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| In mathematics, a '''complete lattice''' is a [[partially ordered set]] in which ''all'' subsets have both a [[supremum]] (join) and an [[infimum]] (meet). Complete lattices appear in many applications in [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]]. Being a special instance of [[lattice (order)|lattices]], they are studied both in [[order theory]] and [[universal algebra]].
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| Complete lattices must not be confused with [[complete partial order]]s (''cpo''s), which constitute a strictly more general class of partially ordered sets. More specific complete lattices are [[complete Boolean algebra]]s and [[complete Heyting algebra]]s (''locales'').
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| == Formal definition ==
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| A [[partially ordered set]] (''L'', ≤) is a ''complete lattice'' if every [[subset]] ''A'' of ''L'' has both a [[greatest lower bound]] (the [[infimum]], also called the ''meet'') and a [[least upper bound]] (the [[supremum]], also called the ''join'') in (''L'', ≤).
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| The ''meet'' is denoted by <math>\bigwedge A</math>, and the ''join'' by <math>\bigvee A</math>. | |
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| Note that in the special case where ''A'' is the [[empty set]], the meet of ''A'' will be the [[greatest element]] of ''L''. Likewise, the join of the empty set yields the [[least element]]. Since the definition also assures the existence of binary meets and joins, complete lattices do thus form a special class of [[bounded lattice]]s.
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| More implications of the above definition are discussed in the article on [[completeness (order theory)|completeness properties]] in order theory.
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| === Complete semilattices ===
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| In order theory, arbitrary meets can be expressed in terms of arbitrary joins and vice versa (for details, see [[completeness (order theory)]]). In effect, this means that it is sufficient to require the existence of either all meets or all joins to obtain the class of all complete lattices.
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| As a consequence, some authors use the terms ''complete [[meet-semilattice]]'' or ''complete [[join-semilattice]]'' as another way to refer to complete lattices. Though similar on objects, the terms entail different notions of [[homomorphism]], as will be explained in the below section on morphisms.
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| On the other hand, some authors have no use for this distinction of morphisms (especially since the emerging concepts of "complete semilattice morphisms" can as well be specified in general terms). Consequently, ''complete meet-semilattices'' have also been defined as those [[meet-semilattice]]s that are also [[complete partial order]]s. This concept is arguably the "most complete" notion of a meet-semilattice that is not yet a lattice (in fact, only the top element may be missing). This discussion is also found in the article on [[semilattice]]s.
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| === Complete sublattices ===
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| A sublattice ''M'' of a complete lattice ''L'' is called a ''complete sublattice'' of ''L'' if for every subset ''A'' of ''M'' the elements <math>\bigwedge</math>''A'' and <math>\bigvee</math>''A'', as defined in ''L'', are actually in ''M''.<ref>Burris, Stanley N., and H.P. Sankappanavar, H. P., 1981. ''[http://www.thoralf.uwaterloo.ca/htdocs/ualg.html A Course in Universal Algebra.]'' Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-90578-2 (A monograph available free online).</ref>
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| If the above requirement is lessened to require only non-empty meet and joins to be in ''L'', the sublattice ''M'' is called a ''closed sublattice'' of ''M''.
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| == Examples ==
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| * Any non-empty finite lattice is trivially complete.
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| * The [[power set]] of a given set, ordered by [[subset|inclusion]]. The supremum is given by the [[union (set theory)|union]] and the infimum by the [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]] of subsets.
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| * The [[unit interval]] [0,1] and the [[extended real number line]], with the familiar total order and the ordinary [[supremum|suprema]] and [[infimum|infima]]. Indeed, a totally ordered set (with its [[order topology]]) is [[Compact space|compact]] as a [[topological space]] if it is complete as a lattice.
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| * The non-negative [[integer]]s, ordered by [[divisibility]]. The least element of this lattice is the number 1, since it divides any other number. Maybe surprisingly, the greatest element is 0, because it can be divided by any other number. The supremum of finite sets is given by the [[least common multiple]] and the infimum by the [[greatest common divisor]]. For infinite sets, the supremum will always be 0 while the infimum can well be greater than 1. For example, the set of all even numbers has 2 as the greatest common divisor. If 0 is removed from this structure it remains a lattice but ceases to be complete.
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| * The subgroups of any given group under inclusion. (While the [[infimum]] here is the usual set-theoretic intersection, the [[supremum]] of a set of subgroups is the subgroup ''generated by'' the set-theoretic union of the subgroups, not the set-theoretic union itself.) If ''e'' is the identity of ''G'', then the trivial group {''e''} is the [[partial order|minimum]] subgroup of ''G'', while the [[partial order|maximum]] subgroup is the group ''G'' itself.
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| * The submodules of a [[module (mathematics)|module]], ordered by inclusion. The supremum is given by the sum of submodules and the infimum by the intersection.
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| * The [[ideal (ring theory)|ideals]] of a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]], ordered by inclusion. The supremum is given by the sum of ideals and the infimum by the intersection.
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| * The open sets of a [[topological space]], ordered by inclusion. The supremum is given by the union of open sets and the infimum by the [[interior (topology)|interior]] of the intersection. On the other hand, if we define infimum to be set intersection, the open sets form a [[bounded lattice|bounded]] but not complete lattice; in general, arbitrary intersections of open sets are not open.
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| * The [[convex set|convex subset]]s of a [[real number|real]] or [[complex number|complex]] [[vector space]], ordered by inclusion. The infimum is given by the intersection of convex sets and the supremum by the [[convex hull]] of the union.
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| * The [[topological space|topologies]] on a set, ordered by inclusion. The infimum is given by the intersection of topologies, and the supremum by the topology generated by the union of topologies.
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| * The lattice of all [[transitive relation]]s on a set.
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| * The lattice of all sub-multisets of a [[multiset]].
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| * The lattice of all [[equivalence relation]]s on a set; the equivalence relation ~ is considered to be smaller (or "finer") than ≈ if ''x''~''y'' always implies ''x''≈''y''.
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| * The lattice of self-adjoint projections (also known as orthogonal projections) of a von Neumann algebra.
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| == Morphisms of complete lattices ==
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| The traditional morphisms between complete lattices are the ''complete homomorphisms'' (or ''complete lattice homomorphisms''). These are characterized as functions that [[limit preserving (order theory)|preserve]] all joins and all meets. Explicitly, this means that a function ''f: L→M'' between two complete lattices ''L'' and ''M'' is a complete homomorphism if
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| * <math>f(\bigwedge A) = \bigwedge\{f(a)\mid a\in A\}</math> and
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| * <math>f(\bigvee A) = \bigvee\{f(a)\mid a\in A\}</math>,
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| for all subsets ''A'' of ''L''. Such functions are automatically [[monotonic]], but the condition of being a complete homomorphism is in fact much more specific. For this reason, it can be useful to consider weaker notions of morphisms, that are only required to preserve all meets or all joins, which are indeed inequivalent conditions. This notion may be considered as a homomorphism of complete meet-semilattices or complete join-semilattices, respectively.
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| Furthermore, morphisms that preserve all joins are equivalently characterized as the ''lower adjoint'' part of a unique [[Galois connection]]. Each of these determines a unique ''upper adjoint'' in the inverse direction that preserves all meets. Hence, considering complete lattices with complete semilattice morphisms boils down to considering Galois connections as morphisms. This also yields the insight that the introduced morphisms do basically describe just two different [[category theory|categories]] of complete lattices: one with complete homomorphisms and one with meet-preserving functions (upper adjoints), [[duality (category theory)|dual]] to the one with join-preserving mappings (lower adjoints).
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| == Free construction and completion ==
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| === Free "complete semilattices" ===
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| As usual, the construction of [[free object]]s depends on the chosen class of morphisms. Let us first consider functions that preserve all joins (i.e. lower adjoints of Galois connections), since this case is simpler than the situation for complete homomorphisms. Using the aforementioned terminology, this could be called a ''free complete join-semilattice''.
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| Using the standard definition from [[universal algebra]], a free complete lattice over a generating set ''S'' is a complete lattice ''L'' together with a function ''i'':''S''→''L'', such that any function ''f'' from ''S'' to the underlying set of some complete lattice M can be ''factored uniquely'' through a morphism ''f''° from ''L'' to ''M''. Stated differently, for every element ''s'' of ''S'' we find that ''f''(''s'') = ''f''°(''i''(''s'')) and that ''f''° is the only morphism with this property. These conditions basically amount to saying that there is a functor from the category of sets and functions to the category of complete lattices and join-preserving functions which is [[adjoint functors|left adjoint]] to the [[forgetful functor]] from complete lattices to their underlying sets.
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| Free complete lattices in this sense can be constructed very easily: the complete lattice generated by some set ''S'' is just the [[powerset]] 2<sup>''S''</sup>, i.e. the set of all subsets of ''S'', ordered by [[subset|subset inclusion]]. The required unit ''i'':''S''→2<sup>''S''</sup> maps any element ''s'' of ''S'' to the singleton set {''s''}. Given a mapping ''f'' as above, the function ''f°'':2<sup>S</sup>→''M'' is defined by
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| :''f°''(''X'') = <math>\bigvee</math>{''f''(''s'')|''s'' in ''X''}.
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| It is obvious that ''f°'' transforms unions into suprema and thus preserves joins.
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| Our considerations also yield a free construction for morphisms that do preserve meets instead of joins (i.e. upper adjoints of Galois connections). In fact, we merely have to [[duality (order theory)|dualize]] what was said above: free objects are given as powersets ordered by reverse inclusion, such that set union provides the meet operation, and the function ''f°'' is defined in terms of meets instead of joins. The result of this construction could be called a ''free complete meet-semilattice''. One should also note how these free constructions extend those that are used to obtain [[semilattice|free semilattices]], where we only need to consider finite sets.
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| === Free complete lattices ===
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| The situation for complete lattices with complete homomorphisms obviously is more intricate. In fact, free complete lattices do generally not exist. Of course, one can formulate a word problem similar to the one for the case of [[lattice (order)|lattices]], but the collection of all possible [[word problem (mathematics)|words]] (or "terms") in this case would be a [[proper class]], because arbitrary meets and joins comprise operations for argument-sets of every [[cardinality]].
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| This property in itself is not a problem: as the case of free complete semilattices above shows, it can well be that the solution of the word problem leaves only a set of equivalence classes. In other words, it is possible that proper classes of the class of all terms have the same meaning and are thus identified in the free construction. However, the equivalence classes for the word problem of complete lattices are "too small", such that the free complete lattice would still be a proper class, which is not allowed.
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| Now one might still hope that there are some useful cases where the set of generators is sufficiently small for a free complete lattice to exist. Unfortunately, the size limit is very low and we have the following theorem:
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| : The free complete lattice on three generators does not exist; it is properly a [[proper class]].
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| A proof of this statement is given by Johnstone;<ref>P. T. Johnstone, ''Stone Spaces'', Cambridge University Press, 1982; ''(see paragraph 4.7)''</ref> the original argument is attributed to [[Alfred W. Hales]];<ref>[[Alfred W. Hales|A. W. Hales]], ''On the non-existence of free complete Boolean algebras'', [[Fundamenta Mathematica]] '''54''', pp.45-66.</ref> see also the article on [[free lattice]]s.
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| === Completion ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Completely distributive lattice]]. See [[WP:MOS#Section management]] -->
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| If a complete lattice is freely generated from a given ''poset'' used in place of the set of generators considered above, then one speaks of a ''completion'' of the poset. The definition of the result of this operation is similar to the above definition of free objects, where "sets" and "functions" are replaced by "posets" and "monotone mappings". Likewise, one can describe the completion process as a functor from the category of posets with monotone functions to some category of complete lattices with appropriate morphisms that is left adjoint to the forgetful functor in the converse direction.
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| As long as one considers meet- or join-preserving functions as morphisms, this can easily be achieved through the so-called [[Dedekind–MacNeille completion]]. For this process, elements of the poset are mapped to (Dedekind-) ''cuts'', which can then be mapped to the underlying posets of arbitrary complete lattices in much the same way as done for sets and free complete (semi-) lattices above.
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| The aforementioned result that free complete lattices do not exist entails that an according free construction from a poset is not possible either. This is easily seen by considering posets with a discrete order, where every element only relates to itself. These are exactly the free posets on an underlying set. Would there be a free construction of complete lattices from posets, then both constructions could be composed, which contradicts the negative result above.
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| == Representation ==
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| There are various other mathematical concepts that can be used to represent complete lattices. One means of doing so is the [[Dedekind-MacNeille completion]]. When this completion is applied to a poset that already is a complete lattice, then the result is a complete lattice of sets which is [[order-isomorphism|isomorphic]] to the original one. Thus we immediately find that every complete lattice is isomorphic to a complete lattice of sets.
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| Another representation is obtained by noting that the image of any [[closure operator]] on a complete lattice is again a complete lattice (called its ''closure system''). Since the identity function is a closure operator too, this shows that the complete lattices are exactly the images of closure operators on complete lattices. Now the Dedekind-MacNeille completion can also be cast into a closure operator: every set of elements is mapped to the least lower (or upper) [[Dedekind cut]] that contains this set. Such a least cut does indeed exist and one has a closure operator on the powerset lattice of all elements. In summary, one can say that every complete lattice is isomorphic to the image of a closure operator on a powerset lattice.
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| This in turn is utilized in [[formal concept analysis]], where one uses binary relations (called ''formal contexts'') to represent such closure operators.
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| == Further results ==
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| Besides the previous representation results, there are some other statements that can be made about complete lattices, or that take a particularly simple form in this case. An example is the [[Knaster–Tarski theorem]], which states that the set of [[Fixed point (mathematics)|fixed point]]s of a monotone function on a complete lattice is again a complete lattice. This is easily seen to be a generalization of the above observation about the images of closure operators, since these are exactly the sets of fixed points of such operators.
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| == Notes ==
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| ''See the article [[lattice (order)]].''
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| <references/>
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Complete Lattice}}
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| [[Category:Lattice theory]]
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| [[Category:Closure operators]]
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