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{{about|the punctuation mark|the given name|Matilda (name)}}
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{{refimprove|date=November 2011}}
{{SpecialChars}}
{{Punctuation marks|~|Tilde
|variant1=˜|caption1=Small tilde
|variant2=∼|caption2=[[infix notation|Tilde operator]]
|variant3=&#x25cc;&#x0303;|caption3=[[combining character|Combining tilde]]}}
The '''tilde''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|t|ɪ|l|d|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|l|d|i}};  '''˜''' or '''~''' or "Squiggly" ) is a [[grapheme]] with several uses. The name of the character comes from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], from the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:titulus|titulus]]'' meaning "title" or "superscription", though the term "tilde" has evolved and now has a different meaning in [[linguistics]]. Some may refer to it as a "flourish".
 
It was originally written over a letter as a [[scribal abbreviation]], as a "mark of suspension", shown as a straight line when used with capitals. Thus the commonly used  words ''[[Anno Domini]]'' were frequently abbreviated to ''A<sup>o</sup> Dñi'' an elevated terminal with a suspension mark placed above the "n". Such mark could denote the omission of one letter or several letters. This saved on the expense of the scribe's labour and the cost of vellum and ink. Mediaeval European charters written in Latin are largely made up of such abbreviated words with suspension marks, with few being given in full, generally only uncommon words. It has since acquired a number of other uses as a [[diacritic]] mark or a character in its own right. These are encoded in Unicode at {{unichar|0303|Combining Tilde|cwith=&#x25cc;}} and {{unichar|007e|Tilde|note=as a spacing character}}, and there are [[#Similar characters|additional similar characters]] for different roles. In [[lexicography]], the latter kind of tilde and the '''[[swung dash]]''' ({{Unicode|⁓}}) are used in dictionaries to indicate the omission of the entry word.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=swung%20dash | title = WordNet | type = search | edition = 3.0 | contribution = Swung dash}}{{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref>
 
On [[Wikipedia]], four tildes are used to sign talk pages.
 
==Common use==
This symbol (in English) sometimes means [[approximation|"approximately"]], such as: "~30 minutes ago" meaning "approximately 30 minutes ago".<ref name= "bymath1">{{cite web| url = http://www.bymath.com/symbols/symbols.html | title =All Elementary Mathematics – Mathematical symbols dictionary |publisher=Bymath | accessdate =11 November 2011}}</ref> It can mean "similar to",<ref name="htmlhelp1">{{cite web| first =Liam | last = Quinn |url=http://htmlhelp.com/reference/html40/entities/symbols.html |title=HTML 4.0 Entities for Symbols and Greek Letters |publisher=HTML help |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> including "of the same [[order of magnitude]] as",<ref name=wolfram_tilde>{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tilde.html | contribution =Tilde | publisher = Wolfram | title = MathWorld |date=3 November 2011 |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> such as: "{{math |{{mvar |x}} ~ {{mvar|y}}}}" meaning that {{mvar|x}} and {{mvar|y}} are of the same [[order of magnitude]]. Another approximation symbol is [[≈]], meaning "approximately equal to"<ref name = "bymath1"/><ref name="htmlhelp1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solving-math-problems.com/math-symbols-approximately-equal.html | title = Math Symbols... Those Most Valuable and Important: Approximately Equal Symbol |publisher= Solving Math problems |date=20 September 2010 |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> the critical difference being the subjective level of accuracy: ≈ indicates a value which can be considered functionally equivalent for a calculation within an acceptable degree of error, whereas ~ is usually used to indicate a larger, possibly significant, degree of error.
 
==Diacritical use==
In some languages, the tilde is used as a [[diacritic]]al mark ('''&thinsp;˜&thinsp;''') placed over a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] to indicate a change in pronunciation, such as [[nasalization]].
 
===Pitch===
It was first used in the [[Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]] of [[Ancient Greek]], as a variant of the [[circumflex]], representing a rise in [[pitch accent|pitch]] followed by a return to standard pitch.
 
===Abbreviation===
[[Image:Hic Fabricatur Naves.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Carta marina]]'' showing Finnish economy, with the captions ''Hic fabricantur naves'' and ''Hic fabricantur [[Bombard (weapon)|bombarde]]'' abbreviated]]
Later, it was used to make  [[scribal abbreviation|abbreviation]]s in medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] documents.  When an {{angle bracket|n}} or {{angle bracket|m}} followed a vowel, it was often omitted, and a tilde (i.e., a small {{angle bracket|n}}) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization  (compare [[Umlaut (diacritic)#Umlaut|the development of the umlaut]] as an abbreviation of {{angle bracket|e}}.)  The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an {{angle bracket|n}} or {{angle bracket|m}} continued in printed books in [[French language|French]] as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century. It was also used in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].
 
The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter {{angle bracket|q}} ("[[wikt:q̃|q̃]]") to signify the word ''que'' ("that").
 
===Nasalization===
It is also as a small {{angle bracket|n}} that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a [[Latin language|Latin]] {{angle bracket|n}} which had been [[elision|elided]] in old Galician-Portuguese.  In modern [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] it indicates [[nasalization]] of the base vowel: ''mão'' "hand", from Lat. ''manu-''; ''razões'' "reasons", from Lat. ''rationes''.  This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|native languages of South America]], such as [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Nheengatu]], as well as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, {{IPA|[ljɔ̃]}} is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name ''[[Lyon]]''.
 
In [[Breton language|Breton]], the symbol {{angle bracket|ñ}} after a vowel means that the letter {{angle bracket|n}} serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation, without being itself pronounced, as it normally is. For example {{angle bracket|an}} gives the pronunciation {{IPA|[ãn]}} whereas {{angle bracket|añ}} gives {{IPA|[ã]}}.
 
===Palatal n===
{{main|Ñ}}
The tilded {{angle bracket|n}} ({{angle bracket|ñ}}, {{angle bracket|Ñ}}) developed from the digraph {{angle bracket|nn}} in Spanish. In this language, {{angle bracket|ñ}} is considered a separate letter called ''[[Ñ|eñe]]'' ({{IPA-es|ˈeɲe|IPA}}), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters {{angle bracket|n}} and {{angle bracket|o}}. In addition, the word ''tilde'' can refer to any diacritic in this language; for example, the acute accent in ''José'' is also called a ''tilde'' in Spanish.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ortografía de la lengua española |year=2010 |publisher=Real Academia Española |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-670-3426-4 |page=279 }}</ref> Current languages in which the tilded {{angle bracket|n}} ({{angle bracket|ñ}}) is used for the [[palatal nasal]] consonant {{IPA|/ɲ/}} include:
 
* [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
* [[Basque language|Basque]]
* [[Chamorro language]]
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
* [[Galician language|Galician]]
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]
* [[Mapudungun]]
* [[Papiamento]]
*[[Quechua languages|Quechua]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
 
===Tone===
In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (''ngã'').
 
===International Phonetic Alphabet===
In [[phonetics]], a tilde is used as a diacritic either placed above a letter, below it or [[superimpose]]d onto the middle of it (see [[IPA diacritics|International Phonetic Alphabet → Diacritics]]):
 
* A tilde above a letter indicates [[nasalization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ã], [ṽ]}}.
* A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ɫ], [z̴]}}. If no precomposed [[unicode]] character exists, the unicode character {{unichar|0334|COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY|cwith=&#x25cc;}} can be used to generate one.
* A tilde below a letter indicates [[Creaky voice|laryngealisation]], e.g. {{IPA|[d̰]}}. If no precomposed unicode character exists, the unicode character {{unichar|0330|COMBINING TILDE BELOW|cwith=&#x25cc;}} can be used to generate one.
 
===Letter extension===
In [[Estonian language|Estonian]], the symbol {{angle bracket|õ}} stands for the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]], and it is considered an independent letter.
 
===Other uses===
Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes:
* [[Arabic script]]: A symbol resembling the tilde ([[Arabic diacritics#Maddah|maddah]] {{unichar|0653|ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE|cwith=&#x0640;|size=200%}}) is used over the letter {{angle bracket|ا}} ({{IPA|/a/}}) to become <big>{{angle bracket|[[آ]]}}</big>, denoting a long {{IPA|/aː/}} sound ({{IPA|[ʔæː]}}).
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]: The tilded {{angle bracket|G̃}} (note that {{angle bracket|G/g}} with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in [[Unicode]]) stands for the [[velar nasal]] consonant.  Also, the tilded {{angle bracket|y}} ({{angle bracket|Ỹ}}) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel {{IPA|[ɨ̃]}}.
* [[Unicode]] has a [[combining character|combining]] vertical tilde character, {{unicode|&nbsp;̾&nbsp;}} (U+033E). It is used to indicate [[tone accent|middle tone]] in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the [[Lithuanian language]]<ref>Lithuanian Standards Board (LST), [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2597.pdf proposal for a zigazag diacritic].</ref> and for transliteration of the [[Cyrillic]] palatalization sign, {{unicode|&nbsp;҄&nbsp;}} (U+0484).{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
 
===Precomposed Unicode characters===
The following characters using the tilde as a diacritic exist as precomposed Unicode characters:
 
{| class="wikitable Unicode"
|-
! Character
! Code point
! Name
|-
| U+00C3 || Ã || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE
|-
| U+00D1 || Ñ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE
|-
| U+00D5 || Õ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
|-
| U+00E3 || ã || LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
|-
| U+00F1 || ñ || LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
|-
| U+00F5 || õ || LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
|-
| U+0128 || Ĩ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE
|-
| U+0129 || ĩ || LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE
|-
| U+0168 || Ũ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE
|-
| U+0169 || ũ || LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE
|-
| U+019F || Ɵ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+022C || Ȭ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON
|-
| U+022D || ȭ || LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON
|-
| U+026B || ɫ || LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D6C || ᵬ || LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D6D || ᵭ || LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D6E || ᵮ || LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D6F || ᵯ || LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D70 || ᵰ || LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D71 || ᵱ || LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D72 || ᵲ || LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D73 || ᵳ || LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D74 || ᵴ || LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D75 || ᵵ || LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1D76 || ᵶ || LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|-
| U+1E1A || Ḛ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW
|-
| U+1E1B || ḛ || LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW
|-
| U+1E2C || Ḭ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW
|-
|U+1E2D || ḭ || LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW
|-
| U+1E4C || Ṍ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE
|-
| U+1E4D || ṍ || LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE
|-
| U+1E4E || Ṏ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS
|-
| U+1E4F || ṏ || LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS
|-
| U+1E74 || Ṵ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW
|-
| U+1E75 || ṵ || LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW
|-
| U+1E78 || Ṹ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE
|-
| U+1E79 || ṹ || LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE
|-
| U+1E7C || Ṽ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE
|-
| U+1E7D || ṽ || LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE
|-
| U+1EAA || Ẫ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EAB || ẫ || LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EB4 || Ẵ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EB5 || ẵ || LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EBC || Ẽ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE
|-
| U+1EBD || ẽ || LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE
|-
| U+1EC4 || Ễ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EC5 || ễ || LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
|-
| U+1ED6 || Ỗ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
|-
| U+1ED7 || ỗ || LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EE0 || Ỡ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EE1 || ỡ || LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EEE || Ữ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EEF || ữ || LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE
|-
| U+1EF8 || Ỹ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE
|-
| U+1EF9 || ỹ || LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE
|-
| U+2C62 || Ɫ || LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE
|}
 
==Similar characters==
There are a number of [[Unicode]] characters similar to the tilde.
{| class="wikitable Unicode"
|-
! Character
! Code point
! Name
! Comments
|-
| ~ || U+007E || TILDE ||  Same as keyboard tilde. In-line.
|-
| ˜ || U+02DC || SMALL TILDE ||  Raised but quite small.
|-
| ◌̃ || U+0303 || COMBINING TILDE ||
|-
| ͊ || U+034A || COMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVE ||  Raised, small, with slash through.
|-
| ◌̰ || U+0330 || COMBINING TILDE BELOW || Used in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] to indicate [[creaky voice]]
|-
| ◌̴ || U+0334 || COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY || Used in IPA to indicate [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]]
|-
| ס֘ || U+0598 || HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA|| [[Hebrew]] [[cantillation]] mark
|-
| ס֮ || U+05AE || HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR || Hebrew cantillation mark
|-
| ◌᷉ || U+1DC9 || COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE || Used in IPA as a [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] mark
|-
| ⁓ || U+2053 || SWUNG DASH ||
|-
| ∼ || U+223C || TILDE OPERATOR || Used in mathematics. In-line. Ends not curved as much.
|-
| ∽ || U+223D || REVERSED TILDE || <small>In some fonts it is the tilde's simple [[mirror image]]; others extend the tips to resemble a [[∞]]</small>
|-
| ∿ || U+223F || SINE WAVE ||
|-
| ≈ || U+2248 || ALMOST EQUAL TO ||
|-
| 〜 || U+301C || WAVE DASH || Used in [[Japanese punctuation#Wave dash|Japanese punctuation]]
|-
| 〰 || U+3030 || WAVY DASH ||
|-
| ﹋ || U+FE4B || WAVY OVERLINE ||
|-
| ﹏ || U+FE4F || WAVY LOW LINE ||
|-
| ～ || U+FF5E || FULLWIDTH TILDE ||  50% wider. In-line. Ends not curved much.
 
|}
 
== ASCII tilde (U+007E) ==
{| align=right cellpadding="2px" border=0 style="margin-left:2em"
| align=right |Serif:
| style="font-size:large; font-family:serif" |—~—
|-
| align=right |Sans-serif:
| style="font-size:large; font-family:sans-serif" |—~—
|-
| align=right |Monospace:
| style="font-size:large; font-family:monospace" |—~—
|-
| colspan=2 style="font-size:small" |A tilde between two em dashes<br/>in three font families
|}
[[Image:Dot printer ASCII0x7C+.png|thumb|right|160px|Raised tilde from a [[dot matrix printer]]]]
Most modern [[proportional font]]s align plain [[spacing character|spacing]] tilde at the same level as [[dash]]es, or only slightly upper. This distinguish it from small tilde&nbsp;˜, which is always raised. But in some [[monospace font]]s, especially used in [[text user interface]]s, [[ASCII]] tilde character is raised too. This apparently is a legacy of [[typewriter]]s, where pairs of similar spacing and combining characters relied on one glyph. Even in [[line printer]]s' age character repertoires were often not large enough to distinguish between plain tilde, small tilde and combining tilde. Overprinting of a letter by the tilde was a working method of [[combining character|combining a letter]].
 
==Punctuation==
The swung dash (~) is used in various ways in punctuation:
 
===Range===
In some languages (though not English), a tilde-like wavy dash may be used as [[punctuation]] (instead of an unspaced [[hyphen]] or [[en-dash]]) between two [[number]]s, to indicate a [[Interval (mathematics)|range]] rather than [[subtraction]] or a hyphenated number (such as a part number or model number).
 
Before a number the tilde is used to mean “approximately”;  “~42” means “approximately 42”.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.abstractmath.org/MM/MMOtherSymbols.htm | title = Abstract Math | contribution = Other symbols}}.</ref> [[Japanese (language)|Japanese]] and other [[East Asian languages]] almost always use this convention, but it is often done for clarity in some other languages as well.
 
[[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses the wavy dash and full-width em dash interchangeably for this purpose. In English, the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in [[electronics]] but rarely in formal grammar or type-set documents, as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation (see the Mathematics section, below).
 
===Japanese===
{{further2|[[Japanese punctuation#Wave dash|Japanese punctuation]]}}
 
The {{Nihongo|'''wave dash'''|波ダッシュ|nami dasshu}} is used for various purposes in Japanese, including to denote ranges of numbers, in place of dashes or brackets, and to indicate origin. The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line, as a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] is used in English.
 
When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a [[sarcasm mark]].
 
The sign is used as a replacement for the [[chouon]], katakana character, in Japanese, extending the final syllable.
 
In informal messaging in China the tilde is sometimes used at the end of sentences to indicate a semi-excited but not alarmed tone; somewhere between a "." and a "!".<ref>Chinese Friends</ref>{{Citation needed | needed = yes | date = September 2013}}
 
====Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash====
{{double image|right|Wave Dash.svg|100|Wave Dash2.svg|100|Correct JIS wave dash.|Incorrect Unicode wave dash.|Correct JIS wave dash.|Incorrect Unicode wave dash.}}
In practice the {{Nihongo|'''full-width tilde'''|全角チルダ|zenkaku chiruda}}, Unicode U+FF5E, is often used instead of the {{Nihongo|'''wave dash'''|波ダッシュ|nami dasshu}}, Unicode U+301C, because the [[Shift JIS]] code for the wave dash, 0x8160, which is supposed to be mapped to U+301C,<ref>{{Citation | url = http://x0213.org/codetable/sjis-0213-2004-std.txt | title = JIS X 0213:2004 | chapter = Appendix 1: Shift_JIS-2004 vs Unicode mapping table | publisher = X 0213}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/OBSOLETE/EASTASIA/JIS/SHIFTJIS.TXT | title = Shift-JIS to Unicode | publisher = Unicode}}.</ref> is ''not'' mapped to U+301C but mapped to U+FF5E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/dbcs/932/932_81.htm |title=Windows 932_81 |publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> in [[code page 932]] (Microsoft's [[code page]] for Japanese), a widely used extension of Shift JIS, in order to avoid the shape definition error in Unicode: the wave dash glyph in JIS/Shift JIS<ref>{{cite web| place = [[Japan|JP]] | url = http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/233.pdf | title = Microsoft Word – 233cover_rev.doc | publisher = IPSJ | format = PDF | accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> is identical to the Unicode reference glyph for '''U+FF5E''',<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf | title = UFF00 | type = chart | publisher = Unicode}}.</ref> while the reference glyph for '''U+301C'''<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf | title = U3000 | type = chart | publisher = Unicode}}.</ref> was incorrectly turned upside down when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash. In other platforms such as Mac OS and Mac OS X, 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U+301C. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, for users of Japanese Windows to type U+301C, especially in legacy, non-Unicode applications.
 
Nevertheless, the Japanese wave dash is still formally mapped to '''U+301C''' as of [[JIS X 0213]]. Those two code points have the identical or very similar glyph in several fonts, reducing the confusion and incompatibility.
 
==Mathematics==
 
===As an unary operator===
 
A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean "approximately", "about" or "of the same [[order of magnitude]] as".
 
In written mathematical [[logic]], the tilde represents [[negation]]: "~''p''" means "not ''p''", where "''p''"  is a [[proposition]].  Modern use has been replacing the tilde with the negation symbol (¬) for this purpose, to avoid confusion with [[equivalence relation]]s.
 
===As a binary operator===
 
In the 1800s {{math|{{mvar|x}} ~ {{mvar|y}}}} could mean {{math|&#124;&thinsp;{{mvar|x}} − {{mvar |y}}&thinsp;&#124;}} (the absolute value of {{math|{{mvar|x}} − {{mvar|y}}}}).{{citation needed|date= February 2012}}
 
===As an equivalence operator===
 
In [[mathematics]], the tilde operator (Unicode U+223C), sometimes called "twiddle", is often used to denote an [[equivalence relation]] between two objects.  Thus "{{math|{{mvar|x}} ~ {{mvar|y}}}}" means "{{mvar|x}} is [[equivalence relation|equivalent]] to {{mvar|y}}". It is a weaker statement than stating that {{mvar|x}} [[equality (mathematics)|equals]] {{mvar|y}}. The expression "{{math|{{mvar|x}} ~ {{mvar |y}}}}" is sometimes read aloud as "{{mvar|x}} twiddles {{mvar|y}}", perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of "{{math |1={{mvar |x}} = {{mvar|y}}}}".<ref>{{Citation | last = Derbyshire | first = J | title = Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics | place = New York | publisher = Penguin | year = 2004 | url = http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tilde.html}}.</ref>
 
The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways.  It can be used to denote the [[asymptotic analysis|asymptotic equality]] of two functions. For example, {{math|{{mvar|f}} ({{mvar|x}}) ~ {{mvar |g}}({{mvar |x}})}} means that {{math|1=lim<sub>{{mvar|x}} → ∞</sub> {{mvar|f}}( {{mvar |x}}) ∕ {{mvar |g}}({{mvar |x}}) = 1}}.<ref name=wolfram_tilde />
 
A tilde is also used to indicate "[[Approximation|approximately]] equal to" (e.g. 1.902 ~= 2).  This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the [[:Image:Libra.svg|libra symbol]] used for the same purpose in written mathematics, which is an equal sign with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump, bump, or loop in the middle (♎) or, sometimes, a tilde (≃).  The symbol "≈" is also used for this purpose.
 
In [[physics]] and [[astronomy]], a tilde can be used between two expressions (e.g. {{math|{{mvar|h}} ~ 10<sup>−34</sup> J s}}) to state that the two are of the same [[order of magnitude]].<ref name=wolfram_tilde />
 
In [[statistics]] and [[probability theory]], the tilde means "is distributed as";<ref name = wolfram_tilde /> see [[random variable]].
 
A tilde can also be used to represent geometric [[Similarity (geometry)|similarity]] (e.g. {{math |∆{{mvar |ABC}} ~ ∆{{mvar|DEF}}}}, meaning [[triangle]] {{mvar|ABC}} is similar to {{mvar|DEF}}). A triple tilde ('''{{Unicode |≋}}''') is often used to show [[congruence (geometry)|congruence]], an equivalence relation in geometry.
 
===As an accent===
 
The symbol "<math>\tilde{f}</math>" is often pronounced "eff twiddle" or, particularly in American English, "eff wiggle".<ref>{{cite book| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SY5fZIK63NMC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=schlange+twiddle&source=bl&ots=W8Nhtaa2dK&sig=ZVdU6tWie9x6V_otGyHr7L4VyYE&ei=enqHTrTaLMv0sgalos3hAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA |title=Proceedings of the Analysis Conference, Singapore 1986 |publisher=Elsevier | year = 1988 | first1 =Stephen TL | last1 = Choy | first2 =Judith Packer | last2 = Jesudason | first3 = Peng Yee | last3 = Lee |accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref>  This can be used to denote the [[Fourier transform]] of ''f'', or a [[lift (mathematics)|lift]] of ''f'', and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context.
 
A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] quantity (e.g. <math>(x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots, x_n) = \underset{^\sim}{\mathbf x}</math>).
 
In [[statistics]] and [[probability theory]], a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable.
 
==Physics==
Often in physics, one can consider an equilibrium solution to an equation, and then a perturbation to that equilibrium.  For the variables in the original equation (for instance <math>X</math>) a substitution <math>X\to x+\tilde{x}</math> can be made, where <math>x</math> is the equilibrium part and <math>\tilde{x}</math> is the perturbed part.
 
==Economics==
For relations involving preference, economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods.  For example, to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles ''x'' and ''y'', an economist would write ''x'' ~ ''y''.
 
==Electronics==
It can approximate the sine wave symbol ({{Unicode|∿}}, [[Unicode|U+]]223F), which is used in [[electronics]] to indicate [[alternating current]], in place of +, −, or {{Unicode|⎓}} for [[direct current]].
 
==Computing==
 
=== Directories and URLs ===
On [[Unix]]-like [[operating system]]s (including [[AIX]], [[BSD]], [[GNU/Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]]), tilde often indicates the current user's [[home directory]]: for example, if the current user's home directory is <tt>/home/bloggsj</tt>, then <tt>cd</tt>, <tt>cd ~</tt>, <tt>cd /home/bloggsj</tt> or <tt>cd $HOME</tt> are equivalent.  This practice derives from the [[Lear-Siegler]] [[ADM-3A]] terminal in common use during the 1970s, which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word "Home" (for moving the cursor to the upper left) on the same key.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}<!-- may be true, but we need a source for "derives" --> When prepended to a particular username, the tilde indicates that user's home directory (e.g., <tt>~janedoe</tt> for the home directory of user <tt>janedoe</tt>, such as <tt>/home/janedoe</tt>).<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Tilde expansion | publisher = The GNU project | title = C Library Manual | accessdate = 4 July 2010 | url = http://www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Tilde-Expansion.html}}.</ref>
 
Used in [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]] on the [[World Wide Web]], it often denotes a personal website on a [[Unix]]-based server. For example, <tt><nowiki>http://www.example.com/~johndoe/</nowiki></tt> might be the personal web site of John Doe. This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde.  However, when accessed from the web, file access is usually directed to a [[subdirectory]] in the user's home directory, such as <tt>/home/''username''/public_html</tt> or <tt>/home/''username''/www</tt>.<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Module mod_userdir | publisher = The Apache foundation | title = HTTP Server Documentation | edition = version 2.0 | accessdate = 4 July 2010 | url = http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_userdir.html}}.</ref>
 
In URLs, the characters <tt>[[Percent-encoding|%7E]]</tt> (or <tt>%7e</tt>) may substitute for tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#page-12 | title = RFC 3986 | publisher = IETF}}.</ref> Thus, <tt><nowiki>http://www.example.com/~johndoe/</nowiki></tt> and <tt><nowiki>http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/</nowiki></tt> will behave in the same manner.
 
=== Computer languages ===
The tilde is used in the [[AWK]] [[programming language]] as part of the pattern match operators for [[regular expression]]s:
*<code>''variable'' ~ /''regex''/</code> returns true if the variable is matched.
*<code>''variable'' !~ /''regex''/</code> returns false if the variable is matched.
 
A variant of this, with the plain tilde replaced with <code>=~</code>, was adopted in [[Perl]], and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages, such as [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]] or the [[SQL]] variant of the database [[PostgreSQL]].
 
In [[APL (programming language)|APL]] and [[MATLAB]], tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT.
 
In the [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] programming languages, the tilde character is used as [[bitwise NOT]] [[Operators in C and C++|operator]], following the notation in logic (an <code>!</code> causes a logical NOT, instead).  In C++ and C#, the tilde is also used as the first character in a [[Class (computer science)|class]]'s [[method (computer science)|method]] name (where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class) to indicate a [[destructor (computer science)|destructor]] – a special method which is called at the end of the [[Object lifetime|object's life]].
 
In the [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] stylesheet language, the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector.
 
In the [[D programming language]], the tilde is used as an [[Array data structure|array]] [[concatenation]] operator, as well as to indicate an object destructor and bitwise not operator.  Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types, and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects, or adding some objects to set of objects. It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations. For example what to do with "120" + "14" ? Is this a string "134" (addition of two numbers), or "12014" (concatenation of strings) or something else? D disallows + operator for arrays (and strings), and provides separate operator for concatenation (similarly [[PHP]] programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation, and + for number addition, which will also work on strings containing numbers).
 
In [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], the tilde is used for object comparison. If ''a'' and ''b'' denote objects, the boolean expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' has value true if and only if these objects are equal, as defined by the applicable version of the library routine ''is_equal'', which by default denotes field-by-field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality. If ''a'' and ''b'' are references, the object equality expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' is to be contrasted with ''a'' = ''b'' which denotes reference equality. Unlike the call ''a''.''is_equal'' (''b''), the expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' is [[type safety|type-safe]] even in the presence of [[Covariance and contravariance (computer science)|covariance]].
 
In the [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy programming language]] the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate() method.<ref>[http://groovy.codehaus.org/Operator+Overloading "Groovy operator overloading overview"]</ref> Given a String the method will produce a java.util.regex.Pattern. Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in different C variants. <code>=~</code> and <code>==~</code> can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://groovy.codehaus.org/Regular+Expressions | title = Groovy Regular Expression User Guide | publisher = Code haus}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://groovy.codehaus.org/FAQ+-+RegExp | title = Groovy RegExp FAQ | publisher = Code haus}}.</ref>
 
In [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]], the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/GHC/Type_families#Equality_constraints | title = Haskell Wiki | contribution = Type Families}}.</ref>  Also, in pattern-matching, the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match.<ref>[http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Lazy_pattern_match "Haskell Wiki: Lazy Pattern Match"]</ref>
 
In the [[Inform]] programming language, the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string. <!-- but what does it use to indicate a ~ inside a quoted string? -->
 
In "text mode" of the [[LaTeX]] typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using, e.g., <code>\~{n}</code>, yielding "ñ". A stand-alone tilde can be obtained by using <code>\textasciitilde</code> or <code>\string~</code>.
In "math mode" a tilde diacritic can be written as, e.g., <code>\tilde{x}</code>. For a wider tilde <code>\widetilde</code> can be used. The <code>\sim</code> command produce a tilde-like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions, and the double-tilde is obtained with <code>\approx</code>. The <code>url</code> package also supports entering tildes directly, e.g., <code><nowiki>\url{http://server/~name}</nowiki></code>.
In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (<code>~</code>) renders a white space with no line breaking.
 
In [[MediaWiki]] [[syntax]], four tildes are used as a shortcut for a user's signature.
 
In [[Common Lisp]], the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Body/22_c.htm |title=CLHS: Section 22.3 |publisher=Lispworks.com |date=2005-04-11 |accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref>
In [[Max/MSP]], a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer's sampling rate, i.e. mainly those that deal with sound.
 
In [[Standard ML]], the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator.
 
In [[OCaml]], the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter.
 
In Microsoft's SQL Server [[Transact-SQL|Transact-SQL (T-SQL)]] language, the tilde is a unary [[Bitwise NOT#NOT|Bitwise NOT]] operator.
 
=== Backup filenames ===
The dominant [[Unix]] convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name.
It originated with the [[Emacs]] text editor{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} and was adopted by many other editors and some command-line tools.
 
Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme, with files named <tt>filename.~1~</tt>, <tt>filename.~2~</tt> and so on.  It didn't catch on, probably because [[version control]] software does this better.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
 
=== Microsoft filenames ===
The tilde was part of [[Microsoft]]'s [[filename mangling]] scheme when it extended the [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] file system standard to support long filenames for [[Microsoft Windows]].  Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so-called [[8.3 filename|8.3 format]]—the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set (e.g. no spaces), followed by a period, followed by three more characters.  In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system, each file had to be given two names—one long, more descriptive one, and one that conformed to the 8.3 format.  This was accomplished with a name-mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit.  For example, "<tt>Program Files</tt>" might become "<tt>PROGRA~1</tt>".
 
The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows. For example, when a document "Document1.doc" is opened in Word, a file called "~$cument1.doc" is created in the same directory. This file contains information about which user has the file open, to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time.
 
=== Games ===
In many games, the tilde key (on U.S. English keyboards) is used to open the [[Console (video game CLI)|console]]. This is true for games such as [[Battlefield 3]], ''[[Half-Life (video game)|Half-Life]]'', ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved|Halo CE]]'', ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', ''[[Half-Life 2]]'', ''[[Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix]]'', ''[[Unreal]]'', ''[[Counter-Strike]]'', ''[[Crysis]]'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind|Morrowind]]'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion|Oblivion]]'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim|Skyrim]]'', ''[[Fallout: New Vegas]]'', ''[[Fallout 3]]'', ''[[RuneScape]]'', and others based on the [[Quake engine]] or [[Source (game engine)|Source engine]].
 
It is sometimes used in [[rogue-like|''Rogue''-like]] games to represent water or [[snakes]].
 
=== Other uses ===
[[Computer programmers]] use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol (as opposed to the diacritic) a '''squiggle''', '''squiggly''', or '''twiddle'''.  According to the [[Jargon File]], other synonyms sometimes used in programming include '''not''', '''approx''', '''wiggle''', '''enyay''' (after ''[[ñ|eñe]]'') and (humorously) '''sqiggle''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|ɪ|ɡ|əl}}.
 
In [[Perl 6]], "<nowiki>~~</nowiki>" is used instead of "[[=~]]".
 
==Juggling notation==
In the [[juggling notation]] system Beatmap, tilde can be added to either "hand" in a pair of fields to say "cross the arms with this hand on top". [[Mills Mess]] is thus represented as (~2x,1)(1,2x)(2x,~1)*.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jugglingdb.com/help/?id=125 | title=The Internet Juggling Database | archivedate=28 July 2005 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050728104414/http://www.jugglingdb.com/help/?id=125 | accessdate=6 November 2009}}</ref>
 
==Keyboards==
Where a tilde is on the keyboard depends on the computer's language settings according to the following chart. On many keyboards it is primarily available through a [[dead key]] that makes it possible to produce a variety of [[precomposed character]]s with the diacritic.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} In that case, a single tilde can typically be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar, or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row.
 
To insert a tilde with the dead key, it is often necessary to simultaneously hold down the [[Alt Gr]] key. On the keyboard layouts that include an ''Alt Gr'' key, it typically takes the place of the right-hand [[Alt key]]. With a [[Macintosh]] either of the Alt/[[Option key|Option]] keys function similarly.
 
In the US and European [[Windows]] systems, the [[Alt code]] for a single tilde is <code>126</code>.
 
{| class="wikitable" >
!Keyboard!!Insert a single tilde (~)!!Insert a precomposed character with tilde (e.g. ã)
|-
|Arabic ([[Saudi]])
|{{keypress|Shift|`ذّ}}
|-
|[[Croatian language|Croatian]]
|<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr}}+{{keypress|1}}</span>
|-
|[[Danish language|Danish]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Dvorak Simplified Keyboard|Dvorak]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|<nowiki>=</nowiki>}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr|Shift|'}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}</span>
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|<nowiki>=</nowiki>}} followed by the relevant letter, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|Shift|'}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[English language|English]] ([[Australia]])
|{{keypress|Shift|`}}
|-
|English ([[Canada]])
|{{keypress|Shift|`}}
|-
|English ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
|{{keypress|Shift|<nowiki>#</nowiki>}}
|-
|English ([[United States|US]])
|{{keypress|Shift|`}}
|{{keypress|Ctrl|~}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Faroese language|Faroese]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|ð}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|ð}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}}{{keypress|¨}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[French language|French]] ([[Canada]])
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|ç}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|ç}}{{keypress|ç}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|ç}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|French ([[France]])
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|é}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|é}}{{keypress|é}} <br />{{keypress|Alt|n}} (on Mac OS X)
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|é}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|French ([[Switzerland]])
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}}{{keypress|^}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[German language|German]] ([[Germany]])
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|+}}
|-
|German ([[Switzerland]])
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}}{{keypress|^}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|^}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
| [[Hebrew]] ([[Israel]])
| {{keypress|Shift|~}}
| {{keypress|Ctrl|Shift|~}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Hindi]] ([[India]])
|<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr|Shift}}+ the key to the left of {{keypress|1}}</span>
|-
|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr}}+{{keypress|1}}</span>
|-
|[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|'}} (the same key as {{keypress|?}})
|-
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|{{keypress|Alt|5}} (on Mac OS X)
 
{{Keypress|Alt Gr|ì}} (on Linux)
|-
|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}}{{keypress|¨}}.
 
On Mac: {{keypress|Option|Command|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}.
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter.
 
On Mac: {{keypress|Option|Command|¨}} followed by the relevant letter.
|-
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|{{keypress|Shift|`}} followed by {{keypress|Space}},
or {{keypress|Shift|`}}{{keypress|`}}
|The dead key is not generally used for inserting characters with tilde; when followed by <nowiki>{a|c|e|l|n|o|s|x|z}</nowiki>, it results in <nowiki>{ą|ć|ę|ł|ń|ó|ś|ź|ż}</nowiki> instead.
|-
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|{{keypress|~}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}
|{{keypress|~}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{keypress|Alt Gr}}+{{keypress|1}}</span>
|-
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[Spain]])
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|4}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|4}}{{keypress|4}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|4}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ([[Latin America]])<!-- Actually called Latin American keyboard-->
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|+}}
|-
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}}{{keypress|¨}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|¨}} followed by the relevant letter
|-
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|ü}} followed by {{keypress|Space}}, or
{{keypress|Alt Gr|ü}}{{keypress|ü}}
|{{keypress|Alt Gr|ü}} followed by the relevant letter
|}
 
== See also ==
* [[Circumflex]]
* [[Tittle]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
 
== External links ==
* {{Citation | url = http://diacritics.typo.cz/ | title = Diacritics Project | publisher = Typo | place = CZ}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.starr.net/is/type/kbh.html | title = Keyboard Help: Learn to create accent marks and other diacritics on a computer | publisher = Starr}}.
 
{{Latin alphabet||tilde}}
{{logic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}}
 
[[Category:Alphabetic diacritics]]
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]
[[Category:Greek alphabet]]
[[Category:Logic symbols]]
[[Category:Mathematical symbols]]

Latest revision as of 00:54, 19 October 2014

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