|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{String theory|cTopic=Theory}}
| | Your Tribe is the greatest strong of all and discover have the planet (virtual) at your toes, as well as the all that with only real a brief on-line on the web that may direct somebody step by step in how to get our company's cheat code for Struggle of Tribes.<br><br>To understand coins and gems, you've obtain the Clash behind Clans hack equipment by- clicking on the end up with button. Contingent on operating framework that you are utilizing, you will operate the downloaded document as the admin. Furnish my log in Id and select the gadget. Immediately after this, you are get into the quantity of diamonds or coins that you need to have and start off one particular Clash of Clans hack instrument.<br><br>clash of clans is a ideal game, which usually requires in order to build your personal village, discover warriors, raid assets and build your get clan and so on. there is a lot a lot significantly more to this video task and for every one of these you require jewels in order to really play, as you really like. Clash of Clans hack allows you to get as many jewels as you like. There is an unlimited amount of gems you could render with all the Collide of Clans cheats available online, however you need to be specific about the link you are using for the reason some of them but waste materials your time and also dont get anybody anything more.<br><br>Clash of Clans is without any doubt a popular sport made to end up being brandished on multiple systems, for the most part iOS and also mobile. The overall game is incredibly intriguing but presently now there comes a spot each morning legend, where the music player gets trapped because of not enough gems. However, this problem is now able to easily becoming resolved.<br><br>My personal testing has apparent which often this appraisement algorithm model consists of a alternation of beeline band pieces. They are less than things to consider models of arced graphs. I will explain so why later.<br><br>An individual are playing a displaying game, and you shouldn't have any experience with it, set the difficulty even to rookie. Viewed as help you pick in on the unique presents of the game and simply learn your way almost the field. Provided you set it significantly greater than that, you commonly tend to get frustrated and simply not have any fun.<br><br>Pc games or computer games have increased in popularity nowadays, not only with the younger generation, but also with older adults as well. Several games available, ranging coming from the intellectual to the everywhere you look - your options may very well be limitless. If you have any [http://Www.Answers.com/topic/inquiries inquiries] regarding wherever and how to use [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack ipad download], you can speak to us at our own site. Online task [http://playing.com/ playing] games are one of the most popular games anywhere on earth. With this popularity, plenty consumers are exploring and finding ways to go over the whole game as soon as they can; reasons for using computer How to hack in clash of clans range from simply attempting to own your own friends stare at you found in awe, or getting whole lot of game money which you really can sell later, or simply just to rid the game among the fun factor for another players. |
| '''String field theory (SFT)''' is a formalism in [[string theory]] in which the dynamics of [[special relativity|relativistic]] strings is reformulated in the language of [[quantum field theory]]. This is accomplished at the level of [[perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)|perturbation theory]] by finding a collection of vertices for joining and splitting strings, as well as string [[propagator]]s, that give a [[Feynman diagram]]-like expansion for string scattering amplitudes. In most string field theories, this expansion is encoded by a [[Action (physics)|classical action]] found by [[second-quantized|second-quantizing]] the free string and adding interaction terms. As is usually the case in second quantization, a [[classical field]] configuration of the second-quantized theory is given by a wave function in the original theory. In the case of string field theory, this implies that a classical configuration, usually called the '''string field''', is given by an element of the free string [[Fock space]].
| |
| | |
| The principal advantages of the formalism are that it allows the computation of [[off-shell]] [[probability amplitude|amplitudes]] and, when a classical action is available, gives non-perturbative information that cannot be seen directly from the standard genus expansion of string scattering. In particular, following the work of [[Ashoke Sen]],<ref>A. Sen, "Universality of the tachyon potential", JHEP 9912:027, (1999)</ref> it has been useful in the study of [[tachyon condensation]] on unstable [[D-branes]]. It has also had applications to [[topological string theory]],<ref>E. Witten, "Chern–Simons gauge theory as a string theory", Prog. Math. ''' 133''' 637, (1995)</ref> non-commutative geometry,<ref>E. Witten, "Noncommutative tachyons and string field theory", hep-th/0006071</ref> and strings in low dimensions.<ref>D. Gaiotto and L. Rastelli, "A Paradigm of open/closed duality: Liouville D-branes and the Kontsevich model", JHEP 0507:053, (2005)</ref>
| |
| | |
| String field theories come in a number of varieties depending on which type of string is second quantized: ''Open string field theories'' describe the scattering of open strings, ''closed string field theories'' describe closed strings, while ''open-closed string field theories'' include both open and closed strings.
| |
| | |
| In addition, depending on the method used to fix the worldsheet [[diffeomorphisms]] and [[conformal transformation]]s in the original free string theory, the resulting string field theories can be very different. Using [[light cone gauge]], yields ''light-cone string field theories'' whereas using [[BRST quantization]], one finds ''covariant string field theories''. There are also hybrid string field theories, known as ''covariantized light-cone string field theories'' which use elements of both light-cone and BRST gauge-fixed string field theories.<ref>H. Hata, K. Itoh, T. Kugo, H. Kunitomo, and K. Ogawa, "Manifestly Covariant Field Theory of Interacting String." Phys.Lett. ''' B172''' (1986) 186.</ref>
| |
| | |
| A final form of string field theory, known as ''background independent open string field theory'', takes a very different form; instead of second quantizing the worldsheet string theory, it second quantizes the space of two-dimensional quantum field theories.<ref>E. Witten, "On background independent open string field theory." Phys.Rev.''' D46''' (1992) 5467.</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Light-cone string field theory ==
| |
| Light-cone string field theories were introduced by [[Stanley Mandelstam]]<ref>S. Mandelstam, "Interacting String Picture of The Dual Resonance Models," Nucl. Phys. '''B64 ''', 205 (1973); S. Mandelstam, "Interacting String Picture of The Neveu–Schwarz–Ramond Model," Nucl. Phys. '''B69 ''', 77 (1974);</ref>
| |
| and developed by Mandelstam, [[Michael Green (physicist)|Michael Green]], [[John Henry Schwarz|John Schwarz]] and Lars Brink.<ref> | |
| M. B. Green and J. H. Schwarz, “Supersymmetrical Dual String Theory. 2. Vertices
| |
| And Trees,” Nucl. Phys. '''B198''', 252 (1982); <BR>
| |
| M. B. Green and J. H. Schwarz, "Superstring Interactions," Nucl. Phys. '''B218 ''', 43 (1983); <BR>
| |
| M. B. Green, J. H. Schwarz and L. Brink, “Superfield Theory Of Type II Superstrings,”
| |
| Nucl. Phys. B 219, 437 (1983); <BR>
| |
| M. B. Green and J. H. Schwarz, “Superstring Field Theory,” Nucl. Phys. '''B243''' , 475
| |
| (1984);<BR>
| |
| S. Mandelstam, "Interacting String Picture Of The Fermionic String," Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. ''' 86 ''', 163 (1986);
| |
| </ref> An explicit description of the second-quantization of the light-cone string was given by [[Michio Kaku]] and [[Keiji Kikkawa]].<ref>Michio Kaku and K. Kikkawa, "Field theory of relativistic strings. I. Trees", Phys. '''Rev. D10''', 1110 (1974); <BR>
| |
| Michio Kaku and K. Kikkawa, "The Field Theory of Relativistic Strings. 2. Loops and Pomerons", Phys.Rev. '''D10''',1823,(1974).
| |
| </ref>
| |
| | |
| Light-cone string field theories were the first string field theories to be constructed and are based on the simplicity of string scattering in light-cone gauge. For example, in the [[bosonic string theory|bosonic closed string]] case, the worldsheet scattering diagrams naturally take a Feynman diagram-like form, being built from two ingredients, a [[propagator]],
| |
| <BR>
| |
| <BR>
| |
| ::[[Image:Light Cone String Propagator.svg]]
| |
| | |
| and two vertices for splitting and joining strings, which can be used to glue three propagators together,
| |
| <BR>
| |
| <BR>
| |
| ::[[Image:Closed String Light Cone Vertex.svg]]
| |
| | |
| These vertices and propagators produce a single cover of the moduli space of <math>n</math>-point closed string scattering amplitudes so no higher order vertices are required.<ref>E. D’Hoker and S. B. Giddings, “Unitarity Of The Closed Bosonic Polyakov String,”
| |
| Nucl. Phys. '''B291''' (1987) 90.</ref> Similar vertices exist for the open string.
| |
| | |
| When one considers light-cone quantized ''superstrings'', the discussion is more subtle as divergences can arise when the light-cone vertices collide.<ref>J. Greensite and F. R. Klinkhamer, “New Interactions For Superstrings,” Nucl. Phys.
| |
| '''B281''' (1987) 269</ref> To produce a consistent theory, it is necessary to introduce higher order vertices, called contact terms, to cancel the divergences.
| |
| | |
| Light-cone string field theories have the disadvantage that they break manifest [[Lorentz invariance]]. However, in backgrounds with [[light-like]] [[killing vector field|killing vectors]], they can considerably simplify the quantization of the string action. Moreover, until the advent of the Berkovits string<ref>N. Berkovits, "Super Poincare covariant quantization of the superstring", JHEP 0004:018, (2000).</ref> it was the only known method for quantizing strings in the presence of [[Ramond–Ramond field]]s. In recent research, light-cone string field theory played an important role in understanding strings in pp-wave backgrounds.<ref>M. Spradlin and A. Volovich, "Light-cone string field theory in a plane wave", Lectures given at ICTP Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics, Trieste, Italy, 31 Mar – 8 Apr (2003) hep-th/0310033.</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Free covariant string field theory ==
| |
| An important step in the construction of covariant string field theories (preserving manifest [[Lorentz invariance]]) was the construction of a covariant kinetic term. This kinetic term can be considered a string field theory in its own right: the string field theory of free strings. Since the work of Warren Siegel,<ref>W. Siegel, "String Field Theory Via BRST", in Santa Barbara 1985, Proceedings, Unified String Theories, 593; <br> W. Siegel, "Introduction to string field theory", Adv. Ser. Math. Phys. ''' 8'''. Reprinted as hep-th/0107094</ref> it has been standard to ''first'' BRST-quantize the free string theory and ''then'' second quantize so that the classical fields of the string field theory include ghosts as well as matter fields. For example, in the case of the bosonic open string theory in 26-dimensional flat spacetime, a general element of the Fock-space of the BRST quantized string takes the form (in radial quantization in the upper half plane),
| |
| | |
| ::<math> |\Psi\rangle = \int d^{26} p \left (T(p) c_1 e^{i p\cdot X} |0\rangle
| |
| + A_\mu (p) \partial X^\mu c_1 e^{i p \cdot X} |0 \rangle + \chi (p) c_0 e^{i p \cdot X}|0\rangle + \ldots
| |
| \right),</math>
| |
| where <math> |0\rangle </math> is the free string vacuum and the dots represent more massive fields. In the language of worldsheet string theory, <math> T(p) </math>, <math> A_\mu(p) </math>, and <math> \chi(p) </math> represent the amplitudes for the string to be found in the various basis states. After second quantization, they are interpreted instead as classical fields representing the tachyon <math> T </math>, gauge field <math> A_\mu </math> and a ghost field <math> \chi </math>.
| |
| | |
| In the worldsheet string theory, the unphysical elements of the Fock space are removed by imposing the condition <math> Q_B |\Psi \rangle = 0 </math> as well as the equivalence relation <math> |\Psi \rangle \sim |\Psi\rangle + Q_B |\Lambda \rangle </math>. After second quantization, the equivalence relation is interpreted as a [[gauge invariance]], whereas the condition that <math> |\Psi \rangle </math> is physical is interpreted as an [[equation of motion]]. Because the physical fields live at ghostnumber one, it is also assumed that the string field <math> |\Psi \rangle </math> is a ghostnumber one element of the Fock space.
| |
| | |
| In the case of the open bosonic string a gauge-unfixed action with the appropriate symmetries and equations of motion was originally obtained by [[André Neveu]], Hermann Nicolai and [[Peter C. West]].<ref>A. Neveu, H. Nicolai and P. C. West, "New Symmetries And Ghost Structure Of Covariant String Theories", Phys.Lett. '''B167''' (1986) 307</ref> It is given by
| |
| :: <math>
| |
| S_{\text{free open}} (\Psi) = \tfrac{1}{2} \langle \Psi | Q_B |\Psi\rangle \ ,
| |
| </math>
| |
| where <math> \langle \Psi | </math> is the BPZ-dual of <math> |\Psi \rangle </math>.<ref>
| |
| A. Belavin, A. Polyakov, A. Zamolodichikov, "Infinite Conformal Symmetry in Two-Dimensional Quantum Field Theory", Nucl. Phys. '''B241''', 333 (1984)</ref>
| |
| | |
| For the bosonic closed string, construction of a BRST-invariant kinetic term requires additionally that one impose <math> (L_0 - \tilde{L}_0) |\Psi\rangle = 0 </math> and <math> (b_0 - \tilde{b}_0) |\Psi\rangle = 0 </math>. The kinetic term is then
| |
| :: <math> S_{\text{free closed}} = \tfrac{1}{2} \langle \Psi | (c_0 - \tilde{c}_0) Q_B |\Psi \rangle \ .</math>
| |
| | |
| Additional considerations are required for the superstrings to deal with the superghost zero-modes.
| |
| | |
| == Witten's cubic open string field theory ==
| |
| The best studied and simplest of covariant interacting string field theories was constructed by [[Edward Witten]].<ref>E. Witten, "Noncommutative Geometry and String Field Theory", Nucl. Phys '''B268 ''', 253, (1986)</ref> It describes the dynamics of bosonic open strings and is given by adding to the free open string action a cubic vertex:
| |
| :: <math> S(\Psi) = \tfrac{1}{2} \langle \Psi |Q_B |\Psi \rangle + \tfrac{1}{3} \langle \Psi,\Psi,\Psi \rangle </math>,
| |
| | |
| where, as in the free case, <math> \Psi </math> is a ghostnumber one element of the BRST-quantized free bosonic open-string Fock-space.
| |
| | |
| The cubic vertex, | |
| ::<math> \langle \Psi_1,\Psi_2,\Psi_3 \rangle </math>
| |
| is a triliniar map which takes three string fields of total ghostnumber three and yields a number. | |
| Following Witten, who was motivated by ideas from noncommutative geometry, it is conventional to introduce the <math>*</math>-product defined implicitly through
| |
| :: <math> \langle\Sigma | \Psi_1 *\Psi_2 \rangle = \langle\Sigma, \Psi_1,\Psi_2\rangle \ .</math>
| |
| | |
| The <math>*</math>-product and cubic vertex satisfy a number of important properties (allowing the <math> \Psi_i </math> to be general ghost number fields):
| |
| <ol>
| |
| <li> ''' Cyclicity ''':
| |
| ::<math>\langle \Psi_1, \Psi_2, \Psi_3 \rangle = (-1)^{gn(\Psi_3) * (gn(\Psi_2)+ gn(\Psi_1))}\langle \Psi_3, \Psi_1, \Psi_2 \rangle</math>
| |
| <li>
| |
| ''' BRST invariance ''':
| |
| ::<math> Q_B \langle \Psi_1, \Psi_2, \Psi_3 \rangle = \langle Q_B \Psi_1, \Psi_2, \Psi_3 \rangle + (-1)^{gn(\Psi_1)}\langle \Psi_1, Q_B \Psi_2, \Psi_3 \rangle +(-1)^{gn(\Psi_1)+ gn(\Psi_2)}\langle \Psi_1, \Psi_2, Q_B \Psi_3 \rangle </math>
| |
| | |
| For the <math>*</math>-product, this implies that <math>Q_B</math> acts as a graded derivation
| |
| ::<math>Q_B (\Psi_1 * \Psi_2) = (Q_B \Psi_1)*\Psi_2 + (-1)^{gn(\Psi_1)} \Psi_1 * (Q_B \Psi_2)</math>
| |
| <li> ''' Associativity '''
| |
|
| |
| ::<math> \left(\Psi_1 * \Psi_2\right) * \Psi_3 = \Psi_1 * (\Psi_2 * \Psi_3) </math>
| |
| | |
| In terms of the cubic vertex,
| |
| :: <math> \langle\Psi_1 ,\Psi_2 * \Psi_3,\Psi_4 \rangle = \langle\Psi_1 ,\Psi_2 ,\Psi_3* \Psi_4 \rangle </math>
| |
| </ol>
| |
| In these equations, <math> gn(\Psi) </math> denotes the ghost number of <math> \Psi </math>.
| |
| | |
| ===Gauge invariance ===
| |
| These properties of the cubic vertex are sufficient to show that <math> S(\Psi) </math> is invariant under
| |
| the [[Yang–Mills]]-like gauge transformation,
| |
| :: <math> \Psi \to \Psi + Q_B \Lambda + \Psi * \Lambda - \Lambda * \Psi \ , </math>
| |
| where <math> \Lambda </math> is an infinitesimal gauge parameter. Finite gauge transformations take the form
| |
| :: <math> \Psi \to e^{-\Lambda} (\Psi + Q_B )e^{\Lambda} </math>
| |
| where the exponential is defined by,
| |
| :: <math> e^{\Lambda} = 1 + \Lambda + \tfrac{1}{2} \Lambda* \Lambda + \tfrac{1}{3!} \Lambda * \Lambda * \Lambda + \ldots </math>
| |
| | |
| ===Equations of motion ===
| |
| The equations of motion are given by the following equation:
| |
| :: <math> Q_B \Psi + \Psi * \Psi = 0 \left. \right. \ .</math>
| |
| Because the string field <math> \Psi </math> is an infinite collection of ordinary classical fields, these equations represent an infinite collection of non-linear coupled differential equations. There have been two approaches to finding solutions: First, numerically, one can truncate the string field to include only fields with mass less than a fixed bound, a procedure known as "level truncation".<ref>V. Kostelecky and S. Samuel, "Spontaneous Breaking of Lorentz Symmetry in String Theory", Phys. Rev. '''D39 ''', 683, (1989)</ref> This reduces the equations of motion to a finite number of coupled differential equations and has led to the discovery of many solutions.<ref>B. Zwiebach, "Is the string field big enough?", Fortsch. Phys. ''' 49 ''' 387 (2001); <BR> W. Taylor and B. Zwiebach, "D-branes, tachyons, and string field theory." Boulder 2001, Strings, branes and extra dimensions 641.</ref> Second, following the work of Martin Schnabl <ref>M. Schnabl, "Analytic solution for tachyon condensation in open string field theory",
| |
| Adv.Theor.Math.Phys. '''10''', (2006) 433</ref> one can seek analytic solutions by carefully picking an ansatz which has simple behavior under star multiplication and action by the BRST operator. This has led to solutions representing marginal deformations as well as the tachyon vacuum solution<ref>E. Fuchs and M. Kroyter, "Analytical Solutions of Open String Field Theory", arXiv:0807.4722;
| |
| </ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Quantization===
| |
| To consistently quantize <math> S(\Psi) </math> one has to fix a gauge. The traditional choice has been Feynman–Siegel gauge,
| |
| :: <math> b_0 \Psi = 0 \left.\right. \ .</math>
| |
| Because the gauge transformations are themselves redundant (there are gauge transformations of the gauge transformations), the gauge fixing procedure requires introducing an infinite number of ghosts via the [[Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism|BV formalism]].<ref>C. Thorn, "String Field Theory", Phys. Rept. ''' 175 ''', 1, (1989)</ref> The complete gauge fixed action is given by
| |
| :: <math> S_{\text{gauge-fixed}} = \tfrac{1}{2} \langle \Psi | c_0 L_0 |\Psi\rangle + \tfrac{1}{3} \langle \Psi,\Psi,\Psi \rangle \ , </math>
| |
| where the field <math> \Psi </math> is now allowed to be of ''arbitrary ghostnumber''. In this gauge, the [[Feynman diagrams]] are constructed from a single propagator and vertex. The propagator takes the form of a strip of worldsheet of width <math> \pi </math> and length <math> T </math>
| |
| <BR>
| |
| <BR>
| |
| :: [[Image:OSFT propagator.svg]]
| |
| | |
| There is also an insertion of an integral of the <math> b </math>-ghost along the red line. The modulus, <math> T </math> is integrated from 0 to <math> \infty </math>.
| |
| | |
| The three vertex can be described as a way of gluing three propagators together as shown in the following picture:
| |
| <BR>
| |
| <BR>
| |
| :: [[Image:OSFT three vertex.svg]]
| |
| | |
| In order to represent the vertex embedded in three dimensions, the propagators have been folded in half along their midpoints. The resulting geometry is completely flat except for a single curvature singularity where the midpoints of the three propagators meet.
| |
| | |
| These Feynman diagrams generate a complete cover of the moduli space of open string scattering diagrams. It follows that, for on-shell amplitudes, the ''n''-point open string amplitudes computed using Witten's open string field theory are identical to those computed using standard worldsheet methods.<ref>S. Giddings, E. Martinec and E. Witten, "Modular Invariance in String Field Theory", Phys. Lett. '''B176 ''', 362, (1986);
| |
| <br> B. Zwiebach, "A Proof that Witten's open string theory gives a single cover of moduli space", Commun. Math. Phys. ''' 142 ''' 193, (1991)</ref> | |
| | |
| == Supersymmetric covariant open string field theories ==
| |
| There are two main constructions of [[supersymmetric]] extensions of Witten's cubic open string field theory. The first is very similar in form to its bosonic cousin and is known as ''modified cubic superstring field theory''. The second, due to [[Nathan Berkovits]] is very different and is based on a [[Wess–Zumino–Witten model|WZW]]-type action.
| |
| | |
| ===Modified cubic superstring field theory===
| |
| The first consistent extension of Witten's bosonic open string field theory to the RNS string was constructed by
| |
| Christian Preitschopf, [[Charles Thorn]] and Scott Yost and independently by Irina Aref'eva, P. B. Medvedev and A. P. Zubarev.<ref>C. Preitschopf, C. Thorn and S. Yost , "Superstring Field Theory," Nucl. Phys. '''B337 ''' (1990) 363 ; <br> I. Aref'eva, P. Medvedev and A. Zubarev, "New Representation
| |
| for String Field Solves the Consistency Problem for Open Superstring Field Theory," Nucl.
| |
| Phys. '''B341''' 464 (1990).</ref> The NS string field is taken to be a ghostnumber one picture zero string field in the small Hilbert space (i.e. <math> \eta_0 |\Psi\rangle = 0 </math>).
| |
| The action takes a very similar form to bosonic action,
| |
| :: <math> S(\Psi) = \tfrac{1}{2} \langle \Psi |Y(i) Y(-i) Q_B |\Psi \rangle
| |
| +\tfrac{1}{3} \langle \Psi | Y(i) Y(-i) |\Psi * \Psi\rangle \ ,</math>
| |
| where,
| |
| :: <math> Y(z) = -\partial \xi e^{-2 \phi} c(z) </math>
| |
| is the inverse picture changing operator. The suggested <math> -\tfrac{1}{2} </math> picture number extension of this theory to the Ramond sector might be problematic.
| |
| | |
| This action has been shown to reproduce tree-level amplitudes and has a tachyon vacuum solution with the correct energy.<ref>Theodore Erler, "Tachyon Vacuum in Cubic Superstring Field Theory", JHEP 0801:013, (2008)</ref>
| |
| The one subtlety in the action is the insertion of picture changing operators at the midpoint, which imply that the linearized equations of motion take the form
| |
| :: <math> Y(i)Y(-i) Q_B \Psi = 0 \left.\right. \ .</math>
| |
| Because <math> Y(i) Y(-i) </math> has a non-trivial kernel, there are potentially extra solutions that are not in the cohomology of <math> Q_B </math>.<ref>N. Berkovits, "Review of open superstring field theory", hep-th/0105230</ref> However, such solutions would have operator insertions near the midpoint and would be potentially singular, and importance of this problem remains unclear.
| |
| | |
| ===Berkovits superstring field theory===
| |
| A very different supersymmetric action for the open string was constructed by Nathan Berkovits. It takes the form<ref>N. Berkovits, "Super-Poincare Invariant Superstring Field Theory", Nucl. Phys. ''' B450 ''' (1995) 90</ref>
| |
| :: <math> | |
| S = \tfrac{1}{2} \langle e^{-\Phi} Q_B e^{\Phi} | e^{-\Phi} \eta_0 e^{\Phi} \rangle
| |
| - \tfrac{1}{2} \int_0^1 dt\langle e^{ -\hat{\Phi}} \partial_t e^{\hat{\Phi}}|\{e^{-\hat{\Phi}} Q_B
| |
| e^{\hat{\Phi}} , e^{-\hat{\Phi}} \eta_0 e^{\hat{\Phi}} \} \rangle
| |
| </math>
| |
| where all of the products are performed using the <math>*</math>-product including the anticommutator <math> \{,\} </math>, and <math>\hat{\Phi}(t) </math> is any string field such that <math> \hat{\Phi}(0) = 0</math> and <math> \hat{\Phi}(1) = \Phi</math>. The string field <math> \Phi </math> is taken to be in the NS sector of the large Hilbert space, i.e. ''including'' the zero mode of <math> \xi </math>. It is not known how to incorporate the R sector, although some preliminary ideas exist.<ref>Y. Michishita, "A covariant action with a constraint and Feynman rules for fermions in open superstring field theory", hep-th/0412215</ref>
| |
| | |
| The equations of motion take the form
| |
| ::<math> \eta_0 \left(e^{-\Phi} Q_B e^{\Phi} \right) = 0 .</math>
| |
| | |
| The action is invariant under the gauge transformation
| |
| :: <math> e^{\Phi} \to e^{Q_B \Lambda} e^{\Phi} e^{\eta_0 \Lambda'} .</math>
| |
| | |
| The principal advantage of this action is that it free from any insertions of picture-changing operators. It has been shown to reproduce correctly tree level amplitudes<ref>N. Berkovits and C. Echevarria, "Four-Point Amplitudes from Open Superstring Field Theory", Phys.Lett. '''B478''' (2000) 343</ref> and has been found, numerically, to have a tachyon vacuum with appropriate energy.<ref>N. Berkovits, "The Tachyon potential in open Neveu–Schwarz string field theory," JHEP 0004:022 (2000);<br> N. Berkovits, A. Sen and B. Zwiebach, "Tachyon condensation in superstring field theory", Nucl.Phys. ''' B587''' (2000) 147</ref> The only known analytic solutions to the classical equations of motion are marginal deformations.
| |
| | |
| ===Other formulations of covariant open superstring field theory===
| |
| A formulation of superstring field theory using the non-minimal pure-spinor variables was introduced by Berkovits.<ref>N. Berkovits, "Pure spinor formalism as an N=2 topological string", hep-th/0509120</ref> The action is cubic and includes a midpoint insertion whose kernel is trivial. As always within the pure-spinor formulation, the Ramond sector can be easily treated. However, it is not known how to incorporate the GSO- sectors into the formalism.
| |
| | |
| In an attempt to resolve the allegedly problematic midpoint insertion of the modified cubic theory, Berkovits and Siegel proposed a superstring field theory based on a non-minimal extension of the RNS string,<ref>N. Berkovits and W. Siegel, "Regularizing cubic open Neveu–Schwarz string field theory", arXiv:0901.3386</ref> which uses a midpoint insertion with no kernel. It is not clear if such insertions are in any way better than midpoint insertions with non-trivial kernels.
| |
| | |
| ==Covariant closed string field theory ==
| |
| Covariant closed string field theories are considerably more complicated than their open string cousins. Even if one wants to construct a string field theory which only reproduces ''tree-level'' interactions between closed strings, the classical action must contain an ''infinite'' number of vertices <ref>H. Sonoda and B. Zwiebach, "Covariant Closed String Theory Cannot Be Cubic", Nucl.Phys.''' B336''' (1990) 185</ref> consisting of string polyhedra.<ref>M. Saadi and B. Zwiebach, "Closed string field theory from polyhedra", Annals Phys '''192''' (1989) 213; <br> T. Kugo, K. Suehiro, "Nonpolynomian Closed String Field Theory: Action And Its Gauge Invariance", Nucl.Phys. ''' B337''' (1990) 434.</ref>
| |
| | |
| If one demands that on-shell scattering diagrams be reproduced to all orders in the string coupling, one must also include additional vertices arising from higher genus (and hence higher order in <math> \hbar </math>) as well. In general, a manifestly BV invariant, quantizable action takes the form<ref>B. Zwiebach, "Closed string field theory: Quantum action and the B–V master equation", Nucl.Phys. ''' B390''' (1993) 33</ref>
| |
| :: <math> S(\Psi) = \hbar \sum_{g \ge 0} (\hbar g_c)^{g-1} \sum_{n \ge 0} \frac{1}{n!} \{\Psi^n \}_g </math>
| |
| where <math> \{ \Psi^n \}_g </math> denotes an <math>n</math>th order vertex arising from a genus <math> g </math> surface and <math> g_c </math> is the closed string coupling. The structure of the vertices is in principle determined by a minimal area prescription,<ref>
| |
| B. Zwiebach, "Quantum closed strings from minimal area", Mod Phys. Lett. ''' A5 ''' (1990) 2753</ref> although, even for the polyhedral vertices, explicit computations have only been performed to quintic order.<ref>N. Moeller, "Closed Bosonic String Field Theory at Quintic Order: Five-Tachyon Contact Term and Dilaton Theorem", JHEP 0703:043 (2007); <br> N. Moeller, " Closed Bosonic String Field Theory at Quintic Order. II. Marginal Deformations and Effective Potential", JHEP 0709:118, (2007)</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Covariant heterotic string field theory ==
| |
| | |
| A formulation of the NS sector of the heterotic string was given by Berkovits, Okawa and Zwiebach.<ref>N. Berkovits, Y. Okawa and B. Zwiebach, "WZW-like action for heterotic string field theory", hep-th/0409018</ref>
| |
| The formulation amalgams bosonic closed string field theory with Berkovits' superstring field theory.
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| * [[Conformal field theory]]
| |
| * [[F-theory]]
| |
| * [[Fuzzballs]]
| |
| * [[List of string theory topics]]
| |
| * [[Little string theory]]
| |
| * [[Loop quantum gravity]]
| |
| * [[Relationship between string theory and quantum field theory]]
| |
| * [[String cosmology]]
| |
| * [[Supergravity]]
| |
| * ''[[The Elegant Universe]]''
| |
| * [[Zeta function regularization]]
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:String Field Theory}}
| |
| [[Category:String theory]]
| |