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| | medianet_height='120';<br><br>medianet_crid='711758437';<br><br>During a recent visit to a nightclub, I was mesmerized by the sight of the shiny, clear and yet extremely strong bar top and table tops, which gave a fresh look to the interior of the place. Most nightclubs are furnished with the regular wooden of Formica bar tops and table tops making their interiors seemingly just a copy of each. However, with the increasing popularity of epoxy resin to create a wide range of innovative bar tops and table tops, most nightclub owners are considering the idea of renovating their interiors to provide a unique look to their places.<br><br>Among the various advantages the offered by epoxy resin bar tops and table tops the most appealing is perhaps the fact that they can be custom designed according to individual preferences. People can design a clear top or place items such as coins, cards, beads, or even small souvenirs inside them. Additionally they can add a trace of color or shade matching with the overall theme of their interiors to create a compatible look.<br><br>The resin tops are also quite poplar because of their perfect finish and are extremely durable. A properly designed resin table top or bar top can last as long as 10 years even while withstanding extensive use. A simple wipe with a good cleansing liquid is sufficient to remove any and all types of marks completely. In case you have any kind of inquiries regarding wherever in addition to how you can use [http://randolphl4.blog.com/2014/05/29/la-fibra-de-vidrio-un-elemento-provechoso-con-formidable-potencial-en-el-reciclaje/ resinas epoxi], you are able to email us with our own site. And since they are well known for their strength, they are almost damage resistant and also virtually maintenance free. The fact that these tops are much easy to clean and are practically stain and scratch resistant also make them a preferred choice for use as table tops and bar tops.<br><br>The resin tops are created by mixing the epoxy resin and the hardener in the ratio of 1:1. Since the process is complicated, it requires the skill and experience of a professional to be completed in a perfect manner. Depending on the end use of the resin top, different types of epoxy can be utilized in their creation. Given their versatility and advantages, it is really not surprising that the resin tops are fast replacing the traditional wooden or marble bar tops and table tops in most high class night clubs, restaurants and even hotels.<br><br>Royce is a fully diversified international company which was founded in 1929 to manufacture chemicals for textile industry. Today more than 80 years later, they have a resounding presence across the world and offer solution to diverse needs of chemicals to their customers which also include epoxy resin. For detailed information, please logon to http://www.royceintl.com. |
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| In [[control theory|control system theory]], the '''Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion''' is a mathematical test that is a necessary and sufficient condition for the [[stable polynomial|stability]] of a [[linear function|linear]] [[time invariant]] (LTI) [[control system]]. The Routh test is an efficient recursive algorithm that English mathematician [[Edward John Routh]] proposed in 1876 to determine whether all the [[root of a function|roots]] of the [[characteristic polynomial]] of a [[linear system]] have negative real parts. German mathematician [[Adolf Hurwitz]] independently proposed in 1895 to arrange the coefficients of the polynomial into a square matrix, called the Hurwitz matrix, and showed that the polynomial is stable if and only if the sequence of determinants of its principal submatrices are all positive. The two procedures are equivalent, with the Routh test providing a more efficient way to compute the Hurwitz determinants than computing them directly. A polynomial satisfying the Routh-Hurwitz criterion is called a [[Hurwitz polynomial]].
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| The importance of the criterion is that the roots '''''p''''' of the characteristic equation of a [[linear system]] with negative real parts represent solutions '''''e<sup>pt</sup>''''' of the system that are stable ([[BIBO stability|bounded]]). Thus the criterion provides a way to determine if the [[equations of motion]] of a [[linear system]] have only stable solutions, without solving the system directly. For discrete systems, the corresponding stability test can be handled by the Schur-Cohn criterion, the [[Jury stability criterion|Jury test]] and the [[Bistritz stability criterion|Bistritz test]].
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| The Routh test can [[Derivation of the Routh array|be derived]] through the use of the [[euclid's algorithm|Euclidean algorithm]] and [[Sturm's theorem]] in evaluating [[cauchy index|Cauchy indices]]. Hurwitz derived his conditions differently.<ref name="Gopal">{{cite book
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| | last = Gopal
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| | first = M.
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| | title = Control Systems: Principles and Design, 2nd Ed.
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| | publisher = Tata McGraw-Hill Education
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| | date = 2002
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| | location =
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| | pages = 14
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FZak6CkrVLQC&pg=PA14&dq=%22flyball+governor
| |
| | doi =
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| | id =
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| | isbn = 0070482896}}</ref>
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| ==Using Euclid's algorithm==
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| The criterion is related to [[Routh–Hurwitz theorem]]. Indeed, from the statement of that theorem, we have <math>p-q=w(+\infty)-w(-\infty)</math> where:
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| * ''p'' is the number of roots of the polynomial ''ƒ''(''z'') with negative Real Part;
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| * ''q'' is the number of roots of the polynomial ''ƒ''(''z'') with positive Real Part (let us remind ourselves that ''ƒ'' is supposed to have no roots lying on the imaginary line);
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| * ''w''(''x'') is the number of variations of the [[Sturm's theorem#Generalized Sturm chains|generalized Sturm chain]] obtained from <math>P_0(y)</math> and <math>P_1(y)</math> (by successive [[Euclid's algorithm|Euclidean divisions]]) where <math>f(iy)=P_0(y)+iP_1(y)</math> for a real ''y''.
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| By the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]], each polynomial of degree ''n'' must have ''n'' roots in the complex plane (i.e., for an ''ƒ'' with no roots on the imaginary line, ''p'' + ''q'' = ''n''). Thus, we have the condition that ''ƒ'' is a (Hurwitz) [[stable polynomial]] if and only if ''p'' − ''q'' = ''n'' (the [[Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion#Appendix A|proof]] is given below). Using the Routh–Hurwitz theorem, we can replace the condition on ''p'' and ''q'' by a condition on the generalized Sturm chain, which will give in turn a condition on the coefficients of ''ƒ''.
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| ==Using matrices==
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| Let ''f''(''z'') be a complex polynomial. The process is as follows:
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| # Compute the polynomials <math>P_0(y)</math> and <math>P_1(y)</math> such that <math>f(iy)=P_0(y)+iP_1(y)</math> where ''y'' is a real number.
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| # Compute the [[Sylvester matrix]] associated to <math>P_0(y)</math> and <math>P_1(y)</math>.
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| # Rearrange each row in such a way that an odd row and the following one have the same number of leading zeros.
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| # Compute each [[minor (linear algebra)|principal minor]] of that matrix.
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| # If at least one of the minors is negative (or zero), then the polynomial ''f'' is not stable.
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| ===Example===
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| * Let <math>f(z)=az^2+bz+c</math> (for the sake of simplicity we take real coefficients) where <math> c\neq 0</math> (to avoid a root in zero so that we can use the Routh–Hurwitz theorem). First, we have to calculate the real polynomials <math>P_0(y)</math> and <math>P_1(y)</math>:
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| :: <math>f(iy)=-ay^2+iby+c=P_0(y)+iP_1(y)=-ay^2+c+i(by).</math>
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| : Next, we divide those polynomials to obtain the generalized Sturm chain:
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| :* <math>P_0(y)=((-a/b)y)P_1(y)+c,</math> yields <math> P_2(y)=-c,</math>
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| :* <math>P_1(y)=((-b/c)y)P_2(y),</math> yields <math>P_3(y)=0</math> and the [[Euclid's algorithm|Euclidean division]] stops.
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| Notice that we had to suppose ''b'' different from zero in the first division. The generalized Sturm chain is in this case <math>(P_0(y),P_1(y),P_2(y))=(c-ay^2,by,-c)</math>. Putting <math>y=+\infty</math>, the sign of <math>c-ay^2</math> is the opposite sign of ''a'' and the sign of ''by'' is the sign of ''b''. When we put <math>y=-\infty</math>, the sign of the first element of the chain is again the opposite sign of ''a'' and the sign of ''by'' is the opposite sign of ''b''. Finally, -''c'' has always the opposite sign of ''c''.
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| Suppose now that ''f'' is Hurwitz-stable. This means that <math>w(+\infty)-w(-\infty)=2</math> (the degree of ''f''). By the properties of the function ''w'', this is the same as <math>w(+\infty)=2</math> and <math>w(-\infty)=0</math>. Thus, ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' must have the same sign. We have thus found the [[stable polynomial#Properties|necessary condition of stability]] for polynomials of degree 2.
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| ===Routh–Hurwitz criterion for second, third, and fourth-order polynomials===
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| In the following, we assume the coefficient of the highest order (e.g. <math>a_2</math> in a second order polynomial) to be positive. If necessary, this can always be achieved by multiplication of the polynomial with <math>-1</math>. | |
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| * For a second-order polynomial, <math> P(s) = a_2s^2 + a_1s + a_0 = 0 </math>, all the roots are in the left half plane (and the system with characteristic equation <math> P(s) </math> is stable) if all the coefficients satisfy <math> a_n > 0 </math>.
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| * For a third-order polynomial <math> P(s) = a_3s^3 + a_2s^2 + a_1s + a_0 = 0</math>, all the coefficients must satisfy <math> a_n > 0 </math>, and <math> a_2a_1 > a_3a_0 </math>
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| *For a fourth-order polynomial <math> P(s) = a_4s^4 + a_3s^3 + a_2s^2 + a_1s + a_0 = 0 </math>, all the coefficients must satisfy <math> a_n > 0 </math>, and <math> a_3a_2 > a_4a_1</math> and <math> a_3a_2a_1 > a_4a_1^2 + a_3^2a_0 </math>
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| ===Higher-order example===
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| A tabular method can be used to determine the stability when the roots of a higher order characteristic polynomial are difficult to obtain. For an ''n''th-degree polynomial
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| * <math>D(s)=a_ns^n+a_{n-1}s^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1s+a_0</math>
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| the table has ''n'' + 1 rows and the following structure:
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| {| border="1" width="200px"
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| | <math>a_n</math> || <math>a_{n-2}</math> || <math>a_{n-4}</math> || <math>\dots</math>
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| |-
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| | <math>a_{n-1}</math> || <math>a_{n-3}</math> || <math>a_{n-5}</math> || <math>\dots</math>
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| |-
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| | <math>b_1</math> || <math>b_2</math> || <math>b_3</math> || <math>\dots</math>
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| |-
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| | <math>c_1</math> || <math>c_2</math> || <math>c_3</math> || <math>\dots</math>
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| |-
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| | <math>\vdots</math> || <math>\vdots</math> || <math>\vdots</math> || <math>\ddots</math>
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| |}
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| where the elements <math>b_i</math> and <math>c_i</math> can be computed as follows:
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| * <math>b_i=\frac{a_{n-1}\times{a_{n-2i}}-a_n\times{a_{n-2i-1}}}{a_{n-1}}.</math>
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| * <math>c_i=\frac{b_1\times{a_{n-2i-1}}-a_{n-1}\times{b_{i+1}}}{b_1}.</math>
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| When completed, the number of sign changes in the first column will be the number of non-negative poles.
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| Consider a system with a characteristic polynomial
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| * <math>D(s)=s^5+4s^4+2s^3+5s^2+3s+6.\,</math>
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| We have the following table:
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| {| border="1"
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| | width="40px"| 1 || width="40px"|2 || width="40px"|3 || width="40px"|0
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| |-
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| | 4 || 5 || 6 || 0
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| |-
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| | 0.75 || 1.5 || 0 || 0
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| |-
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| | −3 || 6 || 0 ||
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| |-
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| | 3 || 0 || ||
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| |-
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| | 6 || 0 || ||
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| |}
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| In the first column, there are two sign changes (0.75 → −3, and −3 → 3), thus there are two non-negative roots where the system is unstable.
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| " Sometimes the presence of poles on the imaginary axis creates a situation of marginal stability. In that case the coefficients of the "Routh Array" become zero and thus further solution of the polynomial for finding changes in sign is not possible. Then another approach comes into play. The row of polynomial which is just above the row containing the zeroes is called "Auxiliary Polynomial".
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| * <math>s^6+2s^5+8s^4+12s^3+20s^2+16s+16=0.\,</math>
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| We have the following table:
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| {| border="1"
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| | width="40px"| 1 || width="40px"|8 || width="40px"|20 || width="40px"|16
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| |-
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| | 2 || 12 || 16 || 0
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| |-
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| | 2 || 12 || 16 || 0
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| |-
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| | 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
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| |}
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| In such a case the Auxiliary polynomial is <math>A(s)=2s^4+12s^2+16.\,</math> which is again equal to zero. The next step is to differentiate the above equation which yields the following polynomial. <math>B(s)=8s^3+24s^1.\,</math>. The coefficients of the row containing zero now become
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| "8" and "24". The process of Routh array is proceeded using these values which yield two points on the imaginary axis. These two points on the imaginary axis are the prime cause of marginal stability.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saeed|first=Syed Hasan|title=Automatic Control Systems|year=2008|publisher=Katson Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-906919-2-5|pages=206, 207}}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Control engineering]]
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| * [[Derivation of the Routh array]]
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| * [[Nyquist stability criterion]]
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| * [[Routh–Hurwitz theorem]]
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| * [[Root locus]]
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| * [[Transfer function]]
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| * [[Jury stability criterion]]
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| * [[Bistritz stability criterion]]
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| * [[Kharitonov's theorem]]
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| * [[Liénard–Chipart criterion]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| * {{cite journal
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| | author = Hurwitz, A.
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| | year = 1895
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| | title =Über die Bedingungen unter welchen eine Gleichung nur Wurzeln mit negativen reellen Teilen besitzt
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| | journal = Math. Ann. 46, 273-284 (English translation ``On the conditions under which an equation has only roots with negative real parts" by H. G. Bergmann in Selected Papers on Mathematical Trends in Control Theory R. Bellman and R. Kalaba Eds. New York: Dover, 1964 pp. 70-82.)
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| | author = [[Edward Routh|Routh, E. J.]]
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| | year = 1877
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| | title = A Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion: Particularly Steady Motion
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| | publisher = Macmillan and co.
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| | isbn =
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| | author = Gantmacher, F. R.
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| | year = 1959
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| | title = Applications of the Theory of Matrices
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| | journal = Interscience, New York
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| | volume = 641
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| | issue = 9
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| | pages = 1–8
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| | author = Pippard, A. B.
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| | coauthors = Dicke, R. H.
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| | year = 1986
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| | title = Response and Stability, An Introduction to the Physical Theory
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| | journal = American Journal of Physics
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| | volume = 54
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| | pages = 1052
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| | url = http://link.aip.org/link/?AJPIAS/54/1052/1
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| | accessdate = 2008-05-07
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| | doi = 10.1119/1.14826
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| }}
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| * {{cite book
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| | author = [[Richard C. Dorf, Robert H. Bishop]]
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| | year = 2001
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| | title =Modern Control Systems, 9th Edition
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| | publisher = Prentice Hall
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| | isbn = 0-13-030660-6
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| }}
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| * {{cite book | last1=Rahman | first1=Q. I. | last2=Schmeisser | first2=G. | title=Analytic theory of polynomials | series=London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series | volume=26 | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2002 | isbn=0-19-853493-0 | zbl=1072.30006 }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |author = Weisstein, Eric W
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| | |
| |title = Routh-Hurwitz Theorem.
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| |url = http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Routh-HurwitzTheorem.html
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| |journal= MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource
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| }}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/25956-routh-hurwitz-stability-test A MATLAB script implementing the Routh-Hurwitz test]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion}}
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| [[Category:Stability theory]]
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| [[Category:Electronic feedback]]
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| [[Category:Electronic amplifiers]]
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| [[Category:Signal processing]]
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| [[Category:Polynomials]]
| |
medianet_height='120';
medianet_crid='711758437';
During a recent visit to a nightclub, I was mesmerized by the sight of the shiny, clear and yet extremely strong bar top and table tops, which gave a fresh look to the interior of the place. Most nightclubs are furnished with the regular wooden of Formica bar tops and table tops making their interiors seemingly just a copy of each. However, with the increasing popularity of epoxy resin to create a wide range of innovative bar tops and table tops, most nightclub owners are considering the idea of renovating their interiors to provide a unique look to their places.
Among the various advantages the offered by epoxy resin bar tops and table tops the most appealing is perhaps the fact that they can be custom designed according to individual preferences. People can design a clear top or place items such as coins, cards, beads, or even small souvenirs inside them. Additionally they can add a trace of color or shade matching with the overall theme of their interiors to create a compatible look.
The resin tops are also quite poplar because of their perfect finish and are extremely durable. A properly designed resin table top or bar top can last as long as 10 years even while withstanding extensive use. A simple wipe with a good cleansing liquid is sufficient to remove any and all types of marks completely. In case you have any kind of inquiries regarding wherever in addition to how you can use resinas epoxi, you are able to email us with our own site. And since they are well known for their strength, they are almost damage resistant and also virtually maintenance free. The fact that these tops are much easy to clean and are practically stain and scratch resistant also make them a preferred choice for use as table tops and bar tops.
The resin tops are created by mixing the epoxy resin and the hardener in the ratio of 1:1. Since the process is complicated, it requires the skill and experience of a professional to be completed in a perfect manner. Depending on the end use of the resin top, different types of epoxy can be utilized in their creation. Given their versatility and advantages, it is really not surprising that the resin tops are fast replacing the traditional wooden or marble bar tops and table tops in most high class night clubs, restaurants and even hotels.
Royce is a fully diversified international company which was founded in 1929 to manufacture chemicals for textile industry. Today more than 80 years later, they have a resounding presence across the world and offer solution to diverse needs of chemicals to their customers which also include epoxy resin. For detailed information, please logon to http://www.royceintl.com.