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| {{about|the geological event|other uses of the term|Aftershock (disambiguation)}}
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| {{Earthquakes}}
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| An '''aftershock''' is a smaller [[earthquake]] that occurs after a previous large earthquake, in the same area of the main shock. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a [[foreshock]]. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced [[fault plane]] adjusts to the effects of the main shock.
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| ==Distribution of aftershocks==
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| [[Image:Sichuan 2008 Aftershocks.jpg|thumb|250px]]
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| [[Image:Neic slav fig72.gif|thumb|left|250px]]
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| Most aftershocks are located over the full area of fault rupture and either occur along the fault plane itself or along other faults within the volume affected by the strain associated with the main shock. Typically, aftershocks are found up to a distance equal to the rupture length away from the fault plane.
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| The pattern of aftershocks helps confirm the size of area that slipped during the main shock. In the case of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]] the aftershock distribution shows in both cases that the [[epicenter]] (where the rupture initiated) lies to one end of the final area of slip, implying strongly asymmetric rupture propagation.
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| ==Aftershock size and frequency with time==
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| Aftershocks rates and magnitudes follow several well-established empirical laws.
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| ===Omori's Law===
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| The rate of aftershocks with time follows Omori's law.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Omori | first1 = F. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1894 | title = On the aftershocks of earthquakes | url = | journal = Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 111–200 }}</ref> Omori's law, or more correctly the modified Omori's law, is an empirical relation for the temporal decay of aftershock rates. In 1894, [[Fusakichi Omori]] published his work on the aftershocks of earthquakes, in which he stated that aftershock frequency decreases by roughly the reciprocal of time after the main shock.
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| : <math>n(t) = \frac {K} {c+t}</math>
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| The modified version of Omori's law, now commonly used, was proposed by Utsu in 1961.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Utsu | first1 = T. | year = 1961 | title = A statistical study of the occurrence of aftershocks | url = | journal = Geophysical Magazine | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 521–605 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Utsu | first1 = T. | last2 = Ogata | first2 = Y. | last3 = Matsu'ura | first3 = R.S. | year = 1995 | title = The centenary of the Omori formula for a decay law of aftershock activity | url = | journal = Journal of Physics of the Earth | volume = 43 | issue = | pages = 1–33 }}</ref>
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| : <math>n(t) = \frac {k} {(c+t)^p}</math>
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| where
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| * ''p'' modifies the decay rate and typically falls in the range 0.7–1.5.
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| According to these equations, the rate of aftershocks decreases quickly with time. The rate of aftershocks is proportional to the inverse of time since the mainshock and this relationship can be used to estimate the probability of future aftershock occurrence.<ref name="Quigley">{{cite web|url=http://www.chcheqjournal.com/2011/science-update-2011-christchurch-earthquake-press-public-seismic-fear-mongering-time-jump-ship/|title=New Science update on 2011 Christchirch Earthquake for press and public: Seismic fearmongering or time to jump ship|last=Quigley|first=M.|work=Christchurch Earthquake Journal|accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref> Thus whatever the probability of an aftershock are on the first day, the second day will have 1/2 the probability of the first day and the tenth day will have approximately 1/10 the probability of the first day (when ''p'' is equal to 1). These patterns describe only the statistical behavior of aftershocks; the actual times, numbers and locations of the aftershocks are [[stochastic]], while tending to follow these patterns. As this is an empirical law, values of the parameters are obtained by fitting to data after a mainshock has occurred, and they imply no specific physical mechanism in any given case.
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| ===Båth's Law===
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| The other main law describing aftershocks is known as Båth's Law<ref>Richter, Charles F., ''Elementary seismology'' (San Francisco, California, USA: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1958), page 69.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0040-1951(65)90003-X | last1 = Båth | first1 = Markus | year = 1965 | title = Lateral inhomogeneities in the upper mantle | url = | journal = Tectonophysics | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 483–514 |bibcode = 1965Tectp...2..483B }}</ref> and this states that the difference in magnitude between a main shock and its largest aftershock is approximately constant, independent of the main shock magnitude, typically 1.1–1.2 on the [[Moment magnitude scale]].
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| ===Gutenberg–Richter law===
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| [[File:GR law b=1.svg|thumb|right|250px]]
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| {{main|Gutenberg–Richter law}}
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| Aftershock sequences also typically follow the Gutenberg–Richter law of size scaling, which refers to the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in a region in a given time period.
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| : <math>\!\,N = 10^{a - b M}</math>
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| Where:
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| * <math>\scriptstyle N </math> is the number of events greater or equal to <math>\scriptstyle M </math>
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| * <math>\scriptstyle M </math> is magnitude
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| * <math style="vertical-align:0%;">\scriptstyle a </math> and <math>\scriptstyle b </math> are constants
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| In summary, there are more small aftershocks and fewer large aftershocks.
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| ==Impact of aftershocks==
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| Aftershocks are dangerous because they are usually unpredictable, can be of a large magnitude, and can collapse buildings that are damaged from the main shock. Bigger earthquakes have more and larger aftershocks and the sequences can last for years or even longer especially when a large event occurs in a seismically quiet area; see, for example, the [[New Madrid Seismic Zone]], where events still follow Omori's law from the main shocks of 1811–1812. An aftershock sequence is deemed to have ended when the rate of seismicity drops back to a background level; i.e., no further decay in the number of events with time can be detected.
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| Land movement around the New Madrid is reported to be no more than {{convert|0.2|mm|abbr=on}} a year,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.physorg.com/news156169464.html |title= New Madrid fault system may be shutting down |publisher= physorg.com |date=2009-03-13 |author= Elizabeth K. Gardner |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> in contrast to the [[San Andreas Fault]] which averages up to {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} a year across California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.usgs.gov/california/pp1515/chapter7.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061216222919/http://education.usgs.gov/california/pp1515/chapter7.html|archivedate=2006-12-16|title=Present-Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation|work=The San Andreas Fault System, California|last=Wallace|first=Robert E.|accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref> Aftershocks on the San Andreas are now believed to top out at 10 years while earthquakes in New Madrid are considered aftershocks nearly 200 years after the [[1812 New Madrid earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Earthquakes Actually Aftershocks Of 19th Century Quakes; Repercussions Of 1811 And 1812 New Madrid Quakes Continue To Be Felt |url= http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104132652.htm |publisher=[[Science Daily]] |accessdate=2009-11-04| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091108033329/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104132652.htm| archivedate= 8 November 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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| ==Foreshocks==
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| {{Main|Foreshock}}
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| Some scientists have tried to use foreshocks to help [[earthquake prediction|predict upcoming earthquakes]], having one of their few successes with the [[1975 Haicheng earthquake]] in China. On the [[East Pacific Rise]] however, [[transform fault]]s show quite predictable foreshock behaviour before the main seismic event. Reviews of data of past events and their foreshocks showed that they have a low number of aftershocks and high foreshock rates compared to continental [[strike-slip fault]]s.<ref>
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| McGuire ''et al.'', 2005
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| </ref>
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| == Modeling ==
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| [[Seismologist]]s use tools such as the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence model (ETAS) to study cascading aftershocks.<ref>
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| For example: {{cite journal
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| | last1 = Helmstetter
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| | first1 = Agnès
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| | last2 = Sornette
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| | first2 = Didier
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| | authorlink2 = Didier Sornette
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| |date=October 2003
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| | title = Predictability in the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence model of interacting triggered seismicity
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| | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
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| | volume = 108
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| | issue = B10
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| | pages = 2482ff
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| | doi = 10.1029/2003JB002485
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| | accessdate = 2013-04-10
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| | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003JB002485/abstract
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| | quote = As part of an effort to develop a systematic methodology for earthquake forecasting, we use a simple model of seismicity based on interacting events which may trigger a cascade of earthquakes, known as the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence model (ETAS).
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| |arxiv = cond-mat/0208597 |bibcode = 2003JGRB..108.2482H }}
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| </ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Earthquake storm]]
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| * [[Earthquake swarm]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * {{cite journal | author=McGuire JJ, Boettcher MS, Jordan TH | title=Foreshock sequences and short-term earthquake predictability on East Pacific Rise transform faults | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume=434 | issue=7032 | year=2005 | pages=445–7 | pmid=15791246 | doi=10.1038/nature03377|bibcode = 2005Natur.434..457M }}
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| == External links ==
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| *[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/kids/abc/parents/pa.html ''Parent's Guide to Aftershocks'']
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| *[http://web.archive.org/web/20110304150201/http://www.livescience.com/environment/060607_quake_aftershocks.html Earthquake Aftershocks Not What They Seemed]
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| *[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/step/explain.php What Are Aftershocks, Foreshocks and Earthquake Clusters?]
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| *[http://www.aftershock.co.nz/wordpress/ Documentary style drama about an earthquake and aftershock in Wellington New Zealand]
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| [[Category:Seismology and earthquake terminology]]
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| [[Category:Types of earthquake]]
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Here is my web site clash of clans hack Cydia