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[[Image:Current division example.svg|thumbnail|250px|Figure 1: Schematic of an electrical circuit illustrating current division. Notation ''R<sub>T<sub>.</sub></sub>''  refers to the ''total'' resistance of the circuit to the right of resistor ''R<sub>X</sub>''.]]
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In [[electronics]], a '''current divider ''' is a simple [[linear circuit]] that produces an output [[Electric current|current]] (''I''<sub>X</sub>) that is a fraction of its input current (''I''<sub>T</sub>). '''Current division''' refers to the splitting of current between the branches of the divider. The currents in the various branches of such a circuit will always divide in such a way as to minimize the total energy expended.
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The formula describing a current divider is similar in form to that for the [[voltage divider]]. However, the ratio describing current division places the impedance of the unconsidered branches in the [[numerator]], unlike voltage division where the considered impedance is in the numerator. This is because in current dividers, total energy expended is minimized, resulting in currents that go through paths of least impedance, therefore the inverse relationship with impedance.  On the other hand, voltage divider is used to satisfy [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws#Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)|Kirchhoff's Voltage Law]].  The voltage around a loop must sum up to zero, so the voltage drops must be divided evenly in a direct relationship with the impedance.
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To be specific, if two or more [[Electrical impedance|impedance]]s are in parallel, the current that enters the combination will be split between them in inverse proportion to their impedances (according to [[Ohm's law]]). It also follows that if the impedances have the same value the current is split equally.
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==Current divider==
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A general formula for the current ''I<sub>X</sub>'' in a resistor ''R<sub>X</sub>'' that is in parallel with a combination of other resistors of total resistance ''R<sub>T</sub>'' is (see Figure 1):


:<math>I_X = \frac{R_T}{(R_X+R_T)}I_T \ </math>
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where ''I<sub>T</sub>'' is the total current entering the combined network of ''R<sub>X</sub>'' in parallel with ''R<sub>T</sub>''. Notice that when ''R<sub>T</sub>'' is composed of a [[Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits|parallel combination]] of resistors, say ''R<sub>1</sub>'', ''R<sub>2</sub>'', ... ''etc.'', then the reciprocal of each resistor must be added to find the total resistance ''R<sub>T</sub>'':
 
:<math> \frac {1}{R_T} = \frac {1} {R_1} + \frac {1} {R_2} + \frac {1}{R_3} + ... \ . </math>
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==General case==
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Although the resistive divider is most common, the current divider may be made of frequency dependent [[Electrical impedance|impedance]]s. In the general case the current I<sub>X</sub> is given by:
:<math>I_X = \frac{Z_T} {Z_X+Z_T}I_T \ ,</math><ref>{{cite book |first1=Charles |last1=Alexander| first2=Matthew |last2=Sadiku| title=Fundamentals of Electric Circuits|year=2007|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-128441-7|page=392}}</ref>


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Instead of using [[Electrical impedance|impedance]]s, the current divider rule can be applied just like the [[voltage divider]] rule if [[admittance]] (the inverse of impedance) is used.
 
:<math>I_X = \frac{Y_X} {Y_{Total}}I_T</math>
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Take care to note that Y<sub>Total</sub> is a straightforward addition, not the sum of the inverses inverted (as you would do for a standard parallel resistive network). For Figure 1, the current I<sub>X</sub> would be
 
:<math>I_X = \frac{Y_X} {Y_{Total}}I_T = \frac{\frac{1}{R_X}} {\frac{1}{R_X} + \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3}}I_T</math>
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===Example: RC combination===
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[[Image:Low pass RC filter.PNG|thumbnail|220px|Figure 2: A low pass RC current divider]]
Figure 2 shows a simple current divider made up of a [[capacitor]] and a resistor. Using the formula above, the current in the resistor is given by:


::<math> I_R = \frac {\frac{1}{j \omega C}} {R + \frac{1}{j \omega C} }I_T </math>  
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:::<math> = \frac {1} {1+j \omega CR} I_T  \ , </math>
 
where ''Z<sub>C</sub> = 1/(jωC) '' is the impedance of the capacitor and <var>j</var> is the [[imaginary unit]].
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The product ''τ = CR'' is known as the [[time constant]] of the circuit, and the frequency for which ωCR = 1 is called the [[corner frequency]] of the circuit. Because the capacitor has zero impedance at high frequencies and infinite impedance at low frequencies, the current in the resistor remains at its DC value ''I<sub>T</sub>'' for frequencies up to the corner frequency, whereupon it drops toward zero for higher frequencies as the capacitor effectively [[short-circuit]]s the resistor. In other words, the current divider is a [[low pass filter]] for current in the resistor.
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[[File:Current Division.svg|thumbnail|300px|Figure 3: A current amplifier (gray box) driven by a Norton source (''i<sub>S</sub>'', ''R<sub>S</sub>'') and with a resistor load ''R<sub>L</sub>''. Current divider in blue box at input (''R<sub>S</sub>'',''R<sub>in</sub>'') reduces the current gain, as does the current divider in green box at the output (''R<sub>out</sub>'',''R<sub>L</sub>'')]]
 
The gain of an amplifier generally depends on its source and load terminations. Current amplifiers and transconductance amplifiers are characterized by a short-circuit output condition, and current amplifiers and transresistance amplifiers are characterized using ideal infinite impedance current sources. When an amplifier is terminated by a finite, non-zero termination, and/or driven by a non-ideal source, the effective gain is reduced due to the '''loading effect''' at the output and/or the input, which can be understood in terms of current division.  
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Figure 3 shows a current amplifier example. The amplifier (gray box) has input resistance ''R<sub>in</sub>'' and output resistance ''R<sub>out</sub>'' and an ideal current gain ''A<sub>i</sub>''. With an ideal current driver (infinite Norton resistance) all the source current ''i<sub>S</sub>'' becomes input current to the amplifier. However, for a [[Norton's theorem|Norton driver]] a current divider is formed at the input that reduces the input current to
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::<math>i_{i} = \frac {R_S} {R_S+R_{in}} i_S \ , </math>
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::<math>i_L = \frac {R_{out}} {R_{out}+R_{L}} A_i  i_{i} \ . </math>
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Combining these results, the ideal current gain ''A<sub>i</sub>'' realized with an ideal driver and a short-circuit load is reduced to the '''loaded gain''' ''A<sub>loaded</sub>'':
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::<math>A_{loaded} =\frac {i_L} {i_S} =  \frac {R_S} {R_S+R_{in}}</math> <math> \frac {R_{out}} {R_{out}+R_{L}} A_i  \ . </math>
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The resistor ratios in the above expression are called the '''loading factors'''. For more discussion of loading in other amplifier types, see [[Voltage division#Loading effect|loading effect]].
</ul>
 
===Unilateral versus bilateral amplifiers===
[[Image:H-parameter current amplifier.PNG|thumbnail|300px|Figure 4: Current amplifier as a bilateral two-port network; feedback through dependent voltage source of gain β V/V]]
Figure 3 and the associated discussion refers to a [[Electronic amplifier#Unilateral or bilateral|unilateral]] amplifier. In a more general case where the amplifier is represented by a [[two-port network|two port]], the input resistance of the amplifier depends on its load, and the output resistance on the source impedance. The loading factors in these cases must employ the true amplifier impedances including these bilateral effects. For example, taking the unilateral current amplifier of Figure 3, the corresponding bilateral two-port network is shown in Figure 4 based upon [[Two-port network#Hybrid parameters (h-parameters)| h-parameters]].<ref>The [[Two-port network#Hybrid parameters (h-parameters)|h-parameter two port]] is the only two-port among the four standard choices that has a current-controlled current source on the output side.</ref> Carrying out the analysis for this circuit, the current gain with feedback ''A<sub>fb</sub>'' is found to be
 
::<math> A_{fb} = \frac {i_L}{i_S} = \frac {A_{loaded}} {1+ {\beta}(R_L/R_S) A_{loaded}} \ . </math>
 
That is, the ideal current gain ''A<sub>i</sub>'' is reduced not only by the loading factors, but due to the bilateral nature of the two-port by an additional factor<ref>Often called the ''improvement factor'' or the ''desensitivity factor''.</ref> ( 1 + β (R<sub>L</sub> / R<sub>S</sub> ) A<sub>loaded</sub> ), which is typical of [[negative feedback amplifier]] circuits. The factor β (R<sub>L</sub> / R<sub>S</sub> ) is the current feedback provided by the voltage feedback source of voltage gain β V/V. For instance, for an ideal current source with ''R<sub>S</sub>'' = ∞ Ω, the voltage feedback has no influence, and for ''R<sub>L</sub>'' = 0 Ω, there is zero load voltage, again disabling the feedback.
 
==References and notes==
<references/>
== See also ==
 
* [[Voltage divider]]
* [[Resistor]]
* [[Ohm's law]]
* [[Thévenin's theorem]]
* [[Voltage regulation]]
 
== External links ==
*[http://utwired.engr.utexas.edu/rgd1/lesson05.cfm University of Texas: Notes on electronic circuit theory]
 
[[Category:Analog circuits]]
[[Category:Electronics]]
[[Category:Electric current]]

Latest revision as of 19:04, 14 September 2014

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My "living allowance" for the weeks time was 175. According to Giselle Cory, in the Resolution Foundation, this is the average income of someone at the bottom ending of the UK's low in order to middle income bracket, which usually comprises 11 million British isles adults.

Contemplating my funds last morning, 175 appeared like a fair sum. But right after allowing for rent; council taxation; energy and water bills; TV, internet and cellphone fees; and the costs of travelling to work (all the things a practical man living in Britain throughout 2013 might reasonably expect to get to pay), I was left with merely 31.

As I walked from your bus stop each day (zero Tube journeys for me) towards the Independent's office in Kensington, I would complete some of the most expensive properties in the united states and some very fine eateries. Hands in pockets and unable even to contemplate your starter from the menus, it absolutely was galling to think that the people within were spending more for one meal than I could commit to food all week.

Certainly, it's hardly surprising this in Britain today the sum of funds one person treats like sacrifice change is the same sum other people clings to so that they will not go hungry but it had never looked like quite so unfair before.

A few things made my 7 days miserable. First, not being to receive around town to meet friends and family is depressing: I agonised over if you should go out for my sister throughout law's birthday, and when I decided to move I knew that a Tv journey and a pint will mean less food later on. Affirmed my early extravagance meant New Balance Warehouse Sydney I had to skip lunch in .

Second, eating a small amount of sub-standard food for a week results in you tired, irritable as well as, yes, hungry.

Third, plus worst of all, I was aware that one particular unexpected piece of expenditure a bank charge, for instance would rule me over the edge we would not be able to afford foods at all.

Today I am lucky enough to get wake up and make full use regarding my salary again. Nevertheless for millions of people in the UK the kinds of problem I faced this week, plus the fear that a sudden alternation in circumstances could leave these individuals without food on the table, undoubtedly are a constant.

If I were a father or mother, I would not have taken part during this experiment, not even for a few days. Thousands Lacoste Polo Shirts Women of parents don't have a decision.

One week ago a Traditional councillor from York said that no one is starving in the UK. On the proof of last week, he is wrong. Never because the income used in each of our experiment was a starvation amount, but because for those who have so that you can exist on such risky incomes it does not take significantly to push them over the extra Ugg Boots edge.

"Lots of people living on the breadline are receiving by most of the time, but then an crisis hits," claims Molly Hodson of the Trussell Trust, the charitable organization whose network of 298 meal banks has given out a lot more than 209,000 emergency food programs since April.

"Say you're off of work for a week and you wind up on statutory sick pay back, or your car breaks down therefore you don't get to work and shed your job. Then the crisis spirals into a disaster. Even something as simple as winter weather: a lot of people on low profits are on meters for energy and gas. Whenever there's a bout of very cold temperature, people are making the decision between home heating and eating."

Foodstuff banks are not somewhere individuals can go if they fancy conserving a few pennies on the once a week shop they are crisis centers. To be given the standard three day food package, you have to be called by a front line specialized: a social worker, healthcare professional, doctor, debt counsellor or even a law enforcement officer. Hundreds of referrals are being designed each day by the people around the front line of Britain's growing poverty crisis.

At the end of our week I came personally with people genuinely suffering over a visit to my local foods bank, at the All State's Church in Clapham.

Staffed simply by volunteers who tend to be on very low incomes themselves, it opens up twice a week. On Yuletide Eve, the bank fed 125 people, its manager Lydia Serwaa reported.

As I got there yesterday, over a dozen people were arriving, meals vouchers in hand. One of the first seemed to be Pedro, 34 (not their real name, but understandably he'd prefer to remain mysterious). Housing benefit and jobseekers budget bring in 157 a week for your ex. An 80 penalty fare incurred from Transport for London after he displaced his travel card obtained tipped him over the edge. "It was a choice between paying off the fare and eating,In he said.

Talk at the food items bank centred on the coming cuts to welfare. From this calendar year, payments will be limited to a 1 hour per cent annual increase an actual terms cut given present-day inflation rates. The Institute for Fiscal Studies predicts that 2.5 thousand families will be 215 a whole lot worse off by 2015 16. That is 4.13 a week.

It appears like a pittance, but for many that might equate to one day's grocery budget. Things are already beginning to attack. In the two weeks before Yuletide 2011, the Trussell Trust gave out 8,500 crisis packages. This Christmas, it had become 27,000. With blowing up stuck at 3 per-cent, well above the rate of pay increases, and with gain cuts set to take outcome later in the year, the situation gets very much worse if few things are done.

One woman whom visited yesterday has not one but two month old twins. She was referred to the food financial institution by the children's centre the woman attends. When she came for the first time, she wasn't perhaps wearing any shoes.

Instantly, one lean week on basics cornflakes and frozen lasagna seemed like a pretty pathetic attempt to imagine what poverty is actually. Conservative councillors can deny it all they like but people are hungry in the UK.

Disposable income: Daily life at the sharp end

Charlie's every week income, based on that of a standard single working man in the bottom end of the low in order to middle income group of Britain earners.

Salary: 111.42 (20 hrs a week on Six.19 minimum wage)

Casing benefit: 58.87

Authority tax benefit: 5.Thirty five

Not eligible for income support, working tax credits, no means tested benefits and also jobseekers allowance. Housing benefit, local authority tax benefit, rent as well as council tax adjusted to mirror high London rents.

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We've seen some of the images and thus far, we really like what we should see.What about the Lumia 820? Although it lacks the PureView technology, it does have a better sensor and Nokia's coveted photo algorithms for image sharpness and reduced noise. From what they told us, the 820's camera is a great if not better than any top camera phone on the market today, while the 920 simply hurdles over everything.So while we still need to see the finished product, to photoenthusiasts everywhere, Nokia spoke our language today.

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The start of May is when we were permanently relocated to my parents house. So for the last 3 months me and Lexie have be staying in home. Hope it would take many years of normal use before that will get annoying. Wonder how those amoled displays ages overall.

In October 1835 the new congress disbanded legislatures and converted america Nike Blazer Shoes into departments governed by appointees from the president. In effect, it established a Centralist state. When you arbitrarily punish her it will defeat her spirit. I do not understand why Ralph Lauren Polo Women you don't want her watching television but you should pick your battles.

Pauley said the attacks "revealed Isabel Marant Sneaker Pric

District Judge William L. sets the stage for federal government appeals courts to address the delicate balance developed in the event the need to protect national security clashes with civil rights established in the Constitution.

Pauley deducted the program was a necessary off shoot of steps taken after the Sept. 11 terrorist violence. He said the program lets the government connect fragmented and fleeting emails and "represents the government's counter-top punch" to the al Qaida's terror system's use of technology to operate decentralized plus plot international terrorist episodes remotely.

"This blunt tool just works because it collects almost everything," Pauley said. "The collection will be broad, but the scope involving counterterrorism investigations is unprecedented."

Pauley's decision contrasts with Leon's scholarhip of a preliminary injunction against the acquiring of phone records regarding two men who had challenged the program. Constitution's ban on uncommon search. The judge offers since stayed the effect involving his ruling, pending a new government appeal.

Both circumstances now move to appeals tennis courts for a conflict that quite a few believe will eventually be resolved by the Supreme Court. The chances that the nation's top court can address it increase if your appeals courts reach inconsistent opinions or if the current use of the program is declared illegal.

Pauley mentioned the mass collection of telephone data "significantly increases the NSA's capability to discover the faintest patterns left out by individuals affiliated with dangerous terrorist organizations. Armed with all of the metadata, NSA can attract connections it might otherwise don't be able to find."

He added in: "As the Sept. 11 episodes demonstrate, the cost of missing this type of threat can be horrific.Inch

Pauley said the attacks "revealed, while in the starkest terms, just how dangerous plus interconnected the world is. When Americans depended on technology for Isabel Marant Sneaker Price your conveniences of modernity, al Qaida plotted inside of a seventh century milieu to use that will technology against us. It had become a bold jujitsu. And it became popular because conventional intelligence get together could not detect diffuse filaments connecting al Qaida."

The judge said the NSA intercepted several calls made by one of the September. 11 hijackers in San Diego before attacks, but mistakenly concluded that he was overseas since it lacked the kind of information it may now collect.

Still, Pauley mentioned such a program, if unrestrained, "imperils the civil liberties of each citizen" and he noted the lively debate about the subject across the nation, within Congress and at the Whitened House.

"The question for this courtroom is whether the government's size telephony metadata program will be lawful. This court Abercrombie Store Locator finds it is. But the question connected with whether that program need to be conducted is for the other a couple of coordinate branches of government to choose," he said.

A week ago, Barack obama said there may be ways of changing the program so that is has sufficient oversight and visibility.

In ruling, Pauley cited the particular emergency of the program following 20 hijackers took over four jets in the 2001 attacks, hovering two into the twin systems of the World Trade Center, just one into the Pentagon and a 4th into a Pennsylvania field as passengers tried to take back a aircraft.

"The government learned from the mistake and adapted to help confront a new enemy: a new terror network capable of orchestrating attacks across the world. It launched a number of counter measures, including a volume Louis Vuitton Bags Fake telephony metadata collection system a Nike Roshe Shoes Australia wide net that could come across and isolate gossamer contacts among suspected terrorists in an ocean associated with seemingly disconnected data,In he said. Circuit Court regarding Appeals in Manhattan.

"We're obviously very disappointed," explained Brett Max Kaufman, an attorney with the ACLU's Country's Security Project. "This mass contact tracking program constitutes a serious threat to Americans' privacy therefore we think Judge Pauley is incorrect in concluding otherwise.Inches

Justice Department spokesman Chris Carr said: "We are pleased the court found the NSA's bulk telephony metadata collection program to be appropriate."

NSA spokeswoman Vanee Grape vines declined to comment. The government lawyer had countered which counterterrorism investigators wouldn't find most personal information useful.

Pauley said there are safeguards in place, including the simple fact the NSA cannot concern the phone database it records without legal justification which is limited in how much it can learn. He also noted "the administration repudiates any notion that it carries out the type of data mining the actual ACLU warns about in its parade of horribles."

The ACLU accused of earlier this year after former No strings analyst Edward Snowden leaked information of the secret programs that naysayers say violate privacy rights. The NSA run applications pick up millions of telephone in addition to Internet records that are sent through American networks every day.

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