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| [[File:Porrina de Badajoz.jpg|thumb|280px|Andalusian cadences are common in Flamenco music.]]
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| The '''Andalusian cadence''' is a term adopted from [[flamenco]] music for a [[chord progression]] comprising four [[Chord (music)|chords]] descending stepwise--a ''vi-V-IV-III'' progression.<ref name="flamenco">[http://www.mojacarflamenco.com/FB_For_Guitarists.html Mojácar Flamenco], a website about basics in Flamenco music</ref> It is otherwise known as the minor [[descending tetrachord]]. Traceable back to the [[Renaissance]], its effective sonorities made it one of the most popular progressions in [[classical music]] {{audio|Simple Andalusian cadence.mid|Play}}.
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| Despite the name it is not a true [[Cadence (music)|cadence]] (i.e., occurring only once, when ending a phrase, section, or piece of music<ref name="buciu">Buciu, Dan (1989). ''Tonal Harmony'', "Ciprian Porumbescu" Conservatory Publishing House, Bucharest</ref>); it is most often used as an [[ostinato]] (repeating over and over again). It is heard in [[Rock music|rock]] songs such as "[[Runaway (Del Shannon song)|Runaway]]" by [[Del Shannon]].<ref name="Idiot's">Kelly, Casey and Hodge, David (2011). ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Art of Songwriting'', {{page needed|date=January 2012}}. ISBN 978-1-61564-103-1. "i-VII-VI-V."</ref>
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| ==Structure==
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| :''For further explanation see [[Chord progression]]''
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| The Andalusian cadence may be notated '''vi - V - IV - III''' (if in a major key) or '''i – {{music|flat}}VII – {{music|flat}}VI – V''' in a minor key. This '''{{music|flat}}VII''' note and chord is called the [[subtonic]]. <ref name="popp">Popp, Marius (1998). ''Applicatory Harmony in Jazz, Pop & Rock Improvisation'', Nemira Publishing House, Bucharest. ISBN 973-569-228-7</ref><ref name="buciu"/> In the final chord ('''III''' or '''V''', depending on key signature) the [[leading-tone|leading note]] replaces the subtonic in order to lead back into the minor chord that begins the sequence.
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| ==Origins==
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| {{see also|Andalusian classical music}}
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| [[File:Andalusian.png|thumb|right|400px|A typical Andalusian cadence ''por arriba'' (i.e. in A minor). G is the subtonic and G{{music|sharp}} is the leading tone. {{Audio|Figure_andalusian.ogg|(Listen)}}]]
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| A popular melodic pattern of [[Ancient Greece]]<ref name="danceanu">Dǎnceanu, Liviu (2005). ''Seasons in Music'', vol. 1, Corgal Press, Bacǎu. ISBN 973-7922-37-9</ref> offers a possible starting point for the Andalusian cadence. Called the ''Dorian [[tetrachord]]'', the sequence resembles the bass line of the chord progression developed centuries later. Some theorists consider that the same structure may have occurred earlier in [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]].<ref name="danceanu"/><ref name="gruber">Gruber, R.I. (1960). ''History of Universal Music'', State Musical Publishing House, Moscow</ref> A sequence more or less close to the Greek tetrachord structure might have been known to the [[Moors]] in Southern [[Spain]] and spread from there through Western Europe. The [[France|French]] [[troubadour]]s were influenced by the [[Music of Spain|Spanish music]].<ref name="danceanu"/>
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| The Andalusian cadence known today, using [[Triad (music)|triad chords]], may be no earlier than the Renaissance, though the use of parallel thirds or sixths occurred from the 13th century.<ref name="margo">Schulter, Margo (1997). ''Thirteenth-Century Polyphony'', published on the [http://www.medieval.org medieval.org] site</ref> Some sources state that the chord sequence was noted for the first time by [[Claudio Monteverdi]] in a [[Vocal music|choral]] work, ''Lamento della Ninfa'', first published in the [[Claudio_Monteverdi#Madrigals|Eighth Book of Madrigals]] (1638) – other works in the same collection are known to have been played as soon as 1607.
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| The progression resembles the first four measures of the 15th century [[Passamezzo antico]]; '''i – {{music|flat}}VII – i – V'''. The use of the '''{{music|flat}}VI''' chord may suggest a more recent origin than the Passamezzo antico since the cadences '''i – {{music|flat}}VII''' and '''{{music|flat}}VII – i''' were popular in the late [[Medieval music|Middle Ages]],<ref name="margo"/> ''(see also [[double tonic]])'' while '''{{music|flat}}VII – {{music|flat}}VI''' arose as a result of advancement in music theory.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} However, the absence of the leading tone from the '''{{music|flat}}VII''' chord suggests that the progression originated before the tonal system in the [[Musical mode|modal]] approach of the time of [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], where the [[Tonic (music)|tonic]] must be approached from chord '''V'''<ref name="rotaru">Rotaru, Doina and Comes, Liviu (1987). ''Vocal and Instrumental Counterpoint Treatise'', Musical Publishing School, Bucharest</ref>
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| whereas typical [[Baroque]] style would have avoided the flat '''VII''' and introduced [[Dominant (music)|dominant]] chords ('''{{music|natural}}VII''' or '''V''' chords,<ref name="buciu"/> to form cadences [[Resolution (music)|resolving]] upon a '''i''' chord).
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| ==Analysis==
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| ===Regarding the melody===
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| A [[minor seventh]] would be added to the dominant "V" chord to increase [[Tension (music)|tension]] before resolution (V<sub>7</sub>-i).<ref name="buciu"/> The roots of the chords belong to a modern [[Phrygian mode|phrygian]] tetrachord (the equivalent of a Greek Dorian tetrachord,<ref name="oprea">Oprea, Gheorghe (2002). ''Musical Folklore in Romania'', Musical Publishing House, Bucharest. ISBN 973-42-0304-5</ref> the latter mentioned above), that is to be found as the upper tetrachord of a natural minor scale (for A minor, they are: A G F E).
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| A remarkable fact about tetrachords was noticed since the [[Classical antiquity|Ancient times]] and rediscovered in early Renaissance: when a tetrachord features a [[semitone]] (half-step) between two of its tones, it is the semitone that will determine the melodic tendency of the given tetrachord or mode (when combining tetrachords).<ref name="dragos">Alexandrescu, Dragoş (1997). ''Music theory'', vol. 2, Kitty Publishing House, Bucharest</ref> If the semitone falls between the highest two steps, the melody tends to be ascending (e.g. major scales); a semitone between the lowest tones in the tetrachord involves a melody "inclined" to descend. This said, the Phrygian tetrachord, borrowed from traditional music of Eastern Europe and [[Anatolia]],<ref name="dragos"/> is to be found also in the Andalusian cadence and sets the mentioned character (the semitone falls between [the roots of] V and {{music|flat}}VI).
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| ===Modal vs. tonal===
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| [[File:Phrygian Andalusian cadence.png|thumb|right|350px|Andalusian cadence in E Phrygian<ref name="Tenzer">Tenzer, Michael (2006). ''Analytical studies in world music'', p.97. ISBN 0-19-517789-4.</ref> {{audio|Simple Andalusian cadence.mid|Play}}.]]
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| A rigorous analysis should note that many chord progressions are likely to date back from an epoch prior to early Baroque (usually associated with birth of [[tonality]]).<ref name="dragos"/> In such cases (also, that of the Andalusian cadence), explanations offered by tonality "neglect" the history and evolution of the chord progression in question. This is because harmonic analyses in tonal style use only two scales (major and minor) when explaining origins of chord moves. In exchange, the luxuriant ''modal system'' (i.e., the entirety of musical modes ever created and their specific harmonies – if existing<ref name="dragos"/>) offers various plausible origins and explanations for every chord move. However, most classical (Baroque or subsequent) and popular music which makes use of the given chord progression might treat it itself in a tonal manner.<ref name="buciu"/>
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| A number of musicians and theorists (including renowned guitarist [[Manolo Sanlúcar]]) consider the Andalusian cadence as a chord progression built upon the Phrygian mode.<ref name="manolo">Norberto Torres Cortés (2001). ''El compromiso y la generosidad de Manolo Sanlúcar'', published in the ''El Olivo'' revue, N<u><sup>o</sup></u> 88; also available [http://www.tristeyazul.com/cronicas/ntc14.htm here]</ref> Since tonality took the first chord in the progression for a tonic ("i"), the Phrygian notation (modal) of the cadence writes as following: iv – {{music|flat}}III – {{music|flat}}II – I (or, more commonly, but less correctly, iv – III – II – I<ref name="flamenco"/>). Though [[Diatonic function|tonal functions]] have little in common with the Phrygian mode, the four chords could be roughly equalized. (The Phrygian mode is like a natural minor with step two lowered;<ref name="popp"/> however, step three switches between major and minor third, an equivalent to the subtonic/leading tone conflict in the tonal acceptation.) Thus, the "iv" corresponds to a subdominant chord, while "{{music|flat}}III" is the [[mediant]] and "I" is the tonic. The "{{music|flat}}II" chord has a dominant function,<ref name="Tenzer"/><ref name="manolo"/> and may be thought of as a [[tritone substitution]] of "V", i.e., the [[Neapolitan chord|Neapolitan sixth chord]].<ref name="popp"/> (The only purpose for highlighting these "functions" is to compare between the modal and tonal views of the cadence. The mode involved in the cadence is not a pure Phrygian, but one whose third step occurs in both instances, minor and major third. This is unacceptable in tonality;<ref name="oprea"/> hence, tonal functions cannot be used. A common mistake occurs when the given mode is thought of as major, given that the tonic chord is major.<ref name="flamenco"/> However, the Phrygian mode features a minor third and the "I" chord may be taken for a [[borrowed chord]], i.e., a [[Picardy third]].)
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| When the VI chord, which may be added between III and {{music|b}}II (iv-III-IV-{{music|b}}II-I) and cadenced upon, is the most characteristic contrasting tonal area, similar by analogy to the [[relative key|relative major]] of a minor key.<ref name="Tenzer"/>
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| ===Harmonic peculiarities===
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| The tonal system sets three main functions for the [[Diatonic and chromatic|diatonic]] tertian chords: tonic (T), dominant (D) and [[subdominant]] (SD). Any sequence through different functions is allowed (e.g. T→D, SD→D), except for D→SD.<ref name="diana">Voda-Nuteanu, Diana (2006, 2007). ''Harmony'', Musical Publishing House, Bucharest. ISBN 973-42-0438-6 (10), ISBN 978-973-42-0438-0 (13).</ref> A tonal scale's degrees are as following: "I" and "VI" are tonic chords (of which, "I" is stronger; all final cadences end in "I"), "V" and "VII" are dominants (both feature the leading tone and "V" is more potent), "IV" and "II" are subdominant chords ("IV" is stronger).<ref name="buciu"/> ("III" isn't given a precise function, although it may replace a dominant in some cases.) All sequences between same-function chords, from the weaker member to the stronger (e.g. VII – V), are forbidden. When using the natural minor, dominant chords exchange their leading tone for a subtonic; as a result, their dominant quality is strongly undermined.<ref name="buciu"/>
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| A tonal insight on the Andalusian cadence leads to considering the "{{music|flat}}VII" a local exception: the subtonic it uses for a root should be, however, re-replaced by the leading tone before returning to "i". (The leading tone is heard in the "V" chord, as the chord's [[major third]].) A "{{music|flat}}VII" would leave the dominant category (compare: "{{music|natural}}VII") and start acting to the contrary.<ref name="buciu"/> That is, a "{{music|flat}}VII" chord would now prefer moving to a subdominant rather than to a tonic chord. Yet, the Andalusian cadence brings about a limit condition for tonal [[harmony]], with a {{music|flat}}VII – {{music|flat}}VI chord move.<ref name="diana"/>
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| The Andalusian is an authentic cadence, because a dominant chord ("V") comes just before the tonic "i". (Using modal harmonies, the third, and not the fourth chord – "{{music|flat}}II" – acts as the dominant, substituted to tritone. Even so, the cadence stays authentic. The fourth chord itself is the tonic, so the cadence need not return to the tonal tonic, i.e. modal "iv".)<ref name="buciu"/>
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| ==Denominations in Flamenco music==
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| ===Basic keys===
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| The [[standard tuning]] in [[guitar]]s determines most Flamenco music to be played only in a few keys. Of those, the most popular are the A minor and D minor (equivalent to E and A Phrygian, respectively).<ref name="flamenco"/> They are as following:
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| * ''por arriba'', which corresponds to the A minor, where an Andalusian cadence consists of the following chord progression: Am – G – F – E
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| * ''por medio'' names the D minor key, in which the Andalusian cadence is built of a Dm – C – B{{music|flat}} – A progression<ref name="flamenco"/>
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| ===Derivative keys===
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| Using a [[capo]]tasto or [[Scordatura|scordature]]<!--plural of "scordatura"-->, other keys can be obtained, mainly derived from the two basic keys. Flamenco guitarist [[Ramon Montoya]] and singer [[Antonio Chacón]] were among the first to use the new keys, and given distinctive names:<ref name="manolo"/>
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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| ! Term used in Flamenco !! Tonal key !! Modal (Phrygian) key !! Chord progression !! Construction
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| | ''por granaína'' || E minor || B Phrygian || Em – D – C – B || ''por medio'', capo on 2nd fret
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| | ''por Levante'' || B minor || F{{music|sharp}} Phrygian || Bm – A – G – F{{music|sharp}} || ''por arriba'', capo on 2nd fret
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| | ''por minera'' || C{{music|sharp}} minor || G{{music|sharp}} Phrygian || C{{music|sharp}}m – B – A – G{{music|sharp}} || ''por arriba'', capo on 4th fret
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| | ''por rondeña'' || F{{music|sharp}} minor || C{{music|sharp}} Phrygian || F{{music|sharp}}m – E – D – C{{music|sharp}} || scordature
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| |}
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| ==Music examples featuring Andalusian cadences==
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| ===Popular music===
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| {{Main|List of popular music songs featuring Andalusian cadences}}
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| Songs of the early 1960s, such as [[the Ventures]]' 1960 hit "[[Walk, Don't Run (song)|Walk, Don't Run]]",<ref name="Idiot's"/> turned the Andalusian cadence iconic for [[surf rock]] music.
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| ==Altered progressions==
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| ===Reordered or repeated chords===
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| * "[[California Dreamin']]" (1965) by [[The Mamas & the Papas]], where two chords have changed places: i (- i<sub>2</sub>) – '''{{music|flat}}VI''' – '''{{music|flat}}VII''' – V<math>{}^5_{4-3}</math>. (Note: the "i<sub>2</sub>" notation represents a tonic chord whose seventh falls in the bass; a "<math>{}^5_{4-3}</math>" notation suggests a [[suspended chord]] resolving to triad<ref name="diana"/>)
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| ===Foreign chords, bassline unchanged===
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| *Progression by fourths or the addition of VI between III and {{music|b}}II: Am-G7-C-F-E or iv-III<sub>7</sub>-VI-{{music|b}}II-I.<ref name="Tenzer"/>
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| ===Dominant chord substituted===
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| * A most unusual way of altering the cadence can be heard in Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb" (1979){{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}, where the "V" chord is skipped for a "iv". It is as follows: i – {{music|flat}}VII – {{music|flat}}VI (- {{music|flat}}VI<sub>2</sub>) – iv (and back to "i"). The resulting progression is on the edge between tonal and modal, where the subtonic doesn't change back into a leading-tone, but the obtained cadence is suitable for tonality (called plagal or [[backdoor progression|backdoor]]<ref name="diana"/>).
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Lament bass]]
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| * [[ii-V-I turnaround]]
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| * [[Flamenco mode]]
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| * [[List of popular music songs featuring Andalusian cadences]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| ===Free scores===
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| * [http://maitre.physik.uni-kl.de/~monerjan/chaconne.pdf ''Ciaconna''] from ''Partita in D minor for solo violin'' by J.S. Bach
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| * [http://imslp.org/wiki/Chaconne_for_Violin_and_Piano_%28Vitali%2C_Tomaso_Antonio%29 ''Chaconne in G minor''] attributed to T.A. Vitali
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| ===Analyses and essays===
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| * [http://www.cumpiano.com/Home/Articles/Transcriptions/Segovia/Segtransc/Chaconne.html Bach's Chaconne and the Guitar], English translation of a 1930 article published by Marc Pincherle, Secretary of the French Society of Musicology in Paris
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| {{Cadences}}
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| {{Chord progressions}}
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| [[Category:Cadences]]
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| [[Category:Chord progressions]]
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