)\;n\rangle \langle n \; 1 \rangle}</math>
 
The compactness of these amplitudes makes them extremely attractive, particularly with the impending start-up of the [[LHC]], for which it will be necessary to remove the dominant background of [[standard model]] events.
A rigorous derivation of the Parke-Taylor amplitudes was given by Berends and Giele.<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0] Berends and Giele, Nucl. Phys. B 306, 759 (1988)</ref>
 
== CSW rules ==
 
The MHV were given a geometrical interpretation using Witten's [[twistor string theory]]
<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0312171] "Perturbative Gauge Theory as a String Theory in Twistor Space"</ref>
which in turn inspired a technique of "sewing" MHV amplitudes together (with some off-shell continuation) to build arbitrarily
complex tree diagrams. The rules for this formalism are called the CSW rules (after Cachazo, Svrcek and Witten).
<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0403047] "MHV Vertices and Tree Amplitudes in Gauge Theory"</ref>
 
The CSW rules can be generalised to the quantum level by forming loop diagrams out of MHV vertices.
<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0609011] "Quantum MHV Diagrams"</ref>
 
There are missing pieces in this framework, most importantly the <math>(++-)</math> vertex, which is clearly non-MHV in form. In
pure Yang-Mills theory this vertex vanishes [[on-shell]], but it is necessary to construct the <math>(++++)</math>  
amplitude at one loop. This amplitude vanishes in any supersymmetric theory, but does not in the non-supersymmetric case.
 
The other drawback is the reliance on cut-constructibility to compute the loop
integrals. This therefore cannot recover the rational parts of amplitudes (i.e. those not containing
cuts).
 
== The MHV Lagrangian ==
 
A [[Lagrangian]] whose perturbation theory gives rise to the CSW rules can be obtained by performing a [[Canonical transformation|canonical]] change of variables on the [[light-cone]] Yang-Mills (LCYM) Lagrangian.<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0511264] "The Lagrangian Origins of MHV Rules"</ref>
The LCYM Lagrangrian has the following helicity structure:
 
: <math> L[A] = L^{+-}[A] + L^{-++}[A] + L^{--++}[A]. </math>
 
The transformation involves absorbing the non-MHV three-point vertex into the kinetic term in a new field variable:
 
: <math> L^{+-} [A] + L^{++-}[A] = L^{+-}[B]. </math>
 
When this transformation is solved as a series expansion in the new field variable, it gives rise to an effective Lagrangian with an infinite series
of MHV terms:<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0605121] "Structure of the MHV-Rules Lagrangian"</ref>
 
: <math> L[B] = L^{+-}[B] + L^{--+}[B] + L^{--++}[B] + L^{--+++}[B] + \cdots </math>
 
The perturbation theory of this Lagrangian has been shown (up to the five-point vertex) to recover
the CSW rules. Moreover, the missing amplitudes which plague the CSW approach turn out to be recovered
within the MHV Lagrangian framework via evasions of the [[S-matrix]] equivalence theorem.
<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0703286] "S-Matrix Equivalence Theorem Evasion and Dimensional Regularisation with the Canonical MHV Lagrangian"</ref>
 
An alternative approach to the MHV Lagrangian recovers the missing pieces mentioned above by using Lorentz-violating counterterms.<ref>[http://arXiv.org/abs/0704.0245] "One-Loop MHV Rules and Pure Yang-Mills"</ref>
 
== BCFW recursion ==
 
{{main|BCFW recursion}}
'''BCFW recursion''', also known as the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten (BCFW) on-shell recursion method, is a way of calculating scattering amplitudes. <ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0501052] “Direct proof of tree-level
recursion relation in Yang-Mills theory”</ref> Extensive use is now made of these techniques. <ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.5759] B. Feng and M. Luo, “An Introduction to On-shell Recursion Relations” </ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Scattering theory]]
[[Category:Quantum chromodynamics]]

Latest revision as of 00:30, 1 December 2014


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