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| {{Dablink|For other uses, see [[Tailwind (disambiguation)]]}}
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| {{Unreferenced|date=November 2009}}
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| {{Wiktionary|tailwind}}
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| A '''tailwind''' is a [[wind]] that blows in the direction of travel of an object, while a '''headwind''' blows against the direction of travel. A tailwind increases the object's speed and reduces the time required to reach its destination, while a headwind has the opposite effect. Tailwinds and headwinds are commonly measured in relation to the speed of vehicles — commonly air and watercraft — as well as in [[running]] events — particularly [[Sprint (race)|sprints]].
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| In aeronautics, a headwind is favorable in [[takeoff]]s and [[landing]]s because an [[airfoil]] moving into a headwind is capable of generating greater [[lift (force)|lift]] than the same airfoil moving through tranquil air or a [[tailwind]] at equal [[ground speed]]. As a result, [[aviator]]s and [[air traffic controller]]s commonly choose to take off or land in the direction of a [[runway]] that will provide a headwind. In sailing, a headwind may make forward movement difficult, and necessitate [[tacking (sailing)|tacking]] into the wind.
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| ==Aeronautics calculations==
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| ===Headwind component===
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| Pilots calculate the Headwind Component, Tailwind Component and Crosswind Component of any wind, if they do exist. The direction of wind is calculated using [[wind sock]]. Headwind and Tailwind are cosine functions of the wind while Crosswind Component is a sine function. Headwind and Tailwind do not occur together in normal conditions. Determining the [[ground speed]] of an aircraft requires the calculation of the head or tailwind.
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| Assume:
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| <math>A=\text{Angle of the wind from the direction of travel} </math>
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| <math>WS=\text{The measured total wind speed}</math>
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| <math>CW=\text{Crosswind}</math>
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| <math>HW=\text{Headwind}</math>
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| Then
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| <math>CW=\sin(A) \cdot WS</math>
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| <math>HW=\cos(A) \cdot WS</math>
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| For example: if the wind is at 24015 that means the wind is currently from heading 240 [[Degree (angle)|degrees]] with a speed of 15 [[Knot (unit)|Knots]] and the aircraft is taking-off from runway 18, giving it a heading of 180 degrees. Then <math>A=60^\circ</math>, and
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| <math>\text{Crosswind} = \sin[60^\circ] \cdot 15 \mathsf{knots} \approx 13 \mathsf{knots}</math> | |
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| <math>\text{Headwind} = \cos[60^\circ] \cdot 15 \mathsf{knots} \approx 7.5 \mathsf{knots} </math>
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| The aircraft is said to have 13 knots of crosswind and 7.5 knots of headwind. | |
| Aircraft usually have maximum headwind and crosswind components which they cannot exceed. If the wind is at eighty degrees or above it is said to be full-cross. If the wind exceeds 90 degrees it is common practice to takeoff and land from the opposite side of the runway, it has a heading of 360 in the above mentioned example.
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| ===Tailwind component===
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| Pilots calculate the Headwind Component, Tailwind Component and Crosswind Component of any wind, if they do exist. Headwind and Tailwind are cosine functions of the wind while Crosswind Component is a sine function. Headwind and Tailwind do not occur together in normal conditions.
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| Assume:
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| <math>A=\text{Angle of the wind from the direction of travel} </math> | |
| | |
| <math>WS=\text{The measured total wind speed}</math>
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| | |
| <math>CW=\text{Crosswind}</math>
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| <math>HW=\text{Headwind}</math>
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| Then
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| <math>CW=\sin(A) \cdot WS</math>
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| <math>HW=\cos(A) \cdot WS</math>
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| For example, if the wind is at 09015 that means the wind is currently from heading 090 degrees with a speed of 15 [[Knot (unit)|Knots]] and the aircraft is taking-off from runway 24; having heading of 240. We will use the runway side with less than 90 difference from wind direction, in this case Runway 06; heading 060. Here, <math>A=30^\circ</math>.
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| <math>\text{Crosswind} = \sin[30^\circ] \cdot 15 \mathsf{knots} \approx 7.5 \mathsf{knots} </math>
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| <math>\text{Tailwind} = \cos[30^\circ] \cdot 15 \mathsf{knots} \approx 13 \mathsf{knots} </math> | |
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| The aircraft is said to have 7,5 knots of crosswind and 13 knots of headwind on runway 06, or 13 knots of tailwind on runway 24.
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| Aircraft usually have maximum tailwind and crosswind components which they cannot exceed. If the wind is at eighty degrees or above it is said to be full-cross. If the wind exceeds 100 degrees it is common practice to takeoff and land from the opposite end of the runway, it has a heading of 060 in the above mentioned example.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Crosswind]]
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| * [[Air navigation]]
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| * [[Thrust]]
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| * [[Wind assistance]]
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| * [[Wind sock]]
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| [[Category:Aerodynamics]]
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