Rayleigh–Jeans law: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox electronic component
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|name              = Avalanche diode
|image            =  
|image_size        =
|caption          =  
|type              = [[Passivity (engineering)|Passive]]
|working_principle = [[Avalanche breakdown]]
|invented          =
|first_produced    =
|symbol            =
}}
 
In electronics, an '''avalanche diode''' is a [[diode]] (made from [[silicon]] or other  [[semiconductor]]) that is designed to go through [[avalanche breakdown]] at a specified reverse bias [[voltage]]. The junction of an avalanche diode is designed to prevent current concentration at hot spots, so that the diode is undamaged by the breakdown. The avalanche breakdown is due to minority carriers accelerated enough to create ionization in the crystal lattice, producing more carriers which in turn create more ionization. Because the avalanche breakdown is uniform across the whole junction, the breakdown voltage is more nearly constant with changing current compared to a non-avalanche diode.<ref>L. W. Turner, (ed.), ''Electronics Engineer's Reference Book, 4th Edition'', Newnes, 1976 pages 8-9 to 8-10</ref>
 
The [[Zener diode]] exhibits an apparently similar effect in addition to [[Zener breakdown]]. Both effects are actually present in any such diode, but one usually dominates the other. Avalanche diodes are optimized for avalanche effect so they exhibit small but significant voltage drop under breakdown conditions, unlike Zener diodes that always maintain a voltage  higher than breakdown. This feature provides better surge protection than simple Zener diode and acts more like a [[gas discharge tube]] replacement. Avalanche diodes have a small positive temperature coefficient of voltage, where diodes relying on the Zener effect have a negative temperature coefficient.<ref>Jacob Millman ''Microelectronics'', McGraw-Hill, 1979 ISBN 0-07-042327-X, pp. 45-47</ref>
 
==Uses==
[[File:V-a characteristic Zener diode.svg|thumb|right|Alt=Line graph of current vs voltage shows nearly constant voltage in breakdown. | Avalanche diode current vs. voltage characteristic.]]
===Voltage reference===
The voltage after breakdown varies only slightly with changing current. This makes the avalanche diode useful as a type of [[voltage reference]]. Voltage reference diodes rated more than about 5.5 volts are generally avalanche diodes.
 
===Protection===
 
A common application is protecting [[electronic circuit]]s against [[overvoltage|damaging high voltages]]. The avalanche diode is connected to the circuit so that it is reverse-biased. In other words, its [[cathode]] is positive with respect to its [[anode]]. In this configuration, the diode is non-conducting and does not interfere with the circuit. If the voltage increases beyond the design limit, the diode goes into [[avalanche breakdown]], causing the harmful voltage to be conducted to ground. When used in this fashion, they are often referred to as [[Clamper (electronics)|clamping diodes]] or [[transient-voltage-suppression diode|transient voltage suppressors]] because they "clamp" the maximum voltage to a predetermined level. Avalanche diodes are normally specified for this role by their clamping voltage ''V''<sub>BR</sub> and the maximum amount of transient energy they can absorb, specified by either energy (in [[joule]]s) or <math>i^2t</math>.  Avalanche breakdown is not destructive as long as the diode is prevented from overheating.
 
===RF noise generation===
Avalanche diodes generate [[radio frequency]] noise. They are commonly used as noise sources in radio equipment and [[hardware random number generator]]s. For instance, they are often used as a source of RF for [[antenna analyzer]] bridges. Avalanche diodes can also be used as [[white noise]] generators.
 
===Microwave frequency generation===
If placed into a resonant circuit, avalanche diodes can act as [[negative resistance]] devices. The [[IMPATT diode]] is an avalanche diode optimized for frequency generation.
 
===Single Photon Avalanche Detector===
These are made from doped silicon and depend on the avalanche breakdown
effect to detect even single photons. The silicon avalanche photodiode is a high gain
photon detector. They are "...ideal for use in high speed, low light level applications." <ref>Advanced Photonix, http://www.advancedphotonix.com/ap_products/standard_SiAvalanche.asp?from=leftnav</ref>
The avalanche photodiode is operated with a reverse bias voltage of up to hundreds of
Volts, slightly below the breakdown voltage. In this regime, the electron hole pairs generated by the incident photons colliding get a large amount of energy from the electric field, which
creates more secondary charge carriers. The photocurrent of just one photon can be registered with these electronics devices.
 
==See also==
*[[Avalanche transistor]]
*[[Transient voltage suppression diode]]
*[[Zener diode]]
* [[Tvs_diode|TVS diode]]
 
==References==
{{Commons category|Avalanche diodes}}
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Electronic components}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Avalanche Diode}}
[[Category:Diodes]]

Latest revision as of 00:18, 24 September 2014

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