Euclidean minimum spanning tree: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:16, 11 December 2014

Michael Kors Melbourne What Youre Not to Read

1'A L IIER. .5 sand 47iourke tit, Melbourne. If you learn someone has published your good article without your permission, you might take them to court. If you ever selfpublish, you should register right away (if you publish having a commercial publisher of respectable size, they will register for you and pay the Michael Kors Melbourne fee for you..

If need be, you can keep the data in Ray Ban Sunglasses Australia a manual form, or key it right into Mont Blanc Pens Sydney a database. More on that within the next issue.. Clapper said he would prefer to avoid a wholesale reduction in classified satellite capacity and in the cadre of analysts that interpret the information. Government cut too deeply into its groups of signals and image analysts and into the satellite assets they translate into usable information.

The best way Cheap Nike Australia to lead him to feel like a real man is if you say things that would boost his ego. For instance, tell him that you couldn't do things without him because he is the only one who knows how you can do things around the house. Based on your target publication, editors might be hungry for ideas that feel current or they may be open to more evergreen stories. Timely ideas could focus on an movie release, a product launch, an emerging trend, or a recent study.

You can easily bring to close high blood pressure levels medications and medicines at variety 2 diabetes, Kaplan understood. Out to be 2 day diet topix men and women to suffer even 10 zero per cent of themselves block could substantial mainly for the reason that healthcare ultimate findings grow intensely despite low cosmetic,Inspecting zeroValue mathSome experts express the marketplace for Qsymia since Belviq currently being zeroVolume on the internet, Which has bargains including one destroying additional.

Align Icons is Windows context menu addition that permits you to align icons on the way you would like. This utility can be very useful for the purpose of disk mastering as well as for all those who love order in the their folders. NEH and ALA allow us five Let Talk About It themes to inspire dynamic conversation on a variety of issues presented in the materials contained in the Bridging Cultures Bookshelf: Muslim Journeys. Themes include American Stories, Connected Histories, Literary Reflections, Pathways of Faith, and Points of View.

Create an account or login Trending pics and vids ASVAB For Dummies Scribd Introduction; About This Book; Conventions Used in This Book; What Youre Not to Read; Foolish Assumptions; How This Book Is Organized; Part I: Making Feeling of the. Often the walls aren't all the way up to the ceiling and have a "breezeway" for the air to flow through. (Natural ac!) Most places have hot flowing water, indoor shower and toilet, electricity and kitchen facilities.

Longchamp Australia such as VBScript or JScript

If you have strong communication skills and enjoy the challenge of recruiting and training a crew of independent contractors, this is for you. The ideal candidate will require basic computer skills, have the ability to deliver open newspaper routes, must respond to customer complaints, know basic math, be a team player and have good people management skills.

Being able to deescalate one's own and the anger of others is an important skill to have in business. Hopefully, this is not something the reader deals with regularly but unfortunately most people in business encounter either their very own anger or the anger of others more they would like..

The Royal Thai Air Force or RTAF, established in 1913, is the air force of the Kingdom of Thailand, and ranks as one of the earliest air forces to become formed in Asia. The very first airmen that formed Longchamp Australia the Air Force were trained in France between 1912 and 1913.

Why? If many social scientists are to be believed, you run a higher risk of having a rocky marriage. While everybody knows that marriage can be stressful, recent studies have found professional women are more likely to get divorced, more likely to cheat, less likely to have children, and, if they Air Jordan Australia do Christian Louboutin Australia have kids, they are more likely to be unhappy about it.

Mike McGuinness happens to be the VP Sales for Vibram Five Fingers Melbourne Scribd. The company's CEO is Trip Adler. Achieving high rankings on search engines is not that simple. The reason is very simple. We have a web app almost completed and ready to go live, we know how many people are going to be using it in a years time but have simply no idea how much bandwidth the average user takes, to the length of time they burn up on the database etc. We need to determine the correct servers to buy..

Never overlook Tampa Bay. The Angels added Josh Hamilton to a lineup that already featured Mike Trout and Albert Pujols. You gleamed, sweet giftbestowing Mother, with the light of the sun; you gleamed using the insupportable fires of a most fervent charity, bringing forth ultimately that which was conceived of you .

The cylinders are all in pretty fair shape. I haven't got a way to measure the taper (dial bore gauge). Paradise is actually the most famous area on the Gold Coast of Australia, where I am from, Cody shared in a statment. Think this album really represents that piece of me, my lifestyle, where I come from.

With Asante Samuel as being a relatively small corner around the left side for the Falcons, Trufant brings some size at 6feet, 190 pounds. At Washington like a junior, Trufant had two interceptions and 14 pass breakups. Any dynamic element needed by the page was defined utilizing a scripting language (such as VBScript or JScript). In the end the dynamic aspects of the page were defined, the result was an HTML page output to the browser of the requesting client..

Louis Vuitton Sydney videos and email addresses.

John received additional training from Pierre Benoit. With his knowledge, John helped a lot of people change their life for the better, in the office and through home visits.. The reception staff were always polite and helpful and also the reps on hand for large areas of the day to answer any questions. Top Trip Yellow Submarine (bookable through Thomson)You receive taken by coach to Puerto Mogan (very pretty) and board the submarine for around a forty minute trip in which you should see loads of fish, especially swimming around a wreck.

Any attendees are thanks for visiting invite nonnetwork guests if desired. Attendees will surprise notify Stanford as soon as possible and indicate the next: 1) Your name. If the picnic is during lunch time, take along some sandwiches. Try peanut butter and jelly.

For airline pilots, the phone call of "checklist complete" is officially prescribed speak with claim that the crew's joint conduct of a checklist is over, and the task Louis Vuitton Sydney could be understood as closed. However, very often this call is not the final talk for the task.

If you are Darren Eastcott and don't would like your image to be displayed on 123people, please delete the look from the original source. Using our proprietary search algorithm, you'll find comprehensive and centralized person related information composed of public records, phone numbers, addresses, images, Cheap Polo Ralph Lauren Australia videos and emails.

To prevent withdrawal reactions, your doctor may reduce your dose gradually. This risk might be increased if you have abused alcohol or drugs in the past. Where will your content reside? Where will it be shared? The perfect scenario is your blog, newsletter, then your social networks. Once you've gone to the effort to create that valuable content you need to repurpose it in to a newsletter article along with a series of tweets or even short videos on YouTube.

Children can scamper along the breakwater without risking parental cardiac arrest. Seniors can lean on the rails to trap a break while enjoying the sweeping views. Who is paying for this project? A very good question and one that a few individuals have asked. It appears to be McColgan and a few others."A feasibility study which was funded by businessmen Denis O'Brien and Dermot Desmond and Riverdancefounder John McColgan with support from Google and Facebook continues to be completed and the website, that has four fulltime employees already, will be developed in time for its global launch Vibram Five Fingers next March.".

Forgetting our Timberland Boots shared, autobiographical memories through conversation: Socially shared retrievalinduced forgetting within intimate couples. In W. BRADY, EDWARD JOSEPH (TED) August 7, 1926 January 1, 2011 ANGELS WALK In our midst Today we say goodbye to a very special person in our lives as Ted joined the world of angels. Ted passed away peacefully in the Regina Pasqua Hospital with Dorothy, Sherry, Bob and Stephanie by his side.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Vortex-street-animation.gif|thumb|400px|Animation of vortex street created by a cylindrical object.  The flow on opposite sides of the object is given different colors, showing that the vortices are shed from alternating sides of the object.]]
+== Michael Kors Melbourne  What Youre Not to Read ==
-In [[fluid dynamics]], a '''Kármán vortex street''' (or a '''von Kármán vortex sheet''') is a repeating pattern of swirling [[vortex|vortices]] caused by the unsteady [[flow separation|separation of flow]] of a [[fluid]] around blunt bodies. It is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist [[Theodore von Kármán]],<ref>Theodore von Kármán, ''Aerodynamics''. McGraw-Hill (1963): ISBN 978-0-07-067602-2. Dover (1994): ISBN 978-0-486-43485-8.</ref> and is responsible for such phenomena as the "[[conductor gallop#Flutter|singing]]" of suspended telephone or power lines, and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds.
-==Analysis==
+'A L IIER. .5 sand 47iourke tit, Melbourne. If you learn someone has published your good article without your permission, you might take them to court. If you ever selfpublish, you should register right away (if you publish having a commercial publisher of respectable size, they will register for you and pay the [http://www.murphybuilders.com.au/files/uploads/connect.asp Michael Kors Melbourne] fee for you.. <br><br>If need be, you can keep the data in [http://www.nadya.com.au/flux/core/styles/library.asp Ray Ban Sunglasses Australia] a manual form, or key it right into [http://www.nadya.com.au/graphics/popups/settings.asp Mont Blanc Pens Sydney] a database. More on that within the next issue.. Clapper said he would prefer to avoid a wholesale reduction in classified satellite capacity and in the cadre of analysts that interpret the information. Government cut too deeply into its groups of signals and image analysts and into the satellite assets they translate into usable information. <br><br>The best way [http://www.enginegroup.com.au/dynamo/browser.asp Cheap Nike Australia] to lead him to feel like a real man is if you say things that would boost his ego. For instance, tell him that you couldn't do things without him because he is the only one who knows how you can do things around the house. Based on your target publication, editors might be hungry for ideas that feel current or they may be open to more evergreen stories. Timely ideas could focus on an movie release, a product launch, an emerging trend, or a recent study. <br><br>You can easily bring to close high blood pressure levels medications and medicines at variety 2 diabetes, Kaplan understood. Out to be 2 day diet topix men and women to suffer even 10 zero per cent of themselves block could substantial mainly for the reason that healthcare ultimate findings grow intensely despite low cosmetic,Inspecting zeroValue mathSome experts express the marketplace for Qsymia since Belviq currently being zeroVolume on the internet, Which has bargains including one destroying additional. <br><br>Align Icons is Windows context menu addition that permits you to align icons on the way you would like. This utility can be very useful for the purpose of disk mastering as well as for all those who love order in the their folders. NEH and ALA allow us five Let Talk About It themes to inspire dynamic conversation on a variety of issues presented in the materials contained in the Bridging Cultures Bookshelf: Muslim Journeys. Themes include American Stories, Connected Histories, Literary Reflections, Pathways of Faith, and Points of View. <br><br>Create an account or login Trending pics and vids ASVAB For Dummies  Scribd Introduction; About This Book; Conventions Used in This Book; What Youre Not to Read; Foolish Assumptions; How This Book Is Organized; Part I: Making Feeling of the. Often the walls aren't all the way up to the ceiling and have a "breezeway" for the air to flow through. (Natural ac!) Most places have hot flowing water, indoor shower and toilet, electricity and kitchen facilities.<ul>
-[[Image:Vortex-street-1.jpg|thumb|Kármán vortex street caused by wind flowing around the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the Chilean coast.]]
+   <li>[http://852360.134218.20la.com.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=312480&fromuid=18953 http://852360.134218.20la.com.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=312480&fromuid=18953]</li>
+   <li>[http://www.haomaiqi.com/news/html/?74865.html http://www.haomaiqi.com/news/html/?74865.html]</li>
+   <li>[http://idc.xjklmy.cc/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=421097 http://idc.xjklmy.cc/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=421097]</li>
+   <li>[http://senser-tec.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=20057 http://senser-tec.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=20057]</li>
+   <li>[http://www.gridwang.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=3166&fromuid=1897 http://www.gridwang.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=3166&fromuid=1897]</li>
+ </ul>
-A vortex street will only form at a certain range of flow velocities, specified by a range of [[Reynolds number]]s (''Re''), typically above a limiting ''Re'' value of about 90. The Reynolds number is a measure of the ratio of [[inertia]]l to [[viscosity|viscous forces]] in the flow of a fluid and may be defined as:
+== Longchamp Australia such as VBScript or JScript ==
-:<math>\mathrm{Re}=\frac{Vd}{\nu}\ </math>
+If you have strong communication skills and enjoy the challenge of recruiting and training a crew of independent contractors, this is for you. The ideal candidate will require basic computer skills, have the ability to deliver open newspaper routes, must respond to customer complaints, know basic math, be a team player and have good people management skills. <br><br>Being able to deescalate one's own and the anger of others is an important skill to have in business. Hopefully, this is not something the reader deals with regularly but unfortunately most people in business encounter either their very own anger or the anger of others more they would like.. <br><br>The Royal Thai Air Force or RTAF, established in 1913, is the air force of the Kingdom of Thailand, and ranks as one of the earliest air forces to become formed in Asia. The very first airmen that formed [http://www.completionpress.com.au/graphics/system/session.asp Longchamp Australia] the Air Force were trained in France between 1912 and 1913. <br><br>Why? If many social scientists are to be believed, you run a higher risk of having a rocky marriage. While everybody knows that marriage can be stressful, recent studies have found professional women are more likely to get divorced, more likely to cheat, less likely to have children, and, if they [http://www.murphybuilders.com.au/common/defines.asp Air Jordan Australia] do [http://www.romagnolabeefgenetics.com.au/dev/newsletter/graphics/system/permissions.asp Christian Louboutin Australia] have kids, they are more likely to be unhappy about it. <br><br>Mike McGuinness happens to be the VP Sales for [http://www.glendavishotel.com.au/ximages/class.asp Vibram Five Fingers Melbourne] Scribd. The company's CEO is Trip Adler. Achieving high rankings on search engines is not that simple. The reason is very simple. We have a web app almost completed and ready to go live, we know how many people are going to be using it in a years time but have simply no idea how much bandwidth the average user takes, to the length of time they burn up on the database etc. We need to determine the correct servers to buy.. <br><br>Never overlook Tampa Bay. The Angels added Josh Hamilton to a lineup that already featured Mike Trout and Albert Pujols. You gleamed, sweet giftbestowing Mother, with the light of the sun; you gleamed using the insupportable fires of a most fervent charity, bringing forth ultimately that which was conceived of you . <br><br>The cylinders are all in pretty fair shape. I haven't got a way to measure the taper (dial bore gauge). Paradise is actually the most famous area on the Gold Coast of Australia, where I am from, Cody shared in a statment. Think this album really represents that piece of me, my lifestyle, where I come from. <br><br>With Asante Samuel as being a relatively small corner around the left side for the Falcons, Trufant brings some size at 6feet, 190 pounds. At Washington like a junior, Trufant had two interceptions and 14 pass breakups. Any dynamic element needed by the page was defined utilizing a scripting language (such as VBScript or JScript). In the end the dynamic aspects of the page were defined, the result was an HTML page output to the browser of the requesting client..<ul>
+   <li>[http://166.111.7.59/luo/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2419360&extra= http://166.111.7.59/luo/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2419360&extra=]</li>
+   <li>[http://luntan.jxyixiao.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=516584 http://luntan.jxyixiao.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=516584]</li>
+   <li>[http://www.qe.hk/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=127813 http://www.qe.hk/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=127813]</li>
+   <li>[http://tempstreets.com/wiki/index.php?title=User:Hmcmebnjw#New_Balance_574_Very_importantly http://tempstreets.com/wiki/index.php?title=User:Hmcmebnjw#New_Balance_574_Very_importantly]</li>
+   <li>[http://www.eventbuddie.com/activity/p/546400/ http://www.eventbuddie.com/activity/p/546400/]</li>
+ </ul>
-where:
+== Louis Vuitton Sydney  videos and email addresses. ==
-*<math>d</math> = the diameter of the cylinder (or some other suitable measure of width of non-circular bodies) about which the fluid is flowing.
+John received additional training from Pierre Benoit. With his knowledge, John helped a lot of people change their life for the better, in the office and through home visits.. The reception staff were always polite and helpful and also the reps on hand for large areas of the day to answer any questions. Top Trip  Yellow Submarine (bookable through Thomson)You receive taken by coach to Puerto Mogan (very pretty) and board the submarine for around a forty minute trip in which you should see loads of fish, especially swimming around a wreck. <br><br>Any attendees are thanks for visiting invite nonnetwork guests if desired. Attendees will surprise notify Stanford as soon as possible and indicate the next: 1) Your name. If the picnic is during lunch time, take along some sandwiches. Try peanut butter and jelly. <br><br>For airline pilots, the phone call of "checklist complete" is officially prescribed speak with claim that the crew's joint conduct of a checklist is over, and the task [http://www.originpublishing.com.au/common/lightbox/css/contact.asp Louis Vuitton Sydney] could be understood as closed. However, very often this call is not the final talk for the task. <br><br>If you are Darren Eastcott and don't would like your image to be displayed on 123people, please delete the look from the original source. Using our proprietary search algorithm, you'll find comprehensive and centralized person related information composed of public records, phone numbers, addresses, images, [http://www.taoist.org.au/custom/emailsend.asp Cheap Polo Ralph Lauren Australia] videos and emails. <br><br>To prevent withdrawal reactions, your doctor may reduce your dose gradually. This risk might be increased if you have abused alcohol or drugs in the past. Where will your content reside? Where will it be shared? The perfect scenario is your blog, newsletter, then your social networks. Once you've gone to the effort to create that valuable content you need to repurpose it in to a newsletter article along with a series of tweets or even short videos on YouTube. <br><br>Children can scamper along the breakwater without risking parental cardiac arrest. Seniors can lean on the rails to trap a break while enjoying the sweeping views. Who is paying for this project? A very good question and one that a few individuals have asked. It appears to be McColgan and a few others."A feasibility study which was funded by businessmen Denis O'Brien and Dermot Desmond and Riverdancefounder John McColgan with support from Google and Facebook continues to be completed and the website, that has four fulltime employees already, will be developed in time for its global launch [http://www.glendavishotel.com.au/ximages/class.asp Vibram Five Fingers] next March.". <br><br>Forgetting our [http://www.gregoryburgessarchitects.com.au/Mobile/Css/style.asp Timberland Boots] shared, autobiographical memories through conversation: Socially shared retrievalinduced forgetting within intimate couples. In W. BRADY, EDWARD JOSEPH (TED) August 7, 1926 January 1, 2011 ANGELS WALK In our midst Today we say goodbye to a very special person in our lives as Ted joined the world of angels. Ted passed away peacefully in the Regina Pasqua Hospital with Dorothy, Sherry, Bob and Stephanie by his side.<ul>
-*<math>V</math> = the steady [[velocity]] of the flow upstream of the cylinder.
-*<math>\nu\,</math> = the [[Kinematic viscosity|kinematic viscosity]] of the fluid.
+   <li>[http://www.024xyf.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=451288 http://www.024xyf.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=451288]</li>
-or:
+   <li>[http://www.miaofen.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=598790 http://www.miaofen.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=598790]</li>
-:<math>\mathrm{Re}=\frac{\rho _\infty V _\infty d }{\mu _\infty} </math>
+   <li>[http://www.mingjiuxuan.com/news/html/?109526.html http://www.mingjiuxuan.com/news/html/?109526.html]</li>
-where:
+   <li>[http://www.garanhunsnegocios.com/index.php?page=item&id=71975 http://www.garanhunsnegocios.com/index.php?page=item&id=71975]</li>
-*<math>\rho _\infty</math>  = the free stream fluid density.
+   <li>[http://www.zgxmzsw.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=499878&fromuid=13081 http://www.zgxmzsw.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=499878&fromuid=13081]</li>
-*<math>V _\infty</math>  = the steady free stream velocity of the flow upstream of the cylinder.
-*<math>d</math>    = the diameter of the cylinder (or some other suitable measure of width of non-circular bodies) about which the fluid is flowing.
+  </ul>
-*<math>\mu _\infty</math>  = the free stream [[dynamic viscosity]] of the fluid.
-The range of ''Re'' values will vary with the size and shape of the body from which the [[Eddy (fluid dynamics)|eddies]] are being [[Vortex shedding|shed]], as well as with the [[kinematic viscosity]] of the fluid. Over a large ''Re'' range (47<Re<10<sup>5</sup> for circular cylinders) eddies are shed continuously from each side of the body, forming rows of vortices in its [[wake]].  The alternation leads to the core of a vortex in one row being opposite the point midway between two vortex cores in the other row, giving rise to the distinctive pattern shown in the picture.  Ultimately, the [[energy]] of the vortices is consumed by viscosity as they move further down stream, and the regular pattern disappears.
-When a single vortex is shed, an [[Symmetry|asymmetrical]] flow pattern forms around the body and changes the [[pressure]] distribution.  This means that the alternate shedding of vortices can create [[Frequency|periodic]] lateral (sideways) forces on the body in question, causing it to vibrate. If the vortex shedding [[frequency]] is similar to the [[Fundamental frequency#Mechanical systems|natural frequency]] of a body or structure, it causes [[resonance]]. It is this forced vibration that, at the correct frequency, causes suspended [[telephone line|telephone]] or [[power line]]s to "sing" and the [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] on a car to vibrate more strongly at certain speeds.
-{{clear}}
-==In meteorology==
-{{Expand section|date=November 2012}}
-===Observations of mountains and islands known to cause a Kármán vortex street===
-Winds blowing past isolated islands or mountains that project into the atmosphere can cause a huge vortex street disturbance downwind of them, visible in satellite photographs such as the gallery below.  The following is a list of islands and mountains worldwide known to cause the Von Kármán vortex street.
-[[File:Prapiroon Oct 18 2012 2.10 UTC.jpg|thumb|230px|right|A Kármán vortex street off Jeju Do (left), caused by the downward windflow of [[2012 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Prapiroon (Nina)|Typhoon Prapiroon]] on the east.]]
-*[[Guadalupe Island]] – known to cause the Von Kármán vortices, usually in May–September. It is an active island in generating the phenomenon, with a vortex street appearing almost every day in June to August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=987 |title=Atmospheric Vortices near Guadalupe Island : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Hallasan]] Volcano, [[Jeju Province|Jeju Island]], [[South Korea]] –Known to cause one of the world's largest  Von Karman vortex streets, every winter, usually starting from October to April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/intersat/satellite_gallery/misc_e.htm#m6 |title=Miscellaneous |publisher=Hko.gov.hk |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Yakushima|Yakushima Island]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2005/tp050307.html |title=Seen from Space - Striped Clouds Crossing over the Sea of Japan |publisher=EORC |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Socorro Island]], a small volcanic island in the [[Revillagigedo Islands]], a possession of [[Mexico]] – the small, 37.4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> island often causes long, small vortex streets downwind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1254 |title=Swirls of Lace : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Juan Fernández Islands|Juan Fernandez Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=625 |title=Landsat 7 Reveals Large-scale Fractal Motion of Clouds : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*All [[Canary Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=AtlanticOcean.A2010226.1455.1km.jpg |title=Rapid Response - LANCE - Terra/MODIS 2010/226 14:55 UTC |publisher=Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Madeira Island]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=63391 |title=NASA Visible Earth: Vortex street near Madeira Island |publisher=Visibleearth.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-* Most of [[Cape Verde Islands]]<ref>http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/72000/72646/CapeVerde.A2005005.1225.250m.jpg</ref>
-*[[Beerenberg]] Volcano, [[Jan Mayen]] island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=2270 |title=A Vortex Street in the Arctic : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Herald Island (Arctic)|Herald Island]], [[Russia]] – with only 364 meters height, the small, 11.3&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> island is one of the smallest known to cause a vortex street every summer visible in the low [[fog]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=9043 |title=Wrangel Island, Russia : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Saint Helena|Saint Helena Island]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=79720 |title=Cloud Vortices off St. Helena : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Broutona|Broutona Island]], [[Russia]].<ref name="Image of the Day">{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=2313 |title=Von Karman Vortices over Broutona : Image of the Day |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Chyornie Bratya|Chyornie Bratya islands]], [[Russia]]<ref name="Image of the Day"/>
-*[[Zavodovski Island|Zavodovski volcano]] [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]].
-*[[Tristan da Cunha]], South Atlantic ocean.<ref>http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi</ref>
-*[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|Southern Sandwich Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=SouthSandwich.A2012118.1620.1km.jpg |title=Rapid Response - LANCE - Terra/MODIS 2012/118 16:20 UTC |publisher=Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Aleutian Islands]], [[Alaska]] – about 70% of the group of islands are known to create Von Kármán vortex streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=AleutianIslands.A2012108.2240.500m.jpg |title=Rapid Response - LANCE - Terra/MODIS 2012/108 22:40 UTC |publisher=Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard Island]], south [[Indian Ocean]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=HeardIsland.A2011262.0430.1km.jpg |title=Rapid Response - LANCE - Terra/MODIS 2011/262 04:30 UTC |publisher=Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Galápagos Islands|Galapagos Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=Galapagos.A2010251.1635.1km.jpg |title=Rapid Response - LANCE - Terra/MODIS 2010/251 16:35 UTC |publisher=Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Juan Fernández Islands]], [[Chile]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=JuanFernandezIslands.A2010020.1920.1km.jpg |title=Rapid Response - LANCE - Terra/MODIS 2010/020 19:20 UTC |publisher=Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Rishiri Island]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Čeština |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishiri_Island |title=Rishiri Island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Crozet Islands]], Southern Indian Ocean<ref>{{cite web|url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=72574 |title=NASA Visible Earth: Cloud vortices off the Crozet Islands, south Indian Ocean |publisher=Visibleearth.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-*[[Kuril Islands]], about 75% of the islands exhibit a vortex street, usually in the summer from June to August under low fog.The vortices don't form in winter, even through the same clouds are around due to the fast movement off winds caused by [[extratropical cyclone]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masterfile.com/stock-photography/image/679-02682151/Von-Karman-vortices.-Coloured-composite-satellite-image-of-clouds-forming-von-Karman |title=Von Karman vortices. Coloured composite satellite image of clouds forming von Karman vortices, an effect that occurs when an object disturbs the flow of a fluid, leading to the creation of a chain of spiral eddies (a vortex street). In this case, the objects causing vortex streets to form are islands in the Kuril Islands chain between Russia and Japan. The effect occurs at all scales and it is imp - Stock Photos |publisher=Masterfile.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-20}}</ref>
-* [[Jan Mayen]], Northern Atlantic Ocean.<ref>http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=77654</ref>
-==Engineering problems==
-[[File:Karman Vortex Street Off Cylinder.ogv|thumb|400px|Simulated vortex street around a [[No slip condition|no-slip]] cylindrical obstruction.]]
-[[File:Vortex.fin.small.ogv|thumb|400px|The same cylinder, now with a fin, suppressing the vortex street by reducing the region in which the side eddies can interact.]]
-In low turbulence, tall buildings can produce a Kármán street so long as the structure is uniform along its height. In urban areas where there are many other tall structures nearby, the turbulence produced by these prevents the formation of coherent vortices.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vortices and tall buildings: A recipe for resonance|first=Peter A. | last=Irwin|journal=Physics Today|date=September 2010|pages=68–69|volume=63|number=9|ISSN=0031-9228|publisher=American Institute of Physics}}</ref> Periodic crosswind forces set up by vortices along object's sides can be highly undesirable, and hence it is important for engineers to account for the possible effects of vortex shedding when designing a wide range of structures, from [[submarine]] [[periscope]]s to industrial [[chimney]]s and [[skyscraper]]s.
-In order to prevent the unwanted vibration of such cylindrical bodies, a longitudinal fin can be fitted on the downstream side, which, providing it is longer than the diameter of the cylinder, will prevent the eddies from interacting, and consequently they remain attached.  Obviously, for a tall building or mast, the relative wind could come from any direction. For this reason, [[helix|helical]] projections that look like large screw threads are sometimes placed at the top, which effectively create asymmetric three-dimensional flow, thereby discouraging the alternate shedding of vortices; this is also found in some car antennas. Another countermeasure with tall buildings is using variation in the diameter with height, such as tapering - that prevents the entire building being driven at the same frequency.
-Even more serious [[instability]] can be created in concrete [[cooling tower]]s, for example, especially when built together in clusters. Vortex shedding caused the collapse of three towers at [[Ferrybridge power stations#Construction|Ferrybridge Power Station C]] in 1965 during high winds.
-The failure of the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)]]  was originally attributed to excessive vibration due to vortex shedding, but was actually caused by  [[aeroelastic flutter]].
-{{clear}}
-[[File:Proserpine Mill - January 2012.jpg|thumb|Chimneys with spirals outside to break up vortices.]]
-==Formula==
-:<math>\frac{fd}{V}=0.198\left (1-\frac{19.7}{Re}\right )\ </math>
-where:
-*''f'' = vortex shedding frequency.
-*''d'' = diameter of the cylinder
-*''V'' = flow velocity.
-This formula will generally hold true for the range 250 < Re < 2 × 10<sup>5</sup>.  The dimensionless parameter ''fd/V'' is known as the [[Strouhal number]] and is named after the Czech physicist, [[Vincenc Strouhal]] (1850–1922) who first investigated the steady humming or singing of telegraph wires in 1878.
-==Insect flight==
-Recent studies have shown that [[insects]] such as [[bee]]s borrow energy from the [[Turbulence|vortices]] that form around their wings during flight. Vortices inherently create [[drag (physics)|drag]]. Insects can recapture some of this energy and use it to improve speed and maneuverability:  They rotate their wings before starting the return stroke, and the wings are lifted by the [[Eddy (fluid dynamics)|eddies]] of air created on the downstroke.  The high frequency oscillation of insect wings means that many hundreds of vortices are shed every second.  However, this leads to a symmetric vortex street pattern, unlike the ones shown above.
-== History ==
-Although named after [[Theodore von Kármán]],<ref>T. von Kármán:  ''Nachr. Ges. Wissenschaft. Göttingen'' Math. Phys. Klasse pp. 509&ndash;517 (1911) and pp. 547&ndash;556 (1912).</ref><ref>T. von Kármán: and H. Rubach, 1912:  ''Phys. Z.", vol. 13, pp. 49&ndash;59.</ref> he acknowledged<ref>T. Kármán, 1954.  ''Aerodynamics:  Selected Topics in the Light of Their Historical Development'' (Cornell University Press, Ithaca), pp. 68&ndash;69.</ref> that the vortex street had been studied earlier by [[Arnulph Mallock|Mallock]]<ref>A. Mallock, 1907:  On the resistance of air.  ''Proc. Royal Soc.'', A79, pp. 262&ndash;265.</ref> and [[Henri Bénard|Bénard]].<ref>H. Bénard, 1908:  ''Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences'' (Paris), vol. 147, pp. 839&ndash;842, 970&ndash;972.</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Kelvin–Helmholtz instability]]
-* [[Vortex shedding]]
-* [[Vortex-induced vibration]]
-* [[Coandă effect]]
-==References==
-<references/>
-== External links ==
-{{commons category|Von Kármán vortex streets}}
-* [http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_shedding Encyclopedia of Mathematics article on von Karman vortex shedding]
-* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmTmDM7jHzA 3D animation of the Vortex Flow Measuring Principle]
-* [http://www.enseeiht.fr/hmf/travaux/CD0102/travaux/optmfn/gpfmho/01-02/grp1/presenta.htm Vortex streets and Strouhal instability]
-* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000DF125-5545-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21 How Insects Fly] (which can produce von Kármán vortices)
-* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AJgEa2dbJU YouTube] — Flow visualisation of the vortex shedding mechanism on circular cylinder using hydrogen bubbles illuminated by a laser sheet in a water channel
-* [http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/additional/science-focus/ocean-color/science_focus.shtml/vonKarman_vortices.shtml Various Views of von Karman Vortices], NASA page
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Karman Vortex Street}}
-[[Category:Vortices]]
-[[Category:Aerodynamics]]

Euclidean minimum spanning tree: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:16, 11 December 2014

Michael Kors Melbourne What Youre Not to Read

Longchamp Australia such as VBScript or JScript

Louis Vuitton Sydney videos and email addresses.

Navigation menu

Search