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| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = Evangelista Torricelli
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| |image = Libr0367.jpg
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| |image_size = 220px
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| |caption = Evangelista Torricelli portrayed on<br> the frontpage of ''Lezioni d'Evangelista Torricelli''
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| |birth_date = 15 October 1608
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| |birth_place = [[Faenza]], [[Province of Ravenna]],<br>[[Papal States]]
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| |death_date = 25 October 1647 (aged 39)
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| |death_place = [[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]
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| |Cause of Death = [[Typhus]]
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| residence =
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| |citizenship = [[Papal States]]
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| |nationality =
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| |ethnicity = [[Italian people|Italian]]
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| |field = [[Physics|Physicist]],<br/> [[Mathematics|mathematician]]
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| |work_institutions =
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| |alma_mater =
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| |academic_advisors = [[Benedetto Castelli]]
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| |notable_students = [[Vincenzo Viviani]]
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| |known_for = [[Barometer]]<br/>[[Torricelli's Law]]
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| |author_abbrev_bot =
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| |author_abbrev_zoo =
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| |influences = [[Galileo Galilei]]
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| |influenced =
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| |prizes =
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| |religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
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| |footnotes =
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| |signature =
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| }}
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| '''Evangelista Torricelli''' ({{IPA-it|evandʒeˈlista torriˈtʃɛlli|lang}} {{Audio|Evangelista_Torricelli.ogg|listen}}) (1608–1647) was an [[Italian people|Italian]] physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the [[barometer]].
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| ==Biography==
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| ===Early life===
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| Torricelli was born on 15 October in 1608 in [[Faenza]] in the [[Province of Ravenna]], then part of the [[Papal States]], the firstborn child of Gaspare Torricelli and Caterina Angetti. His father was a textile worker and the family was very poor. Seeing his talents, his parents sent him to be educated under the care of his uncle, Jacobo, a [[Camaldolese]] [[monk]], who first ensured that his nephew was given a sound basic education. He then entered young Torricelli into a [[Jesuit]] College in 1624, possibly the one in Faenza itself, to study mathematics and philosophy until 1626, by which time his father, Gaspare, had died. The uncle then sent Torricelli to [[Rome]] to study science under the [[Benedictine]] monk [[Benedetto Castelli]], professor of [[mathematics]] at the Collegio della Sapienza (now known as the [[Sapienza University of Rome]]).<ref name=MT /<ref>{{MacTutor|id=Torricelli}}</ref>
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| ===Career===
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| [[Image:Evangelista Torricelli - Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze.JPG|thumb|upright|Torricelli's statue in the [[Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze]]]]
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| In 1632, shortly after the publication of [[Galileo]]'s ''Dialogues of the New Science'', Torricelli wrote to Galileo of reading it "with the delight [...] of one who, having already practiced all of geometry most diligently [...] and having studied [[Ptolemy]] and seen almost everything of [[Tycho Brahe]], [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] and [[Christian Sørensen Longomontanus|Longomontanus]], finally, forced by the many congruences, came to adhere to [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], and was a Galileian in profession and sect". (The Vatican condemned Galileo in June 1633, and this was the only known occasion on which Torricelli openly declared himself to hold the Copernican view.)
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| Aside from several letters, little is known of Torricelli's activities in the years between 1632 and 1641, when Castelli sent Torricelli's [[monograph]] of the path of projectiles to Galileo, then a prisoner in his villa at [[Arcetri]]. Although Galileo promptly invited Torricelli to visit, he did not accept until just three months before Galileo's death. During his stay, however, he wrote out the Fifth Day of Galileo's ''Discourses''. After Galileo's death on 8 January 1642, Grand Duke [[Ferdinando II de' Medici]] asked him to succeed Galileo as the grand-ducal mathematician and professor of mathematics at the [[University of Pisa]]. In this role he solved some of the great mathematical problems of the day, such as finding a [[cycloid]]'s area and center of gravity. He also designed and built a number of telescopes and simple microscopes; several large lenses, engraved with his name, are still preserved in [[Florence]]. On 11th June, 1644, he famously wrote in a letter to [[Michelangelo Ricci]]:
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| {{Bquote|Noi viviamo sommersi nel fondo d'un pelago d'aria. (We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of air.)<ref>{{cite book|title=An Ocean of Air: A Natural History of the Atmosphere |first=Gabrielle|last=Walker|place=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2010|ISBN=9781408807132}}</ref>}}
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| ===Death=== | |
| Torricelli died in Florence on 25 October 1647, a few days after having contracted [[typhoid fever]], and was buried at the [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence|Basilica of San Lorenzo]]. The [[asteroid]] [[7437 Torricelli]] was named in his honor. He left all his belongings to his adopted son Alexander.
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| == Torricelli's work in physics ==
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| The perusal of [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]'s ''[[Two New Sciences]]'' (1638) inspired him with many developments of the mechanical principles there set forth, which he embodied in a treatise ''De motu'' (printed amongst his ''Opera geometrica'', 1644). Its communication by Castelli to Galileo in 1641, with a proposal that Torricelli should reside with him, led to Torricelli repairing to [[Florence]], where he met Galileo, and acted as his amanuensis during the three remaining months of his life.
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| ===Barometer===
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| Torricelli's chief invention was the mercury barometer, which arose from solving a practical problem. Pump makers of the Grand Duke of Tuscany attempted to raise water to a height of 12 meters or more, but found that 10 meters was the limit with a suction pump (as recounted in Galileo's Dialogue). Torricelli employed [[mercury (element)|mercury]], fourteen times more dense than water. In 1643 he created a tube approximately one meter long, sealed at the top, filled it with mercury, and set it vertically into a basin of mercury. The column of mercury fell to about 76 cm, leaving a Torricellian vacuum above. As we now know, the column's height fluctuated with changing [[atmospheric pressure]]; this was the first barometer. The discovery of the principle of the [[barometer]] has perpetuated his fame ("Torricellian tube", "Torricellian vacuum"). The [[torr]], a unit of [[pressure]] used in [[vacuum]] measurements, is named after him.
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| ===Torricelli's Law===
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| [[Image:Stamp_of_USSR_2279.jpg|thumb|upright|1959 Evangelista Torricelli [[commemorative stamp]] of the [[U.S.S.R.]]]]
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| Torricelli also discovered [[Torricelli's Law]], regarding the speed of a fluid flowing out of an opening, which was later shown to be a particular case of [[Bernoulli's principle]].
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| ===Cause of wind===
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| Torricelli gave the first scientific description of the cause of [[wind]]:
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| {{Bquote|... winds are produced by differences of air temperature, and hence density, between two regions of the earth.<ref name=MT />}}
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| == Torricelli's work in mathematics ==
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| Torricelli is also famous for the discovery of the ''Torricelli's trumpet'' (also - perhaps more often - known as [[Gabriel's horn|Gabriel's Horn]]) whose surface area is [[infinity | infinite]], but whose volume is [[finite]]. This was seen as an "incredible" paradox by many at the time, including Torricelli himself, and prompted a fierce controversy about the nature of infinity, also involving the philosopher[[Thomas Hobbes | Hobbes]]. It is supposed by some to have led to the idea of a "completed infinity". Torricelli tried several alternative proofs, attempting to prove that its surface area was also finite - all of which failed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
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| Torricelli was also a pioneer in the area of infinite series. In his ''De dimensione parabolae'' of 1644, Torricelli considered a decreasing sequence of positive terms <math>a_0, a_1, a_2 \cdots</math> and showed the corresponding [[telescoping series]] <math>(a_0-a_1) + (a_1-a_2) + \cdots</math> necessarily converges to <math>a_0-L</math>, where ''L'' is the limit of the sequence, and in this way gives a proof of the formula for the sum of a geometric series.
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| ==Italian submarines==
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| Several Italian Navy submarines were named after Evangelista Torricelli:
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| * A [[Pietro-Micca-class submarine|''Micca '' class submarine]], built in 1918, stricken in 1930
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| * An [[Archimede class submarine|''Archimede'' class submarine]] (1934), transferred to Spain in 1937 and renamed ''General Mola'', stricken in 1959
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| * A [[Brin class submarine|''Benedetto Brin'' class submarine]] (1937), sank in the Red Sea due to the British Navy in 1940
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| * [[Evangelista Torricelli (S-512)|''Evangelista Torricelli'']], the former [[USS Lizardfish (SS-373)|USS ''Lizardfish'']], transferred to Italy in 1960 and decommissioned in 1976
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| == Selected works ==
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| His manuscripts are preserved at Florence, Italy. The following have appeared in print:
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| * ''Trattato del moto'' (before 1641)
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| * ''Opera geometrica'' (1644)
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| * ''Lezioni accademiche'' (printed 1715)
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| * ''Esperienza dell'argento vivo'' (Berlin, 1897).
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Gabriel's horn]]
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| *[[Gasparo Berti]]
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| *[[Parabola of safety]]
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| *[[Torricelli's equation]]
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| *[[Fermat point|Torricelli/Fermat point]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * {{cite book|last=Aubert|first=André|chapter=Prehistory of the Zeta-Function|title=Number Theory, Trace Formulas and Discrete Groups|coauthors=Bombieri and Goldfeld, eds.|publisher=Academic Press|year=1989}}
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| *{{cite book|last= de Gandt|title=L'oeuvre de Torricelli|publisher=Les Belles Lettres|year=1987}}
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| *{{cite journal|last1=Shampo|first1=M. A.|authorlink=|last2=Kyle|first2=R A
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| |date=March 1986
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| |title=Italian physicist-mathematician invents the barometer
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| |journal=[[Mayo Clin. Proc.]]
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| |volume=61
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| |issue=3
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| |pages=204
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| | publisher = | location =
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| | pmid = 3511332
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| | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =}}
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| == External links ==
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| {{commons category|Evangelista Torricelli}}
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| * [http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/multi/torricel/index.html University of Florence article]
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| {{Scientists whose names are used as non SI units}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=24633476|LCCN=n/85/800789|GND=118623427}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Torricelli, Evangelista
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Italian physicist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1608
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Faenza]], [[Province of Ravenna]], [[Papal States]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = 25 October 1647
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Torricelli, Evangelista}}
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| [[Category:1608 births]]
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| [[Category:1647 deaths]]
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| [[Category:17th-century Italian mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Burials at the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence]]
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| [[Category:Deaths from typhoid fever]]
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| [[Category:Italian inventors]]
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| [[Category:Italian physicists]]
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| [[Category:People from Faenza]]
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| [[Category:Scientific instrument makers]]
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| [[Category:University of Pisa faculty]]
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