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| [[Image:Actuarial notation.svg|thumb|Example of actuarial symbol.<br />
| | He got back late, and looked so tired I said I�d order a Rasa curry, which I did. So, on Friday, I emailed him in the morning to say that I�d been worried by the fact that he�d read the address of my London flat on the internet. They wanted to phone us back, so I reminded David I�d lost my BlackBerry, and have no idea what the number of the Bat Phone is.<br><br>I keep conjuring up images of him in 1983, trying to reignite the passion. <br>I told him, before he started wriggling, that I think that memorable evening, when after our game of squash he had asked me to take his racquet home for him because he had a date, he had already started seeing the woman he would marry.<br><br>He bought me a bottle of prosecco, and some shopping. On Sunday, we went to the Matisse exhibition at the Tate Modern (walking round the exhibit, talking, made me feel as though we were in a Woody Allen movie), and again his car had a parking ticket on it when we returned to it. 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I hope that was just a fit of pique. �<br>This came back the next morning, when he�d arrived at work. I love you and no one else. I have to work now, but I�ll see you tonight, as usual. My life is an open book to you.<br><br>Isobel and Dawn are in situ already, chilling the wine. Lots of books on Kindle. My Accessorize pink bikini. Wow, are we going to whip up some copy! What about the wedding proposal on the Pampelonne beach and me and Dawn can scatter white rose petals. Xxx� <br>The thing is, I�m not even sure David is still coming� Packing in tissue paper tonight: The Row sunglasses. My Dries negligee dress. Isobel has just sent me a message�<br>�The cast of Liz Jones�s Diary are off to the South of France. Let�s get this show on the road!<br><br>She had written to him three times, about him giving her his car (His reply: �I will send you the log book�), and having found his bow tie (His reply: �I spent �75 on one last week.<br><br>The famous Oscars �selfie� taken by Bradley Cooper and featuring Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Ellen DeGeneres, [http://www.wired.com/search?query=Jennifer Jennifer] Lawrence, Lupita Nyong�o, her brother Peter, Kevin Spacey, Jared Leto and Channing Tatum<br>But Huawei (pronounced like the reverse of a jubilant �Whahey�) needed to add to the language to sum up the purpose of its new Ascend P7�s stand-out feature - a [http://search.Un.org/search?ie=utf8&site=un_org&output=xml_no_dtd&client=UN_Website_en&num=10&lr=lang_en&proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&oe=utf8&q=forward-facing+eight-megapixel&Submit=Go forward-facing eight-megapixel] camera, with the option for panoramic shots. By law, this is the only phone you�ll be taking �groufies� on - although as yet, the trademark doesn�t apply in the UK, so users of other phones can still use it for their own work. Unless you�re the size of a Weight Watchers �before� picture, there�s only one reason for this to exist - a �group selfie� (ie, a group shot where one of you holds the camera) - hence �groufie�. Huawei is so proud of the word the company trademarked it in several countries to mark the launch of the P7.<br><br>In case you�re wondering what Huawei is, it�s one of those Chinese companies that only recently began hawking smartphones in the West, and shifts so many phones in the Far East it�s the third biggest phone company on Earth.<br><br>Upstage selfie-toting friends by turning you and your pals into a real 3D-model (warning: there�s a fair bit of work involved), ready to print off. The app �walks� you round anything to capture it in 3D - now all you need is a few hundred quid for a 3D printer.<br><br>Huawei�s invention of the g-word, and the panoramic software to make it a reality, is down to a feeling that the endless Twitter parade of selfies (both celebrity and human), might be improved with a bit of context. And in action, it�s impressive too.<br><br>WOLFENSTEIN: THE NEW ORDER�40, PC, CONSOLES<br>The biggest surprise in Wolfensteing: The New Order is that it's the tense plotting that lifts this violent tale above its beige rivals <br>With an alternate-history plot hewn from the finest codswallop - a Nazi general uses high technology to summon an army of robots and zombies - the biggest surprise here is that it�s the tense plotting that lifts this violent tale above its beige rivals. ★★★★★<br><br>If you have any type of inquiries pertaining to where and how to make use of clash of Clans triche - [http://Nouveauclashofclanstriche.blogspot.com/ http://nouveauclashofclanstriche.blogspot.Com],, you can call us at the webpage. |
| 1. An assurance paying 1 on the insured event<br />
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| 2. paid at the moment of death<br />
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| 3. for <math>x</math>-year old person, for <math>n</math> years<br />
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| 4. paid if <math>(x)</math> dies within <math>n</math> years <br />
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| 5. deferred (<math>m</math> years)<br />
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| 6. no fixed meaning, but often double force of interest]]
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| '''Actuarial notation''' is a shorthand method to allow [[Actuary|actuaries]] to record mathematical formulas that deal with [[Interest|interest rates]] and [[life tables]].
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| Traditional notation uses a [[halo system]] where symbols are placed as [[superscript]] or [[subscript]] before or after the main letter. Example notation using the halo system can be seen below.
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| Various proposals have been made to adopt a linear system where all the notation would be on a single line without the use of superscripts or subscripts. Such a method would be useful for computing where representation of the halo system can be extremely difficult. However, a standard linear system has yet to emerge.
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| ==Example notation==
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| ===Interest rates===
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| <math>\,i</math> is the annual [[effective interest rate]], which is the "true" rate of interest over ''a year''. Thus if the annual interest rate is 12% then <math>\,i = 0.12</math>.
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| <math>\,i^{(m)}</math> is the [[nominal interest rate]] convertible <math>m</math> times a year, and is numerically equal to <math>m</math> times the effective rate of interest over one <math>m</math><sup>''th''</sup> of a year. For example, <math>\,i^{(2)}</math> is the nominal rate of interest convertible semiannually. If the effective annual rate of interest is 12%, then <math>\,i^{(2)}/2</math> represents the effective interest rate every six months. Since <math>\,(1.0583)^{2}=1.12</math>, we have <math>\,i^{(2)}/2=0.0583</math> and hence <math>\,i^{(2)}=0.1166</math>. The <sup>"(m)"</sup> appearing in the symbol <math>\,i^{(m)}</math> is not an "[[exponent]]." It merely represents the number of interest conversions, or compounding times, per year. Semi-annual compounding, (or converting interest every six months), is frequently used in valuing [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] (see also [[fixed income securities]]) and similar [[monetary financial liability]] instruments, whereas home [[mortgages]] frequently convert interest monthly. Following the above example again where <math>\,i=0.12</math>, we have <math>\,i^{(12)}=0.1139</math> since <math>\,(1+\frac{0.1139}{12})^{12}=1.12</math>. | |
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| Effective and nominal rates of interest are not the same because interest paid in earlier measurement periods "earns" interest in later measurement periods; this is called [[compound interest]]. That is, nominal rates of interest credit interest to an investor, (alternatively charge, or [[debit]], interest to a debtor), more frequently than do effective rates. The result is more frequent compounding of interest income to the investor, (or interest expense to the debtor), when nominal rates are used.
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| The symbol <math>\,v</math> represents the [[present value]] of 1 to be paid one year from now:
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| :<math>\,v = {(1+i)}^{-1}\approx 1-i+i^2</math>
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| This present value factor, or discount factor, is used to determine the amount of money that must be invested now in order to have a given amount of money in the future. For example, if you need 1 in one year, then the amount of money you should invest now is: <math>\,1 \times v</math>. If you need 25 in 5 years the amount of money you should invest now is: <math>\,25 \times v^5</math>.
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| <math>\,d</math> is the [[annual effective discount rate]]: | |
| :<math>d = \frac{i}{1+i}\approx i-i^2</math>
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| The value of <math>\,d</math> can also be calculated from the following relationships: <math>\,(1-d) = v = {(1+i)}^{-1}</math>
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| The rate of discount equals the amount of interest earned during a one-year period, divided by the balance of money at the end of that period. By contrast, an annual effective rate of interest is calculated by dividing the amount of interest earned during a one-year period by the balance of money at the beginning of the year. The present value (today) of a payment of 1 that is to be made <math>\,n</math> years in the future is <math>\,{(1-d)}^{n}</math>. This is analogous to the formula <math>\,{(1+i)}^{n}</math> for the future (or accumulated) value <math>\,n</math> years in the future of an amount of 1 invested today.
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| <math>\,d^{(m)}</math>, the nominal rate of discount convertible <math>\,m</math> times a year, is analogous to <math>\,i^{(m)}</math>. Discount is converted on an <math>m</math><sup>''th''</sup>-ly basis.
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| <math>\,\delta</math>, the [[force of interest]], is the limiting value of the nominal rate of interest when <math>m</math> increases without bound:
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| :<math>\,\delta = \lim_{m\to\infty}i^{(m)}</math>
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| In this case, interest is convertible continuously.
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| The general relationship between <math>\,i</math>, <math>\,\delta</math> and <math>\,d</math> is:
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| :<math>\,(1+i) = \left(1+\frac{i^{(m)}}{m}\right)^{m} = e^{\delta} = \left(1-\frac{d^{(m)}}{m}\right)^{-m} = (1-d)^{-1}</math>
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| Their numerical value can be compared as follows:
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| :<math>\, i > i^{(2)} > i^{(3)} > \cdots > \delta > \cdots > d^{(3)} > d^{(2)} > d</math>
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| ===Life tables===
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| A [[life table]] (or a mortality table) is a mathematical construction that shows the number of people alive (based on the assumptions used to build the table) at a given age. In addition to the number of lives remaining at each age, a mortality table typically provides various probabilities associated with the development of these values.
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| <math>\,l_x</math> is the number of people alive, relative to an original cohort, at age <math>x</math>. As age increases the number of people alive decreases. | |
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| <math>\,l_0</math> is the starting point for <math>\,l_x</math>: the number of people alive at age 0. This is known as the '''radix''' of the table. Some mortality tables begin at an age greater than 0, in which case the radix is the number of people assumed to be alive at the youngest age in the table.
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| <math>\omega</math> is the limiting age of the mortality tables. <math>\,l_n</math> is zero for all <math>\,n \geq \omega</math>. | |
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| <math>\,d_x</math> is the number of people who die between age <math>x</math> and age <math>x + 1</math>. <math>\,d_x</math> may be calculated using the formula <math>\,d_x = l_x - l_{x+1}</math>
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| <math>\,q_x</math> is the probability of death between the ages of <math>x</math> and age <math>x + 1</math>.
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| :<math>\,q_x = d_x / l_x</math>
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| <math>\,p_x</math> is the probability that a life age <math>x</math> will survive to age <math>x + 1</math>.
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| :<math>\,p_x = l_{x+1} / l_x</math> | |
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| Since the only possible alternatives from one age (<math>x</math>) to the next (<math>x+1</math>) are living and dying, the relationship between these two probabilities is:
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| :<math>\,p_x+q_x=1</math>
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| These symbols may also be extended to multiple years, by inserting the number of years at the bottom left of the basic symbol.
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| <math>\,_nd_x = d_x + d_{x+1} + \cdots + d_{x+n-1} = l_x - l_{x+n}</math> shows the number of people who die between age <math>x</math> and age <math>x + n</math>.
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| <math>\,_nq_x</math> is the probability of death between the ages of <math>x</math> and age <math>x + n</math>.
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| :<math>\,_nq_x = {}_nd_x / l_x</math>
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| <math>\,_np_x</math> is the probability that a life age <math>x</math> will survive to age <math>x + n</math>.
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| :<math>\,_np_x = l_{x+n} / l_x</math>
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| Another statistic that can be obtained from a life table is [[life expectancy]].
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| <math>\,e_x</math> is the curtate expectation of life for a person alive at age <math>x</math>. This is the expected number of complete years remaining to live (you may think of it as the expected number of birthdays that the person will celebrate).
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| :<math>\,e_x = \sum_{t=1}^{\infty} \ _tp_x</math>
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| A life table generally shows the number of people alive at integral ages. If we need information regarding a fraction of a year, we must make assumptions with respect to the table, if not already implied by a mathematical formula underlying the table. A common assumption is that of a Uniform Distribution of Deaths (UDD) at each year of age. Under this assumption, <math>\,l_{x+t}</math> is a [[linear interpolation]] between <math>\,l_x</math> and <math>\,l_{x+1}</math>. i.e.
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| :<math>\,l_{x+t} = (1 - t)l_x + tl_{x+1} </math>
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| ===Annuities=== | |
| The basic symbol for the present value of an [[Annuity (finance theory)|annuity]] is <math>\,a</math>. The following notation can then be added:
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| * Notation to the top-right indicates the frequency of payment (i.e., the number of annuity payments that will be made during each year). A lack of such notation means that payments are made annually.
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| * Notation to the bottom-right indicates the age of the person when the annuity starts and the period for which an annuity is paid.
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| * Notation directly above the basic symbol indicates when payments are made. Two dots indicates an annuity whose payments are made at the beginning of each year (an "annuity-due"); a horizontal line above the symbol indicates an annuity payable continuously (a "continuous annuity"); no mark above the basic symbol indicates an annuity whose payments are made at the end of each year (an "annuity-immediate").
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| If the payments to be made under an annuity are independent of any life event, it is known as an [[Annuity_(European_financial_arrangements)#Annuity_certain|annuity-certain]]. Otherwise, in particular if payments end upon the [[beneficiary]]'s death, it is called a [[life annuity]].
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| <math>a_{\overline{n|}i}</math> (read ''a-angle-n at i'') represents the present value of an annuity-immediate, which is a series of unit payments at the end of each year for <math>n</math> years (in other words: the value one period before the first of ''n'' payments). This value is obtained from:
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| :<math>\,a_{\overline{n|}i} = v + v^2 + \cdots + v^n = \frac{1-v^n}{i}</math>
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| <math>\ddot{a}_{\overline{n|}i}</math> represents the present value of an annuity-due, which is a series of unit payments at the beginning of each year for <math>n</math> years (in other words: the value at the time of the first of ''n'' payments). This value is obtained from:
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| :<math>\ddot{a}_{\overline{n|}i} = 1 + v + \cdots + v^{n-1} = \frac{1-v^n}{d}</math>
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| <math>\,s_{\overline{n|}i}</math> is the value at the time of the last payment, <math>\ddot{s}_{\overline{n|}i}</math> the value one period later.
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| If the symbol <math>\,(m)</math> is added to the top-right corner, it represents the present value of an annuity whose payments occur each one <math>m</math><sup>th</sup> of a year for a period of <math>n</math> years, and each payment is one <math>m</math><sup>th</sup> of a unit.
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| :<math>a_{\overline{n|}i}^{(m)} = \frac{1-v^n}{i^{(m)}}</math>, <math>\ddot{a}_{\overline{n|}i}^{(m)} = \frac{1-v^n}{d^{(m)}}</math>
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| <math>\overline{a}_{\overline{n|}i}</math> is the limiting value of <math>\,a_{\overline{n|}i}^{(m)}</math> when <math>m</math> increases without bound. The underlying annuity is known as a [[continuous annuity]].
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| :<math>\overline{a}_{\overline{n|}i}= \frac{1-v^n}{\delta}</math>
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| The present values of these annuities may be compared as follows:
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| :<math>a_{\overline{n|}i} < a_{\overline{n|}i}^{(m)} < \overline{a}_{\overline{n|}i} < \ddot{a}_{\overline{n|}i}^{(m)}< \ddot{a}_{\overline{n|}i}</math>
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| To understand the relationships shown above, consider that cash flows paid at a later time have a smaller present value than cash flows of the same total amount that are paid at earlier times.
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| * The subscript <math>i</math> which represents the rate of interest may be replaced by <math>d</math> or <math>\delta</math>, and is often omitted if the rate is clearly known from the context.
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| * When using these symbols, the rate of interest is not necessarily constant throughout the lifetime of the annuities. However, when the rate varies, the above formulas will no longer be valid; particular formulas can be developed for particular movements of the rate.
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| ===Life annuities===
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| A life annuity is an annuity whose payments are contingent on the continuing life of the annuitant. The age of the annuitant is an important consideration in calculating the [[actuarial present value]] of an annuity.
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| * The age of the annuitant is placed at the bottom right of the symbol, without an "angle" mark.
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| For example:
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| <math>\,a_{65}</math> indicates an annuity of 1 unit per year payable at the end of each year until death to someone currently age 65 | |
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| <math>a_{\overline{10|}}</math> indicates an annuity of 1 unit per year payable for 10 years with payments being made at the end of each year
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| <math>a_{65:\overline{10|}}</math> indicates an annuity of 1 unit per year for 10 years, or until death if earlier, to someone currently age 65
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| <math>a_{65}^{(12)}</math> indicates an annuity of 1 unit per year payable 12 times a year (1/12 unit per month) until death to someone currently age 65 | |
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| <math>{\ddot{a}}_{65}</math> indicates an annuity of 1 unit per year payable at the start of each year until death to someone currently age 65
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| or in general:
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| <math>a_{x:\overline{n|}i}^{(m)}</math>, where <math>x</math> is the age of the annuitant, <math>n</math> is the number of years of guaranteed payments, <math>m</math> is the number of payments per year, and <math>i</math> is the interest rate.
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| In the interest of simplicity the notation is limited and does not, for example, show whether the annuity is payable to a man or a woman (a fact that would typically be determined from the context, including whether the life table is based on male or female mortality rates).
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|
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| The Actuarial Present Value of life contingent payments can be treated as the mathematical expectation of a present value random variable, or calculated through the current payment form.
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| ===Life insurance===
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| The basic symbol for a [[life insurance]] is <math>\,A</math>. The following notation can then be added:
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| * Notation to the top-right indicates the timing of the payment of a death benefit. A lack of notation means payments are made at the end of the year of death. A figure in parenthesis (for example <math>A^{(12)}</math>) means the benefit is payable at the end of the period indicated (12 for monthly; 4 for quarterly; 2 for semi-annually; 365 for daily).
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| * Notation to the bottom-right indicates the age of the person when the life insurance begins.
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| * Notation directly above the basic symbol indicates the "type" of life insurance, whether payable at the end of the period or immediately. A horizontal line indicates life insurance payable immediately, whilst no mark above the symbol indicates payment is to be made at the end of the period indicated.
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| For example:
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| <math>\,A_x</math> indicates a life insurance benefit of 1 payable at the end of the year of death.
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| <math>\,A_x^{(12)}</math> indicates a life insurance benefit of 1 payable at the end of the month of death.
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| <math>\,\overline{A}_x</math> indicates a life insurance benefit of 1 payable at the (mathematical) instant of death.
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| == Force of mortality ==
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| Among actuaries, '''force of mortality''' refers to what [[economists]] and other social scientists call the [[hazard rate]] and is construed as an instantaneous rate of mortality at a certain age measured on an annualized basis.
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| In a [[life table]], we consider the probability of a person dying between age (''x'') and age (''x''+1); this probability is called ''q<sub>x</sub>''. In the continuous case, we could also consider the [[conditional probability]] that a person who has attained age (''x'') will die between age (''x'') and age (''x''+''Δx'') as:
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| <math>P_{\Delta x}(x)=P(x<X<x+\Delta\;x\mid\;X>x)=\frac{F_X(x+\Delta\;x)-F_X(x)}{(1-F_X(x))}</math>
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| where F<sub>X</sub>(x) is the [[cumulative distribution function]] of the continuous age-at-death [[random variable]], X. As ''Δx'' tends to zero, so does this probability in the continuous case. The approximate force of mortality is this probability divided by ''Δx''. If we let ''Δx'' tend to zero, we get the function for '''force of mortality''', denoted as ''μ(x)'':
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| :<math>\mu\,(x)=\frac{F'_X(x)}{1-F_X(x)}</math>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Actuary]]
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| * [[Actuarial present value]]
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| * [[Actuarial science]]
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| * [[Annual percentage rate]]
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| * [[Interest]]
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| * [[Life table]]
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| * [[Life Insurance]]
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| * [[Mathematics of finance]]
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.actuaries.org.uk/research-and-resources/documents/international-actuarial-notation-0 International Actuarial Notation]
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| * [http://www.casact.org/pubs/proceed/proceed49/49123.pdf International Actuarial Notation suite]
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| *[http://www.soa.org Society of Actuaries (USA) website]
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| *[http://www.actuarialfoundation.org/research_edu/fundamental.pdf Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science.pdf file]
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| *[http://www.actuaries.org.uk Institute of Actuaries (UK) website]
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| *[http://www.actuary.net Actuary.NET International Actuarial News (USA) website]
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| *[http://www.casact.org Casualty Actuarial Society (USA) website]
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| *[http://www.actuarialnews.org Independent Actuarial News Resource (USA) website]
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| *[http://www.ccactuaries.org Conference of Consulting Actuaries (USA) website]
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| *[http://www.actuarialoutpost.com Discussion Forum for Actuaries and Actuarial Students (USA/Canada) website]
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| [[Category:Applied mathematics]]
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| [[Category:Mathematical notation]]
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| [[Category:Actuarial science]]
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| [[Category:Demography]]
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He got back late, and looked so tired I said I�d order a Rasa curry, which I did. So, on Friday, I emailed him in the morning to say that I�d been worried by the fact that he�d read the address of my London flat on the internet. They wanted to phone us back, so I reminded David I�d lost my BlackBerry, and have no idea what the number of the Bat Phone is.
I keep conjuring up images of him in 1983, trying to reignite the passion.
I told him, before he started wriggling, that I think that memorable evening, when after our game of squash he had asked me to take his racquet home for him because he had a date, he had already started seeing the woman he would marry.
He bought me a bottle of prosecco, and some shopping. On Sunday, we went to the Matisse exhibition at the Tate Modern (walking round the exhibit, talking, made me feel as though we were in a Woody Allen movie), and again his car had a parking ticket on it when we returned to it. This time, though, he didn�t hand it to me, although it�s sitting, accusingly, on my desk.
The whole phone, in fact, is a gleaming object of desire but it lacks standout new features other than the cameras, so you�ll miss out on gizmos such as the Samsung S5�s fingerprint scanner, or LG G3�s frankly frightening Quad HD screen.
99 ★★★★★Most of us who can be considered vaguely literate felt a faint anger when the term �selfie� passed from geek-speak into common parlance, especially after this year�s famous examples at the Oscars and Nelson Mandela�s funeral, where Barack Obama snuggled up to David Cameron. Huawei Ascend P7 �329.
And don�t say, �Don�t give me a hard time� when it�s you giving me a hard time. I did nothing today other than work hard and order dinner. 'Have a great life together, just leave me out of it. �You know I have no interest in her. I didn�t realise you had taken my keys back. I hope that was just a fit of pique. �
This came back the next morning, when he�d arrived at work. I love you and no one else. I have to work now, but I�ll see you tonight, as usual. My life is an open book to you.
Isobel and Dawn are in situ already, chilling the wine. Lots of books on Kindle. My Accessorize pink bikini. Wow, are we going to whip up some copy! What about the wedding proposal on the Pampelonne beach and me and Dawn can scatter white rose petals. Xxx�
The thing is, I�m not even sure David is still coming� Packing in tissue paper tonight: The Row sunglasses. My Dries negligee dress. Isobel has just sent me a message�
�The cast of Liz Jones�s Diary are off to the South of France. Let�s get this show on the road!
She had written to him three times, about him giving her his car (His reply: �I will send you the log book�), and having found his bow tie (His reply: �I spent �75 on one last week.
The famous Oscars �selfie� taken by Bradley Cooper and featuring Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Ellen DeGeneres, Jennifer Lawrence, Lupita Nyong�o, her brother Peter, Kevin Spacey, Jared Leto and Channing Tatum
But Huawei (pronounced like the reverse of a jubilant �Whahey�) needed to add to the language to sum up the purpose of its new Ascend P7�s stand-out feature - a forward-facing eight-megapixel camera, with the option for panoramic shots. By law, this is the only phone you�ll be taking �groufies� on - although as yet, the trademark doesn�t apply in the UK, so users of other phones can still use it for their own work. Unless you�re the size of a Weight Watchers �before� picture, there�s only one reason for this to exist - a �group selfie� (ie, a group shot where one of you holds the camera) - hence �groufie�. Huawei is so proud of the word the company trademarked it in several countries to mark the launch of the P7.
In case you�re wondering what Huawei is, it�s one of those Chinese companies that only recently began hawking smartphones in the West, and shifts so many phones in the Far East it�s the third biggest phone company on Earth.
Upstage selfie-toting friends by turning you and your pals into a real 3D-model (warning: there�s a fair bit of work involved), ready to print off. The app �walks� you round anything to capture it in 3D - now all you need is a few hundred quid for a 3D printer.
Huawei�s invention of the g-word, and the panoramic software to make it a reality, is down to a feeling that the endless Twitter parade of selfies (both celebrity and human), might be improved with a bit of context. And in action, it�s impressive too.
WOLFENSTEIN: THE NEW ORDER�40, PC, CONSOLES
The biggest surprise in Wolfensteing: The New Order is that it's the tense plotting that lifts this violent tale above its beige rivals
With an alternate-history plot hewn from the finest codswallop - a Nazi general uses high technology to summon an army of robots and zombies - the biggest surprise here is that it�s the tense plotting that lifts this violent tale above its beige rivals. ★★★★★
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