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| [[File:William Parker & Rashid Bakr.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[William Parker (musician)|William Parker]] and [[Rashid Bakr (musician)|Rashid Bakr]] (1976): Even though the notion of playing with a "sense of swing" is associated with the 1930s-era style of jazz of the same name (the Swing, or big band era), jazz music from any era can be said to have a "sense of swing" or rhythmic "feel."]]
| | A faг hеalthier diеt program ought to be of interest to anyone. Coгrect nourіshment will help the two your mind and body. The great tɦing іs you could make distinctions without modifying your daily life all-around. Beneath, you cаn find some baѕic suggestions that will help you out.<br><br> |
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| In [[jazz]] and related musical styles, the term '''''swing''''' is used to describe the sense of propulsive [[rhythm]]ic "feel" or "[[Groove (music)|groove]]" created by the musical interaction between the performers, especially when the music creates a "visceral response" such as feet-tapping or head-nodding (see [[pulse (music)|pulse]]). The term "swing" is also used to refer to several other related jazz concepts including the [[#Swung note|swung note]] (a "lilting" rhythm of unequal notes) and the [[genre (music)|genre]] of [[swing music|swing]], a jazz style which originated in the 1930s.
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| As [[swing jazz]] was [[dance music]] and coevolved together with [[swing dance]]s such as the [[Lindy Hop]], the term ''swing'' can be understood as [[music]] that makes you want to [[dance]]. Even though there is overlap between these concepts, music from any era of jazz or even from non-jazz music can be said to have "swing" (in the sense of having a strong rhythmic groove or feel).
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| While some jazz musicians have called the concept of "swing" a subjective and elusive notion, they acknowledge that the concept is well-understood by experienced jazz musicians at a practical, intuitive level. Jazz players refer to "swing" as the sense that a jam session or live performance is really "cooking" or "in the pocket."
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| If a jazz musician states that an ensemble performance is "really swinging," this suggests that the performers are playing with a special degree of rhythmic coherence and "feel." Although referring to a "sense of swing" is often done in the context of ensemble performances (e.g. a jazz combo or band), even an unaccompanied soloist can be said to be performing with "swing."
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| == Description ==
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| Like the term "[[set (music)|groove]]," which is used to describe a cohesive rhythmic "feel" in a funk or rock context, the concept of "swing" can be hard to define. Indeed, some dictionaries use the terms as synonyms: "Groovy ... [d]enotes music that really swings."<ref>[http://nfo.net/usa/slang.html "Swing Slang"], ''Big Bands Database Plus''.</ref> The ''Jazz in America'' glossary defines it as "when an individual player or ensemble performs in such a rhythmically coordinated way as to command a visceral response from the listener (to cause feet to tap and heads to nod); an irresistible gravitational buoyancy that defies mere verbal definition."<ref>[http://www.jazzinamerica.org/JazzResources/Glossary/q/zz "Jazz Resources: Glossary"], ''Jazz in America, The Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz''</ref> The Straight rhythm is a rhythm that is current like a sequence of the same notes
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| As a performance technique, swing has been called, "the most debated word in jazz." When jazz performer [[Cootie Williams]] was asked to define it, he joked, "Define it? I'd rather tackle [[theory of relativity|Einstein's theory]]!"<ref name="Savoy">[http://www.savoyballroom.com/nets/context1/whatis1.htm "What Is Swing?"], ''Savoy Ballroom''.</ref> [[Benny Goodman]], the 1930s-era bandleader nicknamed the "King of Swing," called swing "free speech in music," whose most important element is "the liberty a [[solo (music)|soloist]] has to stand and play a [[refrain|chorus]] in the way he feels it". His contemporary [[Tommy Dorsey]] gave a more ambiguous definition when he proposed that "Swing is sweet and hot at the same time and broad enough in its creative conception to meet every challenge tomorrow may present."<ref name="Savoy"/> [[Boogie-woogie]] pianist [[Maurice Rocco]] argues that the definition of swing "is just a matter of personal opinion."<ref name="Savoy"/>
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| Jeff Pressing's 2002 article claims that a "feel" is "a cognitive temporal phenomenon emerging from one or more carefully aligned concurrent rhythmic patterns, characterized by ... perception of recurring pulses, and [[Meter (music)|subdivision]] of structure in such pulses, ... perception of a cycle of time, of length 2 or more pulses, enabling identification of cycle locations, and ... effectiveness of engaging synchronizing body responses (e.g. dance, foot-tapping)."<ref>Pressing, Jeff (2002): "Black Atlantic Rhythm. Its Computational and Transcultural Foundations." ''Music Perception'', 19, 285-310. Cited in Pfleiderer, Martin (2003). [http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/09/Musik/Dozenten/Pfleiderer/Escom5.pdf "The Study of Rhythm in Popular Music: Approaches and Empirical Results"], [http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/09/Musik/Dozenten/pfleiderer.html ''Martin Pfleiderer Homepage''] [German].</ref>
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| Treadwell concludes his introduction/definition:
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| {{quote|We could go on and on. And on. But we would travel only further along the Road To Nowhere. What is Swing? Perhaps the best answer, after all, was supplied by the hep-cat who rolled her eyes, stared into the far-off and sighed, "You can feel it, but you just can't explain it. Do you dig me?"|Treadwell (1946), p.10<ref>Treadwell, Bill (1946). "Introduction: What Is Swing?," ''Big Book of Swing'', p.8-10.</ref>}}
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| A sense of "swing" for jazz artists has analogies in the similarly idealised but indefinable notions of "[[funk]]" in funk music, or "flow" in the [[hip hop]] scene and [[hip hop music|music]]. The notion of a special "feel" (rather than a set of rules) that defines the musical style is common in non-Western music, especially the African tradition. "Flow is as elemental to hip hop as the concept of swing is to jazz." Just as the jazz concept of "swing" involves performers deliberately playing behind or ahead of the beat, the hip-hop concept of flow is about "funking with one's expectations of time" – that is, the rhythm and pulse of the music.<ref>Cobb, William (2007). ''To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip-Hop Aesthetic '', p.87-88. ISBN 0-8147-1670-9.</ref> "Flow is not about ''what'' is being said so much as ''how'' one is saying it."<ref>Cobb (2007), p.90.</ref>
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| ==Swing note==<!--[[Swung note]] redirects directly here.-->
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| [[File:Blues shuffle in E.png|thumb|right|300px|Blues shuffle or boogie played on guitar in E major<ref>Wilbur M. Savidge, Randy L. Vradenburg, ''Everything About Playing the Blues'', 2002, Music Sales Distributed, ISBN 1-884848-09-5, pg. 35</ref> ({{audio|Blues shuffle in E.mid|Play}}).]]
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| A "swing note" or "shuffle note" is a performance practice, mainly in jazz-influenced music, in which some notes with equal written time values are performed with unequal durations, usually as alternating long and short. Music of the Baroque and Classical ''[[notes inégales]]'' era follow similar principles. A swing or shuffle rhythm is the [[rhythm]] produced by playing repeated pairs of notes in this way.<ref name="Blues Shuffle Rhythm">{{cite web |title=Blues Shuffle Rhythm |publisher=How To Play Blues Guitar |date=2008-07-21 |accessdate=2008-07-22 |url=http://how-to-play-blues-guitar.com/blues-concepts/blues-shuffle-rhythm/}}</ref> Lilting can refer to swinging, but might also indicate [[syncopation]] or other subtle ways of interpreting and shaping musical time. A blues shuffle or shuffle pattern is a [[boogie]] [[groove (music)|groove]].
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| For example, [[traditional jazz]] music is written in [[4/4]] but played in [[12/8]]. Such music may be annotated "with a swing" or similar, but the swing also may be assumed.
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| [[File:Shuffle feel straight.png|thumb|right|300px|Shuffle notation in straight eighths (in [[Percussion_notation | drum set notation]]<ref>Mattingly, Rick (2006). ''All About Drums'', p.44. Hal Leonard. ISBN 1-4234-0818-7.</ref>) {{Audio|Shuffle feel straight.mid|play}}]]
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| [[File:Shuffle feel.png|thumb|right|300px|Shuffle triplet-like performance {{Audio|Shuffle feel.mid|play}}.]]
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| In shuffle rhythm, the first note in the pair is exactly twice the duration of the second note. In swing the division is inexact, and varies depending on factors such as how fast or slow the music is, on the genre of music, or the individual tastes of the performer, from almost equal (typically at fast tempos) to almost shuffle (typically at slow tempos).
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| [[File:Staggered thirds in C.png|thumb|right|300px|Shuffle pattern with staggered thirds played on piano<ref>Starr, Eric (2007). ''The Everything Rock & Blues Piano Book'', p.124. ISBN 1-59869-260-7.</ref> ({{audio|Staggered thirds in C.mid|Play}}).]]
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| In most styles of music that use swing rhythm, the music is written with straight eighth notes, with an implicit understanding that eighth notes should be played with swing feel. Swing rhythms are sometimes notated using a quarter and an eighth note beamed under a triplet.<ref name="Jazz Drum Lessons">{{cite web |title=Jazz Drum Lessons |publisher=Drumbook.org |accessdate=2010-08-10 |url=http://www.drumbook.org/drum-lessons/jazz-drums/jazz-drumming/}}</ref>
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| In jazz, the verb "to swing" is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong rhythmic "[[groove (music)|groove]]" or drive. See also [[swing (genre)]] for the 1930s-1940s jazz style, and [[swing (dance)]] for styles of dance from that same era.
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| ==Types==
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| [[File:Shuffle feel simple.png|thumb|center|400px|Basic shuffle rhythm {{Audio|Shuffle feel simple.mid|play}}]]
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| Triplets are used in many styles of music including blues, rock and country.<ref name="Schroedl">Schroedl, Scott (2001). ''Play Drums Today!'', p.36. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0-634-02185-0.</ref> The basic shuffle rhythm is created by "leaving out (resting) the middle note of each three-note triplet group."<ref name="Schroedl"/> This "triplet" idea allows composers and improvising soloists to include triplets in the melody without clashing with any rhythm patterns.
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| In most [[jazz]] music, especially of the [[big band]] era, and later, there is a convention that pairs of written eighth notes are not played equally—as the notation would otherwise be understood—but with the first longer than the second. The first note of each of these pairs is often understood to be twice as long as the second, implying a quarter note-eighth note [[tuplet|triplet]] feel, but in practice the difference is rarely that pronounced.<ref name="Jazz Drummers' Swing Ratio in Relation to Tempo">{{cite web |title=Jazz Drummers' Swing Ratio in Relation to Tempo |publisher=Acoustical Society of America |accessdate=2008-07-22 |url=http://www.acoustics.org/press/137th/friberg.html}}</ref> Swing eighth notes are generally played legato (slurred). Accenting the "and" between each beat slightly is also a common swing characteristic.
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| [[File:Dotted eighth-sixteenth.png|thumb|right|Hard swing (3:1): dotted eighth-sixteenth.]]
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| *Various rhythmic swing approximations:
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| **1:1 = eighth note + eighth note, "straight eighths." (accent the "and"){{Audio|Shuffle feel straight.mid|play rhythm from introduction with no shuffle, as straight eighths}}
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| **<math>\approx</math> 3:2 = long eighth + short eighth, "swing" or "shuffle" {{Audio|Shuffle feel in between.mid|play example with light swing}}
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| **2:1 = triplet quarter note + triplet eighth, triple [[meter (music)|meter]]; "medium swing" or "medium shuffle" {{Audio|Shuffle feel.mid|play example}}
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| **3:1 = dotted eighth note + sixteenth note; "hard swing," or "hard shuffle" {{Audio|Shuffle feel dotted eighth.mid|play example with hard swing}}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | [[File:Shuffle feel-straight.theora.ogv|thumb|none|Shuffle feel example played straight]]
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| | [[File:Shuffle feel-light-swing.theora.ogv|thumb|none|3:2 ratio - light swing]]
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| | [[File:Shuffle feel-medium-swing.theora.ogv|thumb|none|2:1 ratio - medium swing]]
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| | [[File:Shuffle feel-hard-swing.theora.ogv|thumb|none|3:1 ratio - hard swing]]
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| |}
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| In true swing feel, the ratio lies somewhere between 1:1 and 3:1, and can vary considerably.
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| Swing feel is an assumed convention of notation in many styles of jazz. In [[big band]], [[blues]], [[bebop]], and contemporary jazz, swing feel is assumed, unless "shuffle" is explicitly specified in the score. Notes that are not swung are called '''straight notes'''.
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| The subtler end of the range involves treating written pairs of [[eighth notes]] as slightly asymmetrical pairs of similar values. On the other end of the spectrum, the "[[dotted note|dotted eighth]] - one sixteenth" rhythm, consists of a long note three times as long as the short. Prevalent "dotted rhythms" such as these in the [[rhythm section]] of dance bands in the mid 20th century are more accurately described as a "shuffle"{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}; they are also an important feature of [[baroque dance]] and many other styles. Rhythms identified as swung notes most commonly fall somewhere between straight eighths and a quarter-eighth triplet pattern.
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| Swing ratios tend to get wider at slower tempos and narrower at faster tempos. [[Miles Davis]] varied his swing ratios, frequently delaying the first note of each pair of eighth notes by as much as 100 milliseconds and then synchronizing with the drummers short eighth note (the 3rd triplet).
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| Quarter notes can sound swung when they are played slightly behind the beat, detached, and accented on the two and four, or late on one and three, but closer to the beat on two and four. Phrases swing when they begin between the beats, similar to how straight eighths can swing when they are behind the beat which creates an asymmetrical cross rhythm.
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| ==Rhythm==<!--[[Swing rhythm]] redirects directly here.-->
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| In [[jazz]], this interpretive device is assumed in most written music other than [[dixieland]], [[latin jazz]], [[jazz-funk]] ([[soul-jazz]]) and [[jazz-fusion]], but may also be indicated. For example, "[[Satin Doll]]," a [[swing era]] jazz standard is normally interpreted with a pronounced swing rhythm. It was published written in 4/4 time, but at least some versions also note ''medium swing''.
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| In [[dance]] music, '''swing rhythm''' generally refers to the [[Meter (music)|meter]] of the music, rather than to this convention of notation, so any music played with the near-triplet timing (see above) and swing accent will be referred to as ''swing rhythm'' however they are written.
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| ===Styles===
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| Swing is commonly used in [[blues]], [[country music|country]], [[jazz]], [[Swing (genre)|1930s-1940s swing jazz]], and often in many other styles. Except for very fast jazz, slow ballads, [[latin jazz]], and jazz-rock [[Jazz fusion|fusion]], much written music in jazz is assumed to be performed with a swing rhythm. In some cases, publishers specify that the music is to be performed "with a swing." In [[jazz]] and [[big band]] music, a shuffle is almost always accompanied by a distinctive "cooking" rhythm played on the [[ride cymbal]] or [[hi hat]].
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| Styles that always use traditional (triplet) rhythms, resembling "hard swing," include [[Foxtrot (dance)|foxtrot]], [[quickstep]] and some other [[ballroom dances]], [[Stride piano]], and 1920s-era [[Novelty piano]] (the successor to Ragtime style).
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| ===Transcription===<!--[[Shuffle rhythm]] and [[Swing time]] redirect directly here.-->
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| {{Redirect|Swing time|the 1936 film|Swing Time}}
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| In the [[swing (genre)|swing era]], ''swing'' meant accented triplets ('''shuffle rhythm'''), suitable for dancing. With the development of [[bebop]] and later [[jazz]] styles independent of dancing, the term was used for far more general timings.
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| Some publishers of jazz music, especially those whose intended audience is people unfamiliar with jazz styles, transcribe the swing either:
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| * As [[compound time]], such as 6/8, 9/8, or 12/8. When played with the swing accent, these [[time signature]]s may be grouped together and called '''''swing time''''', or '''''swing time''''' can also mean a [[simple time]] played with the swing convention.
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| * As [[tuplet|triplet]]s within a [[duple]] meter.
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| However, this notation is not really accurate either.
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| In general, where music with a swing [[meter (music)|meter]] is required, musicians in the jazz tradition will prefer to read music written in [[common time]] and played ''with a swing'', while musicians in the classical tradition will prefer to read music written in [[compound time]] and played as written. However, most jazz musicians will dispute whether music played this way truly has a '''swing''' feel.
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| ==Rosanna shuffle==<!--[[Rosanna shuffle]] redirects directly here.-->
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| [[File:Rosanna shuffle.png|thumb|right|350px|"Rosanna shuffle"<ref name="World">[http://www.drummerworld.com/Videos/jeffporcarorosanna.html "Jeff Porcaro: The Rosanna Shuffle"], ''DrummerWorld.com''.</ref><ref name="Total">Michalkow, Mike (2008). ''The Total Rock Drummer'', p.64. ISBN 0-7390-5268-3.</ref> {{Audio|Rosanna shuffle.mid|play}}.]]
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| [[File:Half time shuffle.png|thumb|right|350px|"Basic half time shuffle"<ref>Potter, Dee (2001). ''The Drummer's Guide to Shuffles'', p.19. ISBN 0-634-01098-0.</ref> {{Audio|Half time shuffle.mid|play}}.]]
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| [[File:3-2 son clave 4-4.png|thumb|350px|right|"Bo Diddley beat"/[[Son clave]] {{audio|3-2 son clave.mid|Play}}.]]
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| The '''Rosanna Shuffle''' is the [[drum]] pattern from the [[Grammy Award]] winning [[Toto (band)|Toto]] hit, "[[Rosanna (song)|Rosanna]]." It is known as a "[[Half time (music)|half-time]] [[swung note|shuffle]]" and shows, "definite jazz influence."<ref>Strong, Jeff (2006). ''Drums for Dummies'', p.183. ISBN 0-471-79411-2.</ref> Featuring [[ghost note]]s and derived from the combination of what [[Jeff Porcaro]] calls the "[[Bernard Purdie]] half time shuffle" ([[Purdie shuffle]]) and the "[[John Bonham]] beat" (from "[[Fool in the Rain]]") with the well-known [[Bo Diddley beat]].<ref name="World"/> The pattern is notoriously difficult; it is played by [[Jeff Porcaro]] on the recording.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Clave (rhythm)]] for the rhythms of [[latin jazz]] and [[latin dance]]
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| *[[Half time (music)|Half time shuffle]]
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| *[[Jig]] for the swung triplets of Celtic music - triplets with a swing feel to them - not to be confused with the swung duplets of "triplet swing."
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| *[[Hornpipe#Folk_hornpipes|Folk hornpipe]] of the dotted note variety, often notated in 2/4 (''The Harvest Home'', ''The Boys of Bluehill'') for the 3:1 hard swing/shuffle of Celtic music.
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| *[[Notes inégales]], a 17th-century French usage of similar meters and notation
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| *[[Polyrhythm]]
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| *[[Schaffel music]] swing and shuffle beats in electronic music
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| *Floyd, Samuel A., Jr. (Fall 1991). "Ring Shout! Literary Studies, Historical Studies, and Black Music Inquiry," ''Black Music Research Journal'' 11:2, p. 265-28. Featuring a socio-musicological description of swing in African American music.
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| *Rubin, Dave (1996). ''Art of the Shuffle'' for guitar, an exploration of shuffle, boogie, and swing rhythms. ISBN 0-7935-4206-5.
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| * Clark, Mike and Paul Jackson (1992). ''Rhythm Combination''. ISBN 0-7119-8049-7.
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| * Middleton, Richard (1999). "Form." ''Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture''. Malden, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-631-21263-9.
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| * Prögler, J.A. (1995): "Searching for Swing. Participatory Discrepancies in the Jazz Rhythm Section." '' Ethnomusicology'' 39, 21–54.
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://glasnost.us/~knifa/swinger/ The Swing Thing],{{dead link|date=September 2011}} a web application that converts regular songs into a swing time through <!-- ??? -->
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| * [http://bouncemetronome.com/video-resources/swung-notes Video Resources - Swung Notes] - more Swing Rhythm videos made with [http://bouncemetronome.com/features/pro/swing-lilt Bounce Metronome which can play swing rhythms]
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| * [http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Jeff_Porcaro.html "Jeff Porcaro"], ''Drummer World''. including the actual beat with transcription.
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| * [http://www.toto99.com/lyrics/ivlyrics.shtml "''Toto IV'' Lyrics"], ''[http://www.Toto99.com Official Toto website]''.
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| * [http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=809 "Rosanna by Toto"], ''SongFacts.com''.
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| * [http://music.yahoo.com/track/855118 "Rosanna by Toto"] from ''Music.[[Yahoo]].com''.
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| * [http://djangoinabox.com/ Jazz Guitar Solos for Band in a Box]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Swung Note}}
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| [[Category:Popular music]]
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