Tarski's axioms: Difference between revisions

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Congruence and betweenness: In the formal version, the segment is drawn from y not x
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m References: replace mr template with mr parameter in CS1 templates; using AWB
 
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br><br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you enjoyed this short article and you would certainly like to receive more info relating to [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] kindly see the web site.
<!-- To obtain a blank version of this page, type subst:chembox supplement inside of double curly braces, {{}}, and save the page -->
 
This page provides supplementary chemical data on [[formic acid]]. <!-- replace with proper wikilink -->
 
== Material Safety Data Sheet == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ([[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
*[http://www2.siri.org/msds/index.php SIRI]
*[http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1779.html Science Stuff]
 
== Structure and properties == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | Structure and properties
|-
| [[Index of refraction]], ''n''<sub>D</sub>
| 1.3714 at 20°C <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Abbe number]]
|? <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Dielectric constant]], ε<sub>r</sub>
| 58.5 ε<sub>0</sub> at 16 °C<br>measured at 400&nbsp;MHz <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Bond strength]]
| ? <!-- Specify which bond. Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Bond length]]<ref name="m_and_b">Morrison, Robert Thornton and Boyd, Robert Neilson, ''Organic Chemistry'', 2nd ed. Allyn and Bacon 1972, p 596</ref>
| C=O bond: 123 pm<br>C–OH bond: 136 pm  <!-- Specify which bond. Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Bond angle]]
| ? <!-- Specify which angle, e.g. Cl-P-O. Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Magnetic susceptibility]]
| ? <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Surface tension]]
| 37.67 dyn/cm at 20°C
|-
| [[Viscosity]]<ref name="lange1669">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed. pp 1669-1674</ref>
|
{|
| 2.2469 mPa·s || at 10°C
|-
| 1.7844 mPa·s || at 20°C
|-
| 1.2190 mPa·s || at 40°C
|-
| 0.5492 mPa·s || at 100°C
|}
|-
|}
 
== Thermodynamic properties == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | Phase behavior
|-
| [[Triple point]]
| 281.40 K (8.25 °C), 2.2 kPa
|-
| [[Critical point (chemistry)|Critical point]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itt.uni-stuttgart.de/~schnabel/HCOOH.pdf|title=Molecular Model for Formic Acid adusted to Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium|author=Thornton Schnabel, Marfa Cortada, Jadran Vrabec, Santiago Lago, Hans Hasse|publisher=Insitut für Technische Thermodynamik und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik (Institute for Technical Thermodynamic and Thermal Process Engineering), Universität Stuttgart|accessdate=3 May 2007}}</ref>
| 588 K (315 °C), 5.81 MPa
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of fusion|Std enthalpy change<br/>of fusion]], Δ<sub>fus</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| +12.68 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard entropy change of fusion|Std entropy change<br/>of fusion]], Δ<sub>fus</sub>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| +45.05 J/(mol·K) at 8.25 °C
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of vaporization|Std enthalpy change<br/>of vaporization]], Δ<sub>vap</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| +23.1 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard entropy change of vaporization|Std entropy change<br/>of vaporization]], Δ<sub>vap</sub>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| +61.8 J/(mol·K)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Solid properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change<br/>of formation]], Δ<sub>f</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>solid</sub>
| ? kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<br/>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>solid</sub>
| ? J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]], ''c<sub>p</sub>''
| 74.5 J/(mol K) at –22 °C<br>82.8 J/(mol K) at 0 °C
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Liquid properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change<br/>of formation]], Δ<sub>f</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>liquid</sub>
| –425.5 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<br/>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>liquid</sub>
| 129.0 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Enthalpy of combustion]], Δ<sub>c</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| –254.6 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Heat capacity]], ''c<sub>p</sub>''
| 101.3 J/(mol K) at 20°C-100°C
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Gas properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change<br/>of formation]], Δ<sub>f</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>gas</sub>
| –362.6 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<br/>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>gas</sub>
| 251.0 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]], ''c<sub>p</sub>''
| 45.68 J/(mol K) at 25°C
|-
|}
 
==Vapor pressure of liquid==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''P in mm Hg''' || 1 || 10 || 40 || 100 || 400 || 760
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''T in °C''' || –20.0<sub>(s)</sub> || 2.1<sub>(s)</sub> || 24.0 || 43.8 || 80.3 || 100.6
|}
 
Table data obtained from ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 44th ed. The "(s)" notation indicates temperature of solid/vapor equilibrium. Otherwise the data is temperature of liquid/vapor equilibrium.
 
[[Image:LogFormicAcidVaporPressure.png|thumb|817px|left|'''log<sub>10</sub> of formic acid vapor pressure'''. Uses formula: <math>\scriptstyle \log_{10} P_{mmHg} = 6.94459 - \frac {1295.26} {218.0+T}</math> obtained from ''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed.]]
 
==Distillation data==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center" colspan="3" | '''Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Formic acid/Water'''<ref name="cheric">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcvle/hcvle.php|title=Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data|publisher=Chemical Engineering Research Information Center|format=Queriable database|accessdate=6 May 2007}}</ref><br>''P'' = 760 mmHg
|- {{chembox header}}
! rowspan="2" | BP<br>Temp.<br>°C
! colspan="2" | % by mole water
|- {{chembox header}}
! liquid !! vapor
|-
| 102.3 || 4.05 || 2.45
|-
| 104.6 || 15.5 || 10.2
|-
| 105.9 || 21.8 || 16.2
|-
| 107.1 || 32.1 || 27.9
|-
| 107.6 || 40.9 || 40.2
|-
| 107.6 || 41.1 || 40.5
|-
| 107.6 || 46.4 || 48.2
|-
| 107.1 || 52.2 || 56.7
|-
| 106.0 || 63.2 || 71.8
|-
| 104.2 || 74.0 || 83.6
|-
| 102.9 || 82.9 || 91.7
|-
| 101.8 || 90.0 || 95.1
|-
|}
 
== Spectral data == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV-Vis]]
|-
| [[Lambda-max|λ<sub>max</sub>]]
| ? [[Nanometre|nm]]
|-
| [[molar absorptivity|Extinction coefficient]], ε
| ?
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[Infrared|IR]]
|-
| Major absorption bands
| ? cm<sup>&minus;1</sup>
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[NMR Spectroscopy|NMR]]
|-
| [[Proton NMR]] <!-- Link to image of spectrum -->
| &nbsp;
|-
| [[Carbon-13 NMR]] <!-- Link to image of spectrum -->
| &nbsp;
|-
| Other NMR data <!-- Insert special data e.g. <sup>19</sup>F chem. shifts, omit if not used -->
| &nbsp;
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[Mass Spectrometry|MS]]
|-
| Masses of <br>main fragments
| &nbsp; <!-- Give list of major fragments -->
|-
|}
 
==Safety data==
<!-- Here is a table of data; skip past it to edit the text. -->
{| align="left" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | [[Formic acid]]
|-
| [[EINECS number]]
| 200-579-1
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''Safety data''' <!-- INDEX n° 607-001-00-0 -->
|-
| [[Directive 67/548/EEC|EU classification]]
| [[Corrosive]] ('''C''')
|-
| [[Permissible exposure limit|PEL]]
| 5 ppm (9&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup>)
|-
| [[IDLH]]
| 30 ppm
|-
| [[Autoignition temperature]]
| 520°C
|-
| [[Explosive limits]]
| 18&ndash;51%
|-
|}{{Clear}}
 
==References==
<references/>
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheric.org/kdb/kdb/hcprop/showprop.php?cmpid=929|title=Pure Component Properties|publisher=Chemical Information Research Information Center|accessdate=4 May 2007}}
<!-- [http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ NIST Standard Reference Database] -->
 
Except where noted otherwise, data relate to [[standard ambient temperature and pressure]].
 
[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Disclaimer]] applies.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Formic Acid (Data Page)}}
[[Category:Chemical data pages]]

Latest revision as of 23:59, 25 September 2014

It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.



Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

If you enjoyed this short article and you would certainly like to receive more info relating to dentist DC kindly see the web site.