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| [[File:Venturifixed2.PNG|thumb|300px|The pressure in the first measuring tube (1) is higher than at the second (2), and the [[fluid]] [[speed]] at "1" is lower than at "2", because the cross-sectional area at "1" is greater than at "2".]]
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| [[File:VenturiFlow.png|right|thumb|A flow of air through a venturi meter, showing the columns connected in a U-shape (a [[manometer]]) and partially filled with water. The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in cm or inches of water.]]
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| [[File:Venturi.gif|thumb|Flow in a Venturi tube]]
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| The '''Venturi effect''' is the reduction in [[fluid pressure]] that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. The Venturi effect is named after [[Giovanni Battista Venturi]] (1746–1822), an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[physicist]].
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| ==Background==
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| The Venturi effect is a jet effect; as with a funnel the velocity of the fluid increases as the cross sectional area decreases, with the [[static pressure]] correspondingly decreasing. According to the laws governing [[fluid dynamics]], a fluid's [[velocity]] must ''increase'' as it passes through a constriction to satisfy the [[Continuity equation#Fluid dynamics|principle of continuity]], while its pressure must ''decrease'' to satisfy the principle of [[Mechanical energy#Conservation of mechanical energy|conservation of mechanical energy]]. Thus any gain in [[kinetic energy]] a fluid may accrue due to its increased velocity through a constriction is negated by a drop in pressure.
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| When a fluid such as water flows through a tube that narrows to a smaller diameter, the partial restriction causes a higher pressure at the inlet than that at the narrow end. This pressure difference causes the fluid to accelerate toward the low pressure narrow section, in which it thus maintains a higher speed. The Venturi meter uses the direct relationship between pressure difference and fluid speeds to determine the volumetric flow rate.
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| ===Relationship between pressure and flow speed===
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| An equation for the drop in pressure due to the Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of [[Bernoulli's principle]] and the [[continuity equation]].
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| Referring to the diagram to the right, using Bernoulli's equation in the special case of incompressible flows (such as the flow of water or other liquid, or low speed flow of gas), the theoretical pressure drop at the constriction is given by:
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| :<math>p_1 - p_2 = \frac{\rho}{2}\left(v_2^2 - v_1^2\right)</math>
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| where <math>\scriptstyle \rho\,</math> is the [[density]] of the fluid, <math>\scriptstyle v_1</math> is the (slower) fluid velocity where the pipe is wider, <math>\scriptstyle v_2</math> is the (faster) fluid velocity where the pipe is narrower (as seen in the figure). This assumes the flowing fluid (or other substance) is not significantly compressible - even though pressure varies, the density is assumed to remain approximately constant.
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| ===Choked flow===
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| The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches the state of choked flow, where the fluid velocity approaches the local speed of sound. In choked flow the mass flow rate will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment. However, mass flow rate for a compressible fluid can increase with increased upstream pressure, which will increase the density of the fluid through the constriction (though the velocity will remain constant). This is the principle of operation of a [[de Laval nozzle]]. Increasing source temperature will also increase the local sonic velocity, thus allowing for increased mass flow rate.
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| ==Experimental apparatus==
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| [[File:Green Hope High School (Physics Laboratory Venturi Tube) 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Venturi tube demonstration apparatus built out of PVC pipe and operated with a vacuum pump]]
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| ===Venturi tubes===
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| The simplest apparatus, as shown in the photograph and diagram, is a tubular setup known as a Venturi tube or simply a venturi. Fluid flows through a length of pipe of varying diameter. To avoid undue drag, a Venturi tube typically has an entry cone of 30 degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees.
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| ===Orifice plate===
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| Venturi tubes are more expensive to construct than a simple [[orifice plate]] which uses the same principle as a tubular scheme, but the orifice plate causes significantly more permanent energy loss.{{r|wolfram}}
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| ==Instrumentation and measurement==
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| Venturis are used in industrial and in scientific laboratories for measuring the flow of liquids.
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| ===Flow rate===
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| A venturi can be used to measure the [[volumetric flow rate]], <math>\scriptstyle Q</math>.
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| Since
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| :<math>\begin{align}
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| Q &= v_1A_1 = v_2A_2\\
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| p_1 - p_2 &= \frac{\rho}{2}(v_2^2 - v_1^2)
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| \end{align}</math>
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| then
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| :<math>
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| Q =
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| A_1\sqrt{\frac{2}{\rho} \cdot \frac{\left(p_1 - p_2\right)}{\left(\frac{A_1}{A_2}\right)^2 - 1}} =
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| A_2\sqrt{\frac{2}{\rho} \cdot \frac{\left(p_1 - p_2\right)}{1 - \left(\frac{A_2}{A_1}\right)^2}}
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| </math>
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| <!-- The equation for flow needs a term for time which is not accounted for as it is written. -->
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| <!-- The explanation of how to mix fluids needs help; specifically the system used. -->
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| A venturi can also be used to mix a liquid with a gas. If a pump forces the liquid through a tube connected to a system consisting of a venturi to increase the liquid speed (the diameter decreases), a short piece of tube with a small hole in it, and last a venturi that decreases speed (so the pipe gets wider again), the gas will be sucked in through the small hole because of changes in pressure. At the end of the system, a mixture of liquid and gas will appear. See [[aspirator]] and [[pressure head]] for discussion of this type of [[siphon]].
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| ===Differential pressure===
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| {{main|Pressure head}}
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| As fluid flows through a venturi, the expansion and compression of the fluids cause the pressure inside the venturi to change. This principle can be used in [[metrology]] for gauges calibrated for differential pressures. This type of pressure measurement may be more convenient, for example, to measure fuel or combustion pressures in jet or rocket engines.
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| The first large-scale Venturi meters to measure liquid flows were developed by [[Clemens Herschel]] who used them to measure small and large flows of water and wastewater beginning at the end of the 19th century.<ref>Herschel, Clemens. (1898). ''Measuring Water.'' Providence, RI:Builders Iron Foundry.</ref>
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| ==Examples==
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| The Venturi effect may be observed or used in the following:
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| * Cargo [[eductors]] on oil product and chemical ship tankers
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| * [[Inspirator]]s that mix air and flammable gas in [[Grill (cooking)|grills]], [[gas stove]]s, [[Bunsen burner]]s and [[airbrush]]es
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| * [[Water aspirators]] that produce a partial vacuum using the kinetic energy from the faucet water pressure
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| * [[Steam_injector#Vacuum_ejectors|Steam siphon]]s using the kinetic energy from the steam pressure to create a partial vacuum
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| * [[Atomizer nozzle|Atomizers]] that disperse perfume or spray paint (i.e. from a spray gun).
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| * Foam firefighting nozzles and extinguishers
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| * [[Carburetor]]s that use the effect to suck [[gasoline]] into an engine's intake air stream
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| * [[Wine aerator]]s, used to infuse air into wine as it is poured into a glass
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| * The [[capillaries]] of the human [[circulatory system]], where it indicates [[aortic insufficiency|aortic regurgitation]]
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| * [[Aortic insufficiency]] is a chronic [[heart disease|heart condition]] that occurs when the [[aortic valve]]'s initial large stroke volume is released and the Venturi effect draws the walls together, which obstructs [[blood]] flow, which leads to a [[Pulsus Bisferiens]].
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| * [[Protein skimmer]]s (filtration devices for saltwater [[aquarium|aquaria]])
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| * In [[automated pool cleaner]]s that use pressure-side water flow to collect sediment and debris
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| * The barrel of the modern-day [[clarinet]], which uses a reverse taper to speed the air down the tube, enabling better tone, response and intonation
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| * Compressed air operated industrial [[vacuum cleaners]]
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| * [[Venturi scrubber]]s used to clean [[flue gas]] emissions
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| * Injectors (also called ejectors) used to add chlorine gas to water treatment chlorination systems
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| * [[Injector|Steam injectors]] use the Venturi effect and the [[latent heat]] of evaporation to deliver feed water to a [[steam locomotive]] [[boiler]].
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| * Sand blasters used to draw fine sand in and mix it with air
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| * Emptying [[bilge]] water from a moving boat through a small waste gate in the hull—the air pressure inside the moving boat is greater than the water sliding by beneath
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| * A [[diving regulator|scuba diving regulator]] to assist the flow of air once it starts flowing
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| * In [[Venturi mask]]s used in medical [[oxygen therapy]]
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| * In [[recoilless rifle]]s to decrease the recoil of firing
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| * Ventilators
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| * The [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]] on an automobile
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| * Large cities where wind is forced between buildings - the gap between the Twin Towers of the original [[World Trade Center]] was an extreme example of the pheonomenon, which made the ground level plaza notoriously windswept <ref>{{Cite news|title=At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets |work=The New York Times |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/07/nyregion/07blocks.html?fta=y |date=December 7, 2006 |author=Dunlap, David W}}</ref> In fact, some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Girding Against Return of the Windy City in Manhattan |work=The New York Times |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/25/nyregion/25blocks.html |date=March 25, 2004 |author=Dunlap, David W}}</ref>
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| * In windy mountain passes, resulting in erroneous [[pressure altimeter]] readings<ref>{{cite video
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| | year = 1971
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| | title = Dusk to Dawn
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| | medium = educational film
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| | publisher = Federal Aviation Administration
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| | url = http://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava20333vnb1
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| | minutes = 17
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| | id = AVA20333VNB1
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| }}</ref>
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| * The [[leadpipe]] of a [[trombone]], affecting the [[timbre]]
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| * Foam proportioners used to induct [[fire fighting foam]] concentrate into fire protection systems
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| The Bernoulli Principle and its corollary, the Venturi effect, are essential to aerodynamic as well as hydrodynamic design concepts. Airfoil and hydrofoil designs to lift and steer air and water vessels (airplanes, ships and submarines) are derived from applications of the Bernouoli Principle and the Venturi effect, as are the instruments that measure rate of movement through the air or water (velocity indicators). Stability indication and control mechanisms such as gyroscopic attitude indicators and fuel metering devices, such as carburetors, function as a result of gas or fluid pressure differentials that create suction as demonstrated and measurable by gas/fluid pressure and velocity equations derived from the Bernoulli Principle and the Venturi Effect.
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|
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| A simple way to demonstrate the Venturi effect is to squeeze and release a flexible [[hose (tubing)|hose]] in which fluid is flowing: the partial vacuum produced in the constriction is sufficient to keep the hose collapsed.
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| Venturi tubes are also used to measure the speed of a fluid, by measuring pressure changes at different segments of the device. Placing a liquid in a U-shaped tube and connecting the ends of the tubes to both ends of a Venturi is all that is needed. When the fluid flows though the Venturi the pressure in the two ends of the tube will differ, forcing the liquid to the "low pressure" side. The amount of that move can be calibrated to the speed of the fluid flow.<ref name="wolfram">{{cite web |url= http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TheVenturiEffect/|title= The Venturi effect |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Wolfram Demonstrations Project |accessdate=2009-11-03 }}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Venturi flume]]
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| * [[Bernoulli's principle]]
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| * [[De Laval nozzle]]
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| * [[Bunsen burner]]
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| * [[Choked flow]]
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| * [[Orifice plate]]
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| * [[Pitot tube]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category}}
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| *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUd4WxjoHKY 3D animation of the Differential Pressure Flow Measuring Principle (Venturi meter)]
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| *{{cite web |url= http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/KINNAS/319LAB/Applets/Venturi/venturi.html|title= Venturi Tube Simulation|author= UT Austin |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=2009-11-03 }}
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| [[Category:Fluid dynamics]]
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| [[ru:Эффект Вентури]]
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