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| [[File:Addition on cubic (clean version).svg|thumb|An [[elliptic curve]] is a smooth projective curve of genus one.]]
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| In [[algebraic geometry]], a '''projective variety''' over an [[algebraically closed field]] ''k'' is a subset of some [[projective spaces|projective ''n''-space]] '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup> over ''k'' that is the zero-locus of some finite family of [[homogeneous polynomial]]s of ''n'' + 1 variables with coefficients in ''k'', that generate a [[prime ideal]], the defining ideal of the variety. If the condition of generating a prime ideal is removed, such a set is called a '''projective algebraic set'''. Equivalently, an [[algebraic variety]] is projective if it can be embedded as a [[Zariski topology|Zariski closed]] [[Algebraic variety#Subvariety|subvariety]] of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup>. A Zariski open subvariety of a projective variety is called a [[quasi-projective variety]].
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| If ''X'' is a projective variety defined by a homogeneous prime ideal ''I'', then the [[quotient ring]]
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| :<math>k[x_0, \ldots, x_n]/I</math>
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| is called the [[homogeneous coordinate ring]] of ''X''. The ring comes with the [[Hilbert polynomial]] ''P'', an important invariant (depending on embedding) of ''X''. The degree of ''P'' is the [[topological dimension]] ''r'' of ''X'' and its leading coefficient times '''r!''' is the [[degree of an algebraic variety|degree]] of the variety ''X''. The [[arithmetic genus]] of ''X'' is (−1)<sup>''r''</sup> (''P''(0) − 1) when ''X'' is smooth. For example, the homogeneous coordinate ring of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup> is <math>k[x_0, \ldots, x_n]</math> and its Hilbert polynomial is <math>P(z) = \binom{z+n}{n}</math>; its arithmetic genus is zero.
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| Another important invariant of a projective variety ''X'' is the [[Picard group]] <math>\operatorname{Pic}(X)</math> of ''X'', the set of isomorphism classes of line bundles on ''X''. It is isomorphic to <math>H^1(X, {\mathcal{O}_X}^*)</math>. It is an intrinsic notion (independent of embedding). For example, the Picard group of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup> is isomorphic to '''Z''' via the degree map. The kernel of <math>\operatorname{deg}: \operatorname{Pic}(X) \to \mathbf{Z}</math> is called the [[Jacobian variety]] of ''X''. The Jacobian of a (smooth) curve plays an important role in the study of the curve.
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| The classification program, classical and modern, naturally leads to the construction of moduli of projective varieties.<ref>{{harvnb|Kollár|Moduli|loc=Ch I.}}</ref> A [[Hilbert scheme]], which is a projective scheme, is used to parametrize closed subschemes of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup> with the prescribed Hilbert polynomial. For example, a [[Grassmannian]] <math>\mathbb{G}(k, n)</math> is a Hilbert scheme with the specific Hilbert polynomial. The [[geometric invariant theory]] offers another approach. The classical approaches include the [[Teichmüller space]] and [[Chow variety|Chow varieties]].
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| For complex projective varieties, there is a marriage of algebraic and complex-analytic approaches. Chow's theorem says that a subset of the projective space is the zero-locus of a family of holomorphic functions if and only if it is the zero-locus of homogeneous polynomials. (A corollary of this is that a "compact" complex space admits at most one variety structure.) The [[Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry|GAGA]] says that the theory of [[holomorphic vector bundle]]s (more generally [[Coherent sheaf|coherent analytic sheaves]]) on ''X'' coincide with that of algebraic vector bundles.
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| == Examples ==
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| *The [[fibered product]] of two projective spaces is projective. In fact, there is the explicit immersion (called [[Segre embedding]])
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| ::<math>\mathbf{P}^n \times \mathbf{P}^m \to \mathbf{P}^{(n+1)(m+1)-1}, (x_i, y_j) \mapsto x_iy_j</math> ([[lexicographical order]]).
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| :It follows from this that the fibered product of projective varieties is also projective.
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| *Every irreducible closed subset of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup> of codimension one is a [[hypersurface]]; i.e., the zero set of some homogeneous irreducible polynomial.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch I, Exercise 2.8}}; this is because the homogeneous coordinate ring of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup> is a [[unique factorization domain]] and in a UFD every prime ideal of height 1 is principal.</ref>
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| * The arithmetic genus of a hypersurface of degree ''d'' is <math>\binom{d-1}{n}</math> in <math>\mathbf{P}^n</math>. In particular, a smooth curve of degree ''d'' in '''P'''<sup>2</sup> has arithmetic genus <math>(d-1)(d-2)/2</math>. This is the [[genus formula]].
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| *A [[Singularity theory#Algebraic curve singularities|smooth curve]] is projective if and only if it is [[Complete variety|complete]]. This is because of the following consideration. If ''F'' is the function field of a smooth projective curve ''C'' (called the [[algebraic function field]]), then ''C'' may be identified with the set of discrete valuation rings of ''F'' over ''k'' and this set has a natural Zariski topology called the [[Zariski–Riemann space]]. See also [[algebraic curve]] for more specific examples of curves.
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| *A smooth complete curve of genus one is called an [[elliptic curve]]. By an argument with the Riemann-Roch theorem, one can show that such a curve can be embedded as a closed subvariety in '''P'''<sup>2</sup>. (In general, any (smooth complete) curve can be embedded in '''P'''<sup>3</sup>.) Conversely, any smooth closed curve in '''P'''<sup>2</sup> of degree three has genus one by the genus formula and is thus an elliptic curve. An elliptic curve is isomorphic to its own Jacobian and thus an abelian variety.
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| *A smooth complete curve of genus greater than or equal to two is called a [[hyperelliptic curve]] if there is a finite morphism <math>C \to \mathbf{P}^1</math> of degree two.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|Ch IV, Exercise 1.7.}}</ref>
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| *An [[abelian variety]] (i.e., a complete group variety) admits an ample [[line bundle]] and thus projective. On the other hand, an [[abelian scheme]] may not be projective. Examples of abelian varieties are elliptic curves, Jacobian varieties and [[K3 surface]]s.
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| *Some (but not all) [[complex torus|complex tori]] are projective. A complex torus is of the form <math>\mathbb{C}^g/L</math> ([[period lattice]] construction) as a [[complex Lie group]] where ''L'' is a lattice and ''g'' is the complex dimension of the torus. Suppose <math>g=1</math>. Let <math>\wp</math> be the [[Weierstrass's elliptic function]]. The function satisfies a certain differential equation and as a consequence it defines a closed immersion:
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| *:<math>\mathbb{C}/L \to \mathbf{P}^2, L \mapsto (0:0:1), z \mapsto (1 : \wp(z) : \wp'(z))</math>
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| :for some lattice ''L''.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumford|1970|loc=pg. 36}}</ref> Thus, <math>\mathbb{C}/L</math> is an elliptic curve. The [[uniformization theorem]] implies that every complex elliptic curve arises in this way. The case <math>g > 1</math> is more complicated; it is a matter of [[Polarization of an algebraic form|polarization]]. (cf. [[Lefschetz's embedding theorem]].) By the [[p-adic uniformization]], the case <math>g = 1</math> has a ''p''-adic analog.
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| *[[Generalized flag variety|Flag varieties]] are projective in the natural way.
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| *The [[Plücker embedding]] exhibits a [[Grassmannian]] as a projective variety.
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| *(Riemann) A [[compact Riemann surface]] (i.e., compact complex manifold of dimension one) is a projective variety. By the [[Torelli theorem]], it is uniquely determined by its Jacobian.
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| *(Chow-Kodaira) A compact [[complex manifold]] of dimension two with two algebraically independent [[meromorphic function]]s is a projective variety.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|loc=Appendix B. Theorem 3.4.}}</ref>
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| *An [[affine variety]] is almost never projective. In fact, a projective subvariety of an affine variety must have dimension zero. This is because only the constants are globally regular functions on a projective variety.
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| *The [[Kodaira embedding theorem]] gives a criterion for a [[Kähler manifold]] to be projective. Note however that it is very hard to decide whether a complex manifold is kähler or not.
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| == Variety and scheme structure ==
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| === Variety structure ===
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| Let ''k'' be an algebraically closed field. Given a homogeneous prime ideal ''P'' of <math>k[x_0, ..., x_n]</math>, let ''X'' be a subset of '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup>(''k'') consisting of all roots of polynomials in ''P''.<ref>The definition makes sense since <math>f(x_0, ..., x_n) = 0</math> if and only if <math>f(\lambda x_0, ..., \lambda x_n) = 0</math> for any nonzero λ in ''k''.</ref> Here we show ''X'' admits a structure of variety by showing locally it is an affine variety.<ref>The construction follows Mumford's red book.</ref> Let
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| :<math>R = k[x_0, ..., x_n]/P</math>
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| i.e., ''R'' is the [[homogeneous coordinate ring]] of ''X''. The [[Localization of a ring|localization]] of ''R'' with respect to nonzero homogeneous elements is [[Graded algebra|graded]]; let ''k''(''X'') denote its zeroth piece. It is the [[function field of an algebraic variety|function field]] of ''X''. Explicitly, ''k''(''X'') consists of zero and ''f''/''g'', with ''f'', ''g'' homogeneous of the same degree, inside the field of fractions of ''R''. For each ''x'' in ''X'', let <math>\mathcal{O}_x \subset k(X)</math> be the subring consisting of zero and ''f''/''g'' with ''g''(''x'') ≠ 0; it is a local ring.
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| Now define the sheaf <math>\mathcal{O}_X</math> on ''X'' by: for each Zariski open subset ''U'',
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| :<math>\mathcal{O}_X(U) = \bigcap_{x \in U} \mathcal{O}_x.</math>
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| The stalk of <math>\mathcal{O}_X</math> at ''x'' in ''X'' is then <math>\mathcal{O}_x</math>.<ref>This follows from: for the complement ''X<sub>f</sub>'' of homogeneous ''f'' = 0, <math>\mathcal{O}_X(X_f)</math> is the zeroth piece of the localization ''R<sub>f</sub>''. The proof uses the [[projective Nullstellensatz]]; cf. {{harv|Mumford|1999|loc=pg. 20}}</ref> We have thus constructed the [[locally ringed space]] <math>(X, \mathcal{O}_X)</math>. We shall show it is locally an affine variety. For that, it is enough to show:
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| :<math>(U_i, \mathcal{O}_X|{U_i}), \quad U_i=\{ (x_0:x_1:\cdots:x_n) \in X | x_i \ne 0 \}</math>
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| are affine varieties. For simplicity, we consider only the case ''i'' = 0. Let ''P′'' be the kernel of
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| :<math>k[y_1, \dots, y_n] \to k(X), \quad y_i \mapsto x_i/x_0</math>
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| and let ''X′'' be the zero-locus of ''P′'' in ''k<sup>n</sup>''. ''X′'' is an affine variety. We then verify
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| :<math>\phi: U_0 \to X', \quad (1:x_1:...:x_n) \mapsto (x_1, \dots, x_n)</math>
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| is an isomorphism of ringed spaces. More specifically, we check:
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| :(i) φ is a homeomorphism (by looking at closed subsets.)
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| :(ii) <math>\phi^{\#}: \mathcal{O}_{\phi(x)} \overset{\sim}\to \mathcal{O}_x, \, s \mapsto s \circ \phi</math> (by noticing <math>\phi^{\#}: k(X') \overset{\sim}\to k(X)</math>.)
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| === Projective schemes ===
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| The discussion in the preceding section applies in particular to the projective space '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup>(''k''); i.e., it is a union of (''n'' + 1) copies of the affine ''n''-space ''k<sup>n</sup>'' in such a way ringed space structures are compatible. This motivates the following definition:<ref>{{harvnb|Mumford|1999|loc=pg. 82}}</ref> for any ring ''A'' we let <math>\mathbf{P}^n_A</math> be the scheme that is the union of
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| :<math>U_i = \operatorname{Spec} A[x_1/x_i, \dots, x_n/x_i], \quad 0 \le i \le n,</math>
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| in such a way the variables match up as expected. The set of closed points of <math>\mathbf{P}^n_k</math> is then the projective space '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup>(''k'') in the usual sense.
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| An equivalent but streamlined construction is given by the [[Proj construction]], which is an analog of the [[spectrum of a ring]], denoted "Spec", which defines an [[affine scheme]]. For example, if ''A'' is a ring, then
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| :<math>\mathbf{P}^n_A = \operatorname{Proj}A[x_0, \ldots, x_n].</math>
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| If ''R'' is a [[Quotient ring|quotient]] of <math>k[x_0, \ldots, x_n]</math> by a homogeneous ideal, then the canonical surjection induces the [[closed immersion]]
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| :<math>\operatorname{Proj} R \to \mathbf{P}^n_k.</math>
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| In fact, one has the following: every closed subscheme of <math>\mathbf{P}^n_k</math> corresponds bijectively to a homogeneous ideal ''I'' of <math>k[x_0, \ldots, x_n]</math> that is [[saturated ideal|saturated]]; i.e., <math>I : (x_0, \dots, x_n) = I</math>.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumford|1999|loc=pg. 111}}</ref> This fact may be considered as a refined version of [[projective Nullstellensatz]].
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| We can give a coordinate-free analog of the above. Namely, given a finite-dimensional vector space ''V'' over ''k'', we let
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| :<math>\mathbf{P}(V) = \operatorname{Proj} k[V]</math>
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| where <math>k[V] = \operatorname{Sym}(V^*)</math> is the [[symmetric algebra]] of <math>V^*</math>.<ref>This definition differs from {{harvnb|Eisenbud–Harris|2000|loc=III.2.3}} but is consistent with the other parts of Wikipedia.</ref> It is the [[projectivization]] of ''V''; i.e., it parametrizes lines in ''V''. There is a canonical surjective map <math>\pi: V - 0 \to \mathbf{P}(V)</math>, which is defined using the chart described above.<ref>cf. the proof of {{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch II, Theorem 7.1}}</ref> One important use of the construction is this (for more of this see below). A divisor ''D'' on a projective variety ''X'' corresponds to a line bundle ''L''. One then set
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| :<math>|D| = \mathbf{P}(\Gamma(X, L))</math>; | |
| it is called the [[complete linear system]] of ''D''.
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| For any [[noetherian scheme]] ''S'', we let
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| :<math>\mathbf{P}^n_S = \mathbf{P}_\mathbf{Z}^n \times_{\operatorname{Spec}\mathbf{Z}} S.</math>
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| If <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> is the [[twisting sheaf of Serre]] on <math>\mathbf{P}_\mathbf{Z}^n</math>, we let <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> denote the [[pullback#Fibre-product|pullback]] of <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> to <math>\mathbf{P}^n_S</math>; that is, <math>\mathcal{O}(1) = g^*(\mathcal{O}(1))</math> for the canonical map <math>g: \mathbf{P}^n_{S} \to \mathbf{P}^n_{\mathbf{Z}}.</math>
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| A scheme ''X'' → ''S'' is called '''projective''' over ''S'' if it factors as a closed immersion
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| :<math>X \to \mathbf{P}^n_S</math>
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| followed by the projection to ''S''.
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| In general, a line bundle (or invertible sheaf) <math>\mathcal{L}</math> on a scheme ''X'' over ''S'' is said to be [[ample line bundle|very ample relative to]] ''S'' if there is an [[Immersion (mathematics)|immersion]]
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| :<math>i: X \to \mathbf{P}^n_S</math> | |
| for some ''n'' so that <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> pullbacks to <math>\mathcal{L}.</math> (An immersion is an open immersion followed by a closed immersion.) Then a ''S''-scheme ''X'' is projective if and only if it is [[proper morphism|proper]] and there exists a very ample sheaf on ''X'' relative to ''S''. Indeed, if ''X'' is proper, then an immersion corresponding to the very ample line bundle is necessarily closed. Conversely, if ''X'' is projective, then the pullback of <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> under the closed immersion of ''X'' into a projective space is very ample. That "projective" implies "proper" is more
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| difficult: the ''main theorem of [[elimination theory]]''.
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| A [[complete variety]] (i.e., proper over ''k'') is close to being a projective variety: [[Chow's lemma]] states that if ''X'' is a complete variety, there is a projective variety ''Z'' and a [[Birational geometry#birational mapping|birational morphism]] ''Z'' → ''X''. (Moreover, through [[normal variety|normalization]], one can assume this projective variety is normal.) Some properties of a projective variety follow from completeness. For example, if ''X'' is a projective variety over ''k'', then <math>\Gamma(X, \mathcal{O}_X) = k</math>.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch II. Exercise 4.5}}</ref>
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| In general, a line bundle is called [[ample line bundle|ample]] if some power of it is very ample. Thus, a variety is projective if and only if it is complete and it admis an ample line bundle. An issue of an embedding of a variety into a projective space is discussed in greater details in the following section.
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| == Line bundle and divisors ==
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| {{expand section|date=February 2013}}
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| {{main|Ample line bundle}}
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| We begin with a preliminary on a morphism into a projective space.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch II, Theorem 7.1}}</ref> Let ''X'' be a scheme over a ring ''A''. Suppose there is a morphism
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| :<math>\phi: X \to \mathbf{P}^n_A = \operatorname{Proj} A[x_1, \dots, x_n]</math>.
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| Then, along this map, <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> pulls-back to a line bundle ''L'' on ''X''. ''L'' is then generated by the global sections <math>\phi^*(x_i)</math>. Conversely, suppose ''L'' is generated by global sections <math>s_0, ..., s_n</math>. They define a morphism <math>\phi: X \to \mathbf{P}^n_A</math> as follows: let <math>X_i</math> and <math>U_i</math> be the complements of <math>s_i = 0</math> in ''X'' and <math>x_i = 0</math> in <math> \mathbf{P}^n_A</math> (i.e., <math>U_i</math> are the standard open affine chart described above.) Let <math>\phi: X_i \to U_i</math> be given by <math>x_i/x_j \mapsto s_i/s_j</math>. It is then immediate that ''L'' is isomorphic to <math>\phi^*(\mathcal{O}(1))</math> and <math>s_i = \phi^*(x_i)</math>. Furthermore, <math>\phi</math> is a closed immersion if and only if <math>X_i</math> are affine and <math>\Gamma(U_i, \mathcal{O}_{\mathbf{P}^n_A}) \to \Gamma(X_i, \mathcal{O}_{X_i})</math> are surjective.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch II, Proposition 7.2}}</ref>
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| Let <math>\mathcal{M}_X</math> be the sheaf on ''X'' associated with <math>U \mapsto </math> the total ring of fractions of <math>\Gamma(U, \mathcal{O}_X)</math>. A global section of <math>\mathcal{M}_X^*/\mathcal{O}_X^*</math> (* means multiplicative group) is called a [[Cartier divisor]] on ''X''. The notion actually adds nothing new: there is the canonical bijection
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| :<math>D \mapsto \mathcal{L}(D)</math>
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| from the set of all Cartier divisors on ''X'' to the set of all line bundles on ''X''.
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| == Coherent sheaves ==
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| Let ''X'' be a projective scheme over a field (possibly finite) ''k'' with very ample line bundle <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math>. Let <math>\mathcal{F}</math> be a coherent sheaf on it. Let <math>i: X \to \mathbf{P}^r_A</math> be the closed immersion. Then the [[cohomology]] of ''X'' can be computed from that of the projective space:
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| :<math>H^p(X, \mathcal{F}) = H^p(\mathbf{P}^r_A, \mathcal{F}), p \ge 0</math>
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| where in the right-hand side <math>\mathcal{F}</math> is viewed as a sheaf on the projective space by extension by zero.<ref>This is not difficult:{{harv|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch III. Lemma 2.10}} consider a [[Injective sheaf#Flasque or flabby sheaves|flasque resolution]] of <math>\mathcal{F}</math> and its zero-extension to the whole projective space.</ref> One can then deduce the following results due to Serre: let <math>\mathcal{F}(n) = \mathcal{F} \otimes \mathcal{O}(n)</math>
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| *(a) <math>H^p(X, \mathcal{F})</math> is a finite-dimensional ''k''-vector space for any ''p''.
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| *(b) There exists an <math>n_0</math> (depending on <math>\mathcal{F}</math>) such that
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| *::<math>H^p(X, \mathcal{F}(n)) = 0</math>
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| ::for all <math>n \ge n_0</math> and ''p''.
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| Indeed, we can assume ''X'' is the projective space by the early discussion. Then this can be seen by a direct computation for <math>\mathcal{F} = \mathcal{O}_{\mathbf{P}^r}(n),</math> ''n'' any integer, and the general case reduces to this case without much difficulty.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch III. Theorem 5.2}}</ref>
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| An analogous statement is true for ''X'' over a noetherian ring by the same argument. As a corollay to (a) bis, if ''f'' is a projective morphism from a noetherian scheme to a noetherian ring, then the higher direct image <math>R^p f_* \mathcal{F}</math> is coherent. This is a special case of a more general case: ''f'' proper. But the general case follows from the projective case with the aid of [[Chow's lemma]].
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| It is a feature of sheaf cohomology on a noetherian topological space that ''H<sup>i</sup>'' vanishes for ''i'' strictly greater than the dimension of the space. Thus, in view of the above discussion, the quantity
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| :<math>\chi(\mathcal{F}) = \sum_{i=0}^\infty (-1)^i \operatorname{dim} H^i(X, \mathcal{F})</math>
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| is a well-defined integer. It is called the [[Euler characteristic]] of <math>\mathcal{F}</math>. Then <math>H^i(X, \mathcal{F}(n))</math> all vanish for sufficiently large ''n''. One can then show <math>\chi(\mathcal{F}(n)) = P(n)</math> for some polynomial ''P'' over rational numbers.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977
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| |loc=Ch III. Exercise 5.2}}</ref> Applying this procedure to the structure sheaf <math>\mathcal{O}_X</math>, one recovers the Hilbert polynomial of ''X''. In particular, if ''X'' is irreducible and has dimension ''r'', the arithmetic genus of ''X'' is given by
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| :<math>(-1)^r (\chi(\mathcal{O}_X) - 1),</math>
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| which is manifestly intrinsic; i.e., independent of the embedding.
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| == Smooth projective varieties ==
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| Let ''X'' be a smooth projective variety where all of its irreducible components have dimension ''n''. Then one has the following version of the [[Serre duality]]: for any locally free sheaf <math>\mathcal{F}</math> on ''X'',
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| :<math>H^i(X, \mathcal{F}) \simeq H^{n-i}(X, \mathcal{F}^\vee \otimes \omega_X)'</math>
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| where the superscript prime refers to the dual space, ω<sub>''X''</sub> is the [[canonical sheaf]] and <math>\mathcal{F}^\vee</math> is the dual sheaf of <math>\mathcal{F}</math>.
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| Now, assume ''X'' is a curve (but still projective and nonsingular). Then ''H''<sup>2</sup> and higher vanish for dimensional reason and the space of the global sections of the structure sheaf is one-dimensional. Thus the arithmetic genus of ''X'' is the dimension of <math>H^1(X, \mathcal{O}_X)</math>. By definition, the [[geometric genus]] of ''X'' is the dimension of ''H''<sup>0</sup>(''X'', ω<sub>''X''</sub>). It thus follows from the Serre duality that the arithmetic genus and the geometric genus coincide. They will simply be called the genus of ''X''.
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| The Serre duality is also a key ingredient in the proof of the [[Riemann–Roch theorem]]. Since ''X'' is smooth, there is an isomorphism of groups
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| :<math>\operatorname{Cl}(X) \to \operatorname{Pic}(X), D \mapsto \mathcal{O}(D)</math> | |
| from the group of [[Weil divisor|(Weil) divisor]]s modulo principal divisors to the group of isomorphism classes of line bundles. A divisor corresponding to ω<sub>''X''</sub> is called the canonical divisor and is denoted by ''K''. Let ''l''(''D'') be the dimension of <math>H^0(X, \mathcal{O}(D))</math>. Then the Riemann–Roch theorem states: if ''g'' is a genus of ''X'',
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| :<math>l(D) -l(K - D) = \operatorname{deg} D + 1 - g</math>
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| for any divisor ''D'' on ''X''. By the Serre duality, this is the same as:
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| :<math>\chi(\mathcal{O}(D)) = \operatorname{deg} D + 1 - g</math>,
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| which can be readily proved.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|1977|loc=Ch IV. Theorem 1.3}}</ref>
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| For complex smooth projecive varieties, one of fundamental results is the [[Kodaira vanishing theorem]], which states the following:<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|loc=Ch III. Remark 7.5.}}</ref>
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| :Let ''X'' be a projective nonsingular variety of dimension ''n'' over '''C''' and <math>\mathcal{L}</math> an ample line bundle. Then
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| :#<math>H^i(X, \mathcal{L}\otimes \omega_X) = 0</math> for ''i'' > 0,
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| :#<math>H^i(X, \mathcal{L}^{-1}) = 0</math> for ''i'' < ''n''.
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| The Kodaira vanishing in general fails for a smooth projective variety in positive characteristic.
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| == Hilbert schemes ==
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| {{expand section|date=March 2013}}
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| {{main|Hilbert scheme}}
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| (In this section, schemes mean locally noetherian schemes.)
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| Suppose we want to parametrizes all closed subvarieties of a projective scheme ''X''. The idea is to construct a scheme ''H'' so that each "point" (in the functorial sense) of ''H'' corresponds to a closed subscheme of ''X''. (To make the construction to work, one needs to allow for a non-variety.) Such a scheme is called a Hilbert scheme. It is a deep theorem of Grothendieck that a Hilbert scheme exists at all. Let ''S'' be a scheme. One version of the theorem states that,<ref>{{harvnb|Kollár|1996|loc=Ch I 1.4}}</ref> given a projective scheme ''X'' over ''S'' and a polynomial ''P'', there exists a projective scheme <math>H_X^P</math> over ''S'' such that, for any ''S''-scheme ''T'',
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| :to give a ''T''-point of <math>H_X^P</math>; i.e., a morphism <math>T \to H^P_X</math> is the same as to give a closed subscheme of <math>X \times_S T</math> flat over ''T'' with Hilbert polynomial ''P''.
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| The closed subscheme of <math>X \times_S H_X^P</math> that corresponds to the identity map <math>H_X^P \to H_X^P</math> is called the ''universal family''.
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| Examples:
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| *If <math>P(z) = \binom{z+k}{k}</math>, then <math>H_{\mathbf{P}^n_S}^P</math> is called the [[Grassmannian]] of ''k''-planes in <math>\mathbf{P}^n_S</math> and, if ''X'' is a projective scheme over ''X'', <math>H_X^P</math> is called the [[Fano scheme]] of ''k''-planes on ''X''.<ref>{{harvnb|Eisenbud–Harris|2000|loc=VI 2.2}}</ref>
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| == Complex projective varieties ==
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| {{see also|Complex projective space}}
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| In this section, all algebraic varieties are [[complex number|complex]] algebraic varieties.
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| One of the fundamental results here is [[Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry#Chow.27s theorem|Chow's theorem]], which states that every analytic subvariety of a complex projective space is algebraic. The theorem may be interpreted to saying that a [[holomorphic function]] satisfying certain growth condition is necessarily algebraic: "projective" provides this growth condition. One can deduce from the theorem the following:
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| * Meromorphic functions on the complex projective space are rational.
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| * If an algebraic map between algebraic varieties is an analytic [[isomorphism]], then it is an (algebraic) isomorphism. (This part is a basic fact in complex analysis.) In particular, Chow's theorem implies that a holomorphic map between projective varieties is algebraic. (consider the graph of such a map.)
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| * Every [[holomorphic vector bundle]] on a projective variety is induced by a unique algebraic vector bundle.<ref>{{harvnb|Griffiths-Adams|loc=IV. 1. 10. Corollary H}}</ref>
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| * Every holomorphic line bundle on a projective variety is a line bundle of a divisor.<ref>{{harvnb|Griffiths-Adams|loc=IV. 1. 10. Corollary I}}</ref>
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| Chow's theorem is an instance of [[Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry|GAGA]]. Its main theorem due to Serre states:
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| :Let ''X'' be a projective scheme over '''C'''. Then the functor associating the coherent sheaves on ''X'' to the coherent sheaves on the corresponding complex analytic space ''X''<sup>an</sup> is an equivalence of categories. Furthermore, the natural maps
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| ::<math>H^i(X, \mathcal{F}) \to H^i(X^\text{an}, \mathcal{F})</math>
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| :are isomorphisms for all ''i'' and all coherent sheaves <math>\mathcal{F}</math> on ''X''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartshorne|loc=Appendix B. Theorem 2.1}}</ref>
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| In particular, the theorem gives a proof of Chow's theorem.
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Algebraic geometry of projective spaces]]
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| *[[Hilbert scheme]]
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| *[[Lefschetz hyperplane theorem]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == References ==
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| *{{cite book |title=The geometry of schemes |year=2000 |first=David |last=Eisenbud |authorlink=David Eisenbud |first2=Joe |last2=Harris}}
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| *P. Griffiths and J. Adams, ''Topics in algebraic and analytic geometry'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1974.
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| *{{Hartshorne AG}}
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| *{{cite book |title=Complex Geometry: An Introduction|first=Daniel|last=Huybrechts
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| |publisher=Springer|year=2005|isbn=3-540-21290-6}}
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| *{{citation |first1=János |last1=Kollár |authorlink=János Kollár |title=Book on Moduli of Surfaces |url=https://web.math.princeton.edu/~kollar/}}
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| *{{cite book |first1=János |last1=Kollár |authorlink=János Kollár |title=Rational curves on algebraic varieties |year=1996}}
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| *{{cite book | last=Mumford | first=David | authorlink=David Mumford | year=1970 |title=Abelian Varieties}}
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| *{{cite book | last=Mumford | first=David | authorlink=David Mumford | year=1995 |title=Algebraic Geometry I: Complex Projective Varieties}}
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| *{{cite book | last=Mumford | first=David | authorlink=David Mumford | year=1999 | title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians | edition=2nd ed. | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | doi=10.1007/b62130 | isbn=354063293X }}
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| *Mumfords's "Algebraic Geometry II", coauthored with [[Tadao Oda]]: available at [http://www.math.upenn.edu/~chai/624_08/math624_08.html]
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| *R. Vakil, [http://math.stanford.edu/~vakil/216blog/ Foundations Of Algebraic Geometry]
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://rigtriv.wordpress.com/2008/07/18/the-hilbert-scheme/ The Hilbert Scheme] by Charles Siegel - a blog post
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| *[http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~moraru/764ProjectiveVarieties.pdf]
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| [[Category:Algebraic geometry]]
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| [[Category:Algebraic varieties]]
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| [[Category:Projective geometry]]
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