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| '''GPS meteorology''' refers to the use of the effect of the atmosphere on the
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| propagation of the Global Positioning System's ([[GPS]]) radio signals to derive
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| information on the state of the (lower, neutral) atmosphere.
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| There are currently two main operational techniques in use in GPS meteorology:
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| GPS limb sounding from orbit, and GPS water vapour monitoring.
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| == Ground-based ==
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| As a result, if it is possible to determine the total atmospheric delay by GPS,
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| one can subtract out the calculated contribution by the well-mixed "dry" gasses
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| from the measured air pressure at the surface, and obtain a measure for the
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| absolute water vapour content of the atmosphere, integrated from surface to
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| space. This is also referred to as "total precipitable water vapour".
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| What makes it possible to determine the total atmospheric delay, is its known
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| dependence of the [[zenith]] or [[elevation]] angle of the satellite. If <math>z</math>
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| is the zenith angle, the propagation path delay is proportional to
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| <math>\frac{1}{\cos z}</math>. This unique signature makes it possible to solve
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| separately for the ''zenith delay'' in GPS computations also solving for
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| station coordinates and receiver clock delays.
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| Nowadays water vapour estimates are generated routinely in real time (latency
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| measured in hours) by permanent [[geodesy|geodetic]] GPS networks existing in
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| many parts of the world.
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| Water vapour is a very important gas for meteorological and climatological
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| studies, because of the [[latent heat]] it carries in transport. Additionally
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| it is a powerful greenhouse gas. The GPS technique is especially valuable
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| because it measures ''absolute'' water vapour content or partial pressure
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| rather than relative humidity, which corresponds to water vapour contents that
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| are strongly dependent on the often not precisely known temperature.
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| == Space-based ==
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| {{main|GPS radio occultation}}
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| {{merge section to|GPS radio occultation|date=October 2013}}
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| One can receive on a low flying satellite the signals from the much higher
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| orbiting (20 000 km) GPS satellite constellation. As the low flying satellite
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| orbits the Earth in 1.5 hours, many of the GPS satellites will "rise" and "set"
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| during the time of the orbit. When they do, their signal will traverse the atmosphere.
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| A signal delay is produced which grows or decays exponentially with time, just
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| as the atmospheric density is an exponential function of height above the
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| Earth's surface. In fact, this so-called [[limb sounding]] technique allows
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| us to determine the [[scale height]], the constant describing the steepness of
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| this atmospheric density decay. This makes the technique extremely valuable for
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| climatological studies, as the scale height is directly related to the
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| temperature in the upper atmosphere, where the limb sounding signals do their
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| sensing. The technique works best in the lower stratosphere and upper
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| troposphere; it breaks down close to the Earth surface especially in the
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| tropics, due to water vapour extinction.
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| Getting a precise measure for the mean atmospheric temperature by an absolute
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| method which is truly global and not affected by the effects of either the
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| non-random (Euramerican-centred, land biased) global distribution of weather
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| stations, or the effects of urban [heat island]s, is the holy grail of climate
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| change studies. Unfortunately the techniques has only been in use for a small number of years now, offering only a short time base.
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| Satellites involved in GPS limb sounding have been: METSAT, OERSTED (Danish),
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| and several others.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Error analysis for the Global Positioning System]]
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| == Links and references ==
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| * [http://www.paroscientific.com/gpsmet.htm GPS meteorology]
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| [[Category:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment]]
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| [[Category:Global Positioning System]]
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