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| In [[mathematics]], the idea of a '''free object''' is one of the basic concepts of [[abstract algebra]]. It is a part of [[universal algebra]], in the sense that it relates to all types of algebraic structure (with [[finitary]] operations). It also has a formulation in terms of [[category theory]], although this is in yet more abstract terms. Examples include [[free group]]s, [[tensor algebra]]s, or [[free lattice]]s. Informally, a free object over a set A can be thought as being a "generic" algebraic structure over A: the only equations that hold between elements of the free object are those that follow from the defining axioms of the algebraic structure.
| | It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br><br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you have any kind of concerns relating to where and the best ways to utilize [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Washington DC Dentist], you can call us at our own web site. |
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| ==Definition==
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| Free objects are the direct generalization to [[Category (mathematics)|categories]] of the notion of [[Basis (linear algebra)|basis]] in a vector space. A linear function ''u : E<sub>1</sub> → E<sub>2</sub>'' between vector spaces is entirely determined by its values on a basis of the vector space ''E<sub>1</sub>''. Conversely, a function ''u : E<sub>1</sub> → E<sub>2</sub>'' defined on a basis of ''E<sub>1</sub>'' can be uniquely extended to a linear function. The following definition translates this to any category.
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| Let ''(C,F)'' be a [[concrete category]] (i.e. ''F: C → '''Set''''' is a [[faithful functor]]), let ''X'' be a set (called ''basis''), ''A'' ∈ ''C'' an object, and ''i: X → F(A)'' a map between sets (called ''canonical injection''). We say that ''A'' is the '''free object on ''X''''' (with respect to ''i'') if and only if they satisfy this [[universal property]]:
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| :for any object ''B'' and any map between sets ''f: X → F(B)'', there exists a unique morphism <math>\tilde{f} : A \to B</math> such that <math>f=F(\tilde{f})\circ i</math>. That is, the following diagram commutes:
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| [[File:Universal_property_of_a_free_object_in_a_category.png]]
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| In this way the free functor that builds the free object ''A'' from the set ''X'' becomes [[left adjoint]] to the [[forgetful functor]].
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| ==Examples==
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| The creation of free objects proceeds in two steps. For algebras that conform to the [[associative law]], the first step is to consider the collection of all possible [[string (computer science)|word]]s formed from an [[alphabet (computer science)|alphabet]]. Then one imposes a set of [[equivalence relation]]s upon the words, where the relations are the defining relations of the algebraic object at hand. The free object then consists of the set of [[equivalence class]]es.
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| Consider, for example, the construction of the free group in two generators. One starts with an alphabet consisting of the five letters <math>\{e,a,b,a^{-1},b^{-1}\}</math>. In the first step, there is not yet any assigned meaning to the "letters" <math>a^{-1}</math> or <math>b^{-1}</math>; these will be given later, in the second step. Thus, one could equally well start with the alphabet in five letters that is <math>S=\{a,b,c,d,e\}</math>. In this example, the set of all words or strings <math>W(S)</math> will include strings such as ''aebecede'' and ''abdc'', and so on, of arbitrary finite length, with the letters arranged in every possible order.
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| In the next step, one imposes a set of equivalence relations. The equivalence relations for a [[group (mathematics)|group]] are that of multiplication by the identity, <math>ge=eg=g</math>, and the multiplication of inverses: <math>gg^{-1}=g^{-1}g=e</math>. Applying these relations to the strings above, one obtains
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| :<math>aebecede=aba^{-1}b^{-1}</math>
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| where it was understood that ''c'' is a stand-in for <math>a^{-1}</math>, and ''d'' is a stand-in for <math>b^{-1}</math>, while ''e'' is the identity element. Similarly, one has
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| :<math>abdc=abb^{-1}a^{-1}=e</math>
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| Denoting the equivalence relation or [[congruence relation|congruence]] by <math>\sim</math>, the free object is then the collection of [[equivalence class]]es of words. Thus, in this example, the free group in two generators is the [[quotient algebra|quotient]]
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| :<math>F_2=W(S)/\sim</math>
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| This is often written as
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| :<math>F_2=W(S)/E</math>
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| where
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| :<math>W(S)=\{a_1a_2\ldots a_n\,\vert\; a_k\in S\,; \,n\mbox{ finite } \}</math> | |
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| is the set of all words, and
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| :<math>E=\{a_1a_2\ldots a_n\,\vert\; e=a_1a_2\ldots a_n\,;\, a_k\in S\,;\,n\mbox{ finite }\}</math>
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| is the equivalence class of the identity, after the relations defining a group are imposed.
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| A simpler example are the [[free monoid]]s. The free monoid on a set ''X'', is the monoid of all finite [[string (computer science)|strings]] using ''X'' as alphabet, with operation [[concatenation]] of strings. The identity is the empty string. In essence, the free monoid is simply the set of all words, with no equivalence relations imposed. This example is developed further in the article on the [[Kleene star]].
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| ===General case===
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| In the general case, the algebraic relations need not be associative, in which case the starting point is not the set of all words, but rather, strings punctuated with parentheses, which are used to indicate the non-associative groupings of letters. Such a string may equivalently be represented by a [[binary tree]] or a [[free magma]]; the leaves of the tree are the letters from the alphabet.
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| The algebraic relations may then be general [[arity|arities]] or [[finitary relation]]s on the leaves of the tree. Rather than starting with the collection of all possible parenthesized strings, it can be more convenient to start with the [[Herbrand universe]]. Properly describing or enumerating the contents of a free object can be easy or difficult, depending on the particular algebraic object in question. For example, the free group in two generators is easily described. By contrast, little or nothing is known about the structure of [[free Heyting algebra]]s in more than one generator.<ref>Peter T. Johnstone, ''Stone Spaces'', (1982) Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-23893-5.''(A treatment of the one-generator free Heyting algebra is given in chapter 1,section 4.11)''</ref> The problem of determining if two different strings belong to the same equivalence class is known as the [[word problem (mathematics)|word problem]]. | |
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| As the examples suggest, free objects look like constructions from [[syntax]]; one may reverse that to some extent by saying that major uses of syntax can be explained and characterised as free objects, in a way that makes apparently heavy 'punctuation' explicable (and more memorable).
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| ==Free universal algebras==
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| {{main|term algebra}}
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| {{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
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| Let <math>S</math> be any set, let <math>\mathbf{A}</math> be an [[algebraic structure]] of type <math>\rho</math> generated by <math>S</math>. Let the underlying set of this algebraic structure <math>\mathbf{A}</math>, sometimes called universe, be <math>A</math>, and let <math>\psi :S \longrightarrow A</math> be a function. We say that <math>(</math><math>A</math>,<math> \psi)</math> (or informally just <math>\mathbf{A}</math>) is a ''free algebra'' (of type <math>\rho</math>) on the set <math>S</math> of ''free generators'' if, for every algebra <math>\mathbf{B}</math> of type <math>\rho</math> and function <math>\tau : S \longrightarrow B</math>, where <math>B</math> is a universe of <math>\mathbf{B}</math>, there exists a unique homomorphism <math>\sigma :A \longrightarrow B</math> such that <math>\sigma \psi = \tau</math>.
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| ==Free functor==
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| The most general setting for a free object is in [[category theory]], where one defines a [[functor]], the '''free functor''', that is the [[left adjoint]] to the [[forgetful functor]].
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| Consider the category '''C''' of [[algebraic structure]]s; these can be thought of as sets plus operations, obeying some laws. This category has a functor, <math>U:\mathbf{C}\to\mathbf{Set}</math>, the [[forgetful functor]], which maps objects and functions in '''C''' to '''Set''', the [[category of sets]]. The forgetful functor is very simple: it just ignores all of the operations.
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| The free functor ''F'', when it exists, is the left adjoint to ''U''. That is, <math>F:\mathbf{Set}\to\mathbf{C}</math> takes sets ''X'' in '''Set''' to their corresponding free objects ''F(X)'' in the category '''C'''. The set ''X'' can be thought of as the set of "generators" of the free object ''F(X)''.
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| For the free functor to be a left adjoint, one must also have a '''Set'''-morphism <math>\eta:X\to U(F(X))\,\!</math>. More explicitly, ''F'' is, up to isomorphisms in '''C''', characterized by the following [[universal property]]:
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| :Whenever ''A'' is an algebra in '''C''', and ''g'': ''X''→''U''(''A'') is a function (a morphism in the category of sets), then there is a unique '''C'''-morphism ''h'': ''F''(''X'')→''A'' such that ''U''(''h'')o''η'' = ''g''.
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| Concretely, this sends a set into the free object on that set; it's the "inclusion of a basis". Abusing notation, <math>X \to F(X)</math> (this abuses notation because ''X'' is a set, while ''F(X)'' is an algebra; correctly, it is <math>X \to U(F(X))</math>).
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| The [[natural transformation]] <math>\eta:\operatorname{id}_\mathbf{Set}\to UF</math> is called the [[unit (category theory)|unit]]; together with the [[counit]] <math>\varepsilon:FU\to \operatorname {id}_\mathbf{C}</math>, one may construct a [[T-algebra]], and so a [[monad (category theory)|monad]]. This leads to the next topic: free functors exist when '''C''' is a monad over '''Set'''.
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| ===Existence===
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| There are general existence theorems that apply; the most basic of them guarantees that
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| :Whenever '''C''' is a [[variety (universal algebra)|variety]], then for every set ''X'' there is a free object ''F''(''X'') in '''C'''.
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| Here, a variety is a synonym for a [[finitary algebraic category]], thus implying that the set of relations are [[finitary relation|finitary]], and ''algebraic'' because it is [[monad (category theory)|monadic]] over '''Set'''.
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| ===General case===
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| Other types of forgetfulness also give rise to objects quite like free objects, in that they are left adjoint to a forgetful functor, not necessarily to sets.
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| For example the [[tensor algebra]] construction on a [[vector space]] as left adjoint to the functor on [[associative algebra]]s that ignores the algebra structure. It is therefore often also called a [[free algebra]].
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| Likewise the [[symmetric algebra]] and [[exterior algebra]] are free symmetric and anti-symmetric algebras on a vector space.
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| ==List of free objects==
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| Specific kinds of free objects include:
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| *[[free algebra]]
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| **[[free associative algebra]]
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| **[[free commutative algebra]]
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| *[[free category]]
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| **[[free strict monoidal category]]
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| *[[free group]]
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| **[[free abelian group]]
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| **[[free partially commutative group]]
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| *[[Kleene algebra#Examples|free Kleene algebra]]
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| *[[free lattice]]
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| **[[free Boolean algebra]]
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| **[[distributive lattice#Free distributive lattices|free distributive lattice]]
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| **[[free Heyting algebra]]
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| *[[free Lie algebra]]
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| *[[free magma]]
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| *[[free module]]
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| *[[free monoid]]
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| **[[free monoid#The free commutative monoid|free commutative monoid]]
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| **[[free partially commutative monoid]]
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| *[[free ring]]
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| *[[free semigroup]]
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| *[[free semiring]]
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| **[[semiring#Examples|free commutative semiring]]
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| *[[free theory]]
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| *[[term algebra]]
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| *[[discrete space]]
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Generating set]]
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| ==Notes==
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| <references/>
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Free Object}}
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| [[Category:Mathematics articles needing expert attention]]
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| [[Category:Abstract algebra]]
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| [[Category:Free algebraic structures| ]]
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| [[Category:Combinatorics on words]]
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It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.
Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.
At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.
Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.
Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.
Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.
Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.
Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.
In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.
If you have any kind of concerns relating to where and the best ways to utilize Washington DC Dentist, you can call us at our own web site.