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{{Redirect|LATEX||Latex (disambiguation)}}
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{{Selfref|For help editing formulas on Wikipedia, see [[Help:Displaying a formula]].}}
{{Advert|date=December 2013}}
 
{{Infobox software
|name                      = LaTeX
|logo                      = [[File:LaTeX logo.svg|100px|The LaTeX logo, typeset with LaTeX]]
|screenshot                =
|caption                    =
|collapsible                =
|author                    = [[Leslie Lamport]]
|developer                  =
|released                  = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
|discontinued              =
|latest release version    =
|latest release date        = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
|latest preview version    =
|latest preview date        = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
|frequently updated        =
|programming language      =
|platform                  = [[Cross-platform]]
|size                      =
|language                  =
|status                    =
|genre                      = [[Typesetting]]
|license                    = [[LaTeX Project Public License]] (LPPL)
|website                    = {{URL|latex-project.org}}
}}
 
'''LaTeX''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|t|ɛ|k}} {{Respell|LAY|tek}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|t|ɛ|k}} {{Respell|LAH|tek}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://latex-project.org/intro.html | title = An introduction to LaTeX}}</ref>) is a [[Word processor|document preparation system]] and [[document markup language]].  LaTeX uses
the [[TeX]] [[typesetting]] program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the [[TeX]] macro language.  LaTeX is not the name of a particular editing program, but refers to the encoding or tagging conventions that are used in LaTeX documents.  Almost any editing program or word-processor may be used to write LaTeX documents, although there are many [[TeX#Editors|editing programs]] written specially to make using LaTeX easy.  Interactive websites and smartphone apps are increasingly (2013) generalizing and simplifying the tasks of writing documents with LaTeX {{citation needed|date=October 2013}}.
 
LaTeX is widely used in [[academia]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ctan.org/what_is_tex.html | title = What are TeX, LaTeX and friends? }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | ssrn = 908946 | title = Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study | author=Alexia Gaudeul | date=March 27, 2006}}</ref> It is also used as the primary method of displaying formulas on [[Wikipedia]]. LaTex can be used as a primary or intermediate format, ''e.g.'', translating [[DocBook]] and other [[XML]]-based formats to [[PDF]]. The typesetting system offers programmable [[desktop publishing]] features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout and [[bibliography|bibliographies]].
 
Like TeX, LaTeX started as a writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists.  But from early in its development it was also taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that included complex non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic, Sanskrit and Chinese.
 
LaTeX is intended to provide a high-level language that accesses the power of TeX. LaTeX essentially comprises a collection of TeX [[Macro (computer science)|macros]] and a program to process LaTeX documents. Because the TeX formatting commands are very elementary, it offers authors ready-made commands for common requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies.
 
LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by [[Leslie Lamport]] at [[SRI International]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://research.microsoft.com/users/lamport/pubs/pubs.html#latex | title=The Writings of Leslie Lamport: LaTeX: A Document Preparation System | author=Leslie Lamport | date=April 23, 2007 | work=Leslie Lamport's Home Page | accessdate=2007-04-27}}</ref> The current version is LaTeX2e (styled as {{LaTeX2e}}). LaTeX is [[free software]] and is distributed under the [[LaTeX Project Public License|LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)]].
 
==Typesetting system==
LaTeX is based on the philosophy that authors should be able to focus on the content of what they are writing without being distracted by its visual presentation. In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using familiar concepts such as ''chapter'', ''section'', ''table'', ''figure'', etc., and lets the LaTeX system worry about the presentation of these structures. It therefore encourages the separation of layout from content while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments where needed. This is similar to the mechanism by which many [[word processor]]s allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document or the use of [[Cascading Style Sheets]] to style [[HTML]].
 
LaTeX can be arbitrarily extended by using the underlying [[macro language]] to develop custom formats. Such macros are often collected into ''packages,'' which are available to address special formatting issues such as complicated mathematical content or graphics. Indeed, in the example below, the <code>align</code> environment is provided by the <code>amsmath</code> package.
 
In order to create a document in LaTeX, you first write a .tex file in your [[text editor]].  Then you give your .tex file as input to the TeX programme (with the LaTeX macros loaded), and TeX writes out a file suitable for viewing onscreen or printing.<ref>PDF output it common, but TeX can output other formats such as DVI ("Device independent" format).  See below for more detail about outputs.</ref> This write-format-preview cycle is one of the chief ways in which working with LaTeX differs from [[WYSIWIG|what-you-see-is-what-you-get]] word processing. Many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter of pressing a single key, while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window.
 
==Examples==
The example below shows the LaTeX input and corresponding output:
<!-- Don't change the source code unless you know what you are doing and have checked that the output is the same or has been updated. -->
{{markup|
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\title{\LaTeX}
\date{}
\begin{document}
  \maketitle
  \LaTeX{} is a document preparation system for the \TeX{}
  typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop
  publishing features and extensive facilities for
  automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop
  publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing,
  tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, and
  much more. \LaTeX{} was originally written in 1984 by
  Leslie Lamport and has become the dominant method for
  using \TeX; few people write in plain \TeX{} anymore.
  The current version is \LaTeXe.
 
  % This is a comment, not shown in final output.
  % The following shows typesetting power of LaTeX:
  \begin{align}
    E_0 &= mc^2                              \\
    E &= \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
  \end{align}
\end{document}
</syntaxhighlight>
|
[[File:Latex example.png|520px|LaTeX output]]
}}
 
Note how the equation for <math>E</math> was typeset by the markup:
: <code>E &= \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}</code>
The [[square root]] is denoted by "sqrt" and fractions by "frac".
 
==Pronouncing and writing "LaTeX"==
LaTeX is usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|t|ɛ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|t|ɛ|k}} in English (that is, not with the {{IPA|/ks/}} pronunciation English speakers normally associate with ''[[X]]'', but with a {{IPA|/k/}}).
 
The characters T, E, X in the name come from [[capital letter|capital]] [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letters [[tau]], [[epsilon]], and [[chi (letter)|chi]], as the name of [[TeX]] derives from the {{lang-el|τέχνη}} (skill, art, technique); for this reason, TeX's creator [[Donald Knuth]] promotes a pronunciation of {{IPAc-en|t|ɛ|x}} ({{respell|tekh|}})<ref>Donald E. Knuth, ''The TeXbook'', Addison–Wesley, Boston, 1986, p. 1.</ref> (that is, with a [[voiceless velar fricative]] as in Modern Greek, similar to the ch in [[loch]]).  Lamport, on the other hand, has said he does not favor or discourage any pronunciation for LaTeX.
 
The name is traditionally printed in running text with a special typographical [[logo]]: {{LaTeX}}.
In media where the logo cannot be precisely reproduced in running text, the word is typically given the unique capitalization ''LaTeX''. The TeX, LaTeX<ref>{{cite web
  | last = O'Connor
  | first = Edward
  | title = TeX and LaTeX logo POSHlets
  | url = http://edward.oconnor.cx/2007/08/tex-poshlet
  | accessdate = 2008-04-21
}}</ref> and [[XeTeX]]<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Taraborelli
  | first = Dario
  | title = CSS-driven TeX logos
  | url=http://nitens.org/taraborelli/texlogo
  | accessdate = 2008-04-21}}</ref> logos can be rendered via pure [[CSS]] and [[XHTML]] for use in graphical [[web browser]]s following the specifications of the internal <tt>\LaTeX</tt> macro.<ref>{{cite journal
  | last = Walden
  | first = David
  | title = Travels in TeX Land: A Macro, Three Software Packages, and the Trouble with TeX
  | journal = The PracTeX journal
  | issue = 3
  | date = 2005-07-15
  | url = http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/2005-3/walden-travels/
  | accessdate = 2008-04-21}}</ref>
 
==Licensing==
LaTeX is typically distributed along with plain [[TeX]]. It is distributed under a [[free software license]], the [[LaTeX Project Public License]] (LPPL). The LPPL is not compatible with the [[GNU General Public License]], as it requires that modified files must be clearly differentiable from their originals (usually by changing the filename); this was done to ensure that files that depend on other files will produce the expected behavior and avoid [[dependency hell]]. The LPPL is [[Debian Free Software Guidelines|DFSG]] compliant as of version 1.3.  As [[free software]], LaTeX is available on most operating systems including [[UNIX]] ([[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[AIX]]), [[BSD]] ([[FreeBSD]], [[Mac OS X]], [[NetBSD]], [[OpenBSD]]), [[GNU/Linux]] ([[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|Red Hat]], [[Debian GNU/Linux|Debian]], [[Arch Linux|Arch]], [[Gentoo Linux|Gentoo]]), [[Microsoft Windows]] ([[Windows 9x|9x]], [[Windows XP|XP]], [[Windows Vista|Vista]], [[Windows 7|7]], [[Windows 8|8]]), [[DOS]], [[RISC OS]], [[AmigaOS]] and [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs|Plan9]].
 
==Related software==
As a macro package, LaTeX provides a set of macros for TeX to interpret. There are many other macro packages for TeX, including Plain TeX, [[GNU Texinfo]], [[AMSTeX]], and [[ConTeXt]].
 
When TeX "compiles" a document, it follows (from the user's point of view) the following processing sequence: Macros → TeX → Driver → Output. Different implementations of each of these steps are typically available in TeX distributions. Traditional TeX will output a [[DVI (file format)|DVI]] file, which is usually converted to a [[PostScript]] file. More recently, [[Hàn Thế Thành]] and others have written a new implementation of TeX called [[pdfTeX]], which also outputs to [[PDF]] and takes advantage of features available in that format. The [[XeTeX]] engine developed by Jonathan Kew merges modern font technologies and Unicode with TeX.
 
The default font for LaTeX is Knuth's [[Computer Modern]], which gives default documents created with LaTeX the same distinctive look as those created with plain TeX. XeTeX allows the use of OpenType and TrueType (that is, outlined) fonts for output files.
 
There are also many [[Comparison of TeX editors|editors for LaTeX]].
 
==Versions==
LaTeX2e is the current version of LaTeX, since it replaced Latex 2.09 in 1994. {{As of|2013}}, a future version called LaTeX3, started in the early 1990s, is still in development.<ref>See e.g. [http://bubl.ac.uk/archive/journals/texdig/v93n1193.htm bubl.ac.uk]</ref> Planned features include improved syntax, [[hyperlink]] support, a new user interface, access to arbitrary fonts, and new documentation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.latex-project.org/guides/ltx3info.pdf | title=The LaTeX3 Project | author=Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley | date=January 12, 1999 | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref>
 
There are numerous commercial implementations of the entire TeX system.  System vendors may add extra features like additional [[typeface]]s and [[help desk|telephone support]]. [[LyX]] is a [[Free software|free]], [[WYSIWYM]] visual document processor that uses LaTeX for a back-end. [[TeXmacs]] is a free, [[WYSIWYG]] editor with similar functionalities as LaTeX but a different typesetting engine. Other WYSIWYG editors that produce LaTeX include [[Scientific Word]] on [[MS Windows]].
 
A number of TeX distributions are available, including [[TeX Live]] (multiplatform), [[teTeX]] (deprecated in favor of TeX Live, UNIX), [[fpTeX]] (deprecated), [[MiKTeX]] (Windows), [[proTeXt]] (Windows), [[MacTeX]] (TeX Live with the addition of Mac specific programs), [[gwTeX]] (Mac OS X), [[OzTeX]] (Mac OS Classic), AmigaTeX (no longer available) and [[PasTeX]] (AmigaOS, available on the [[Aminet]] repository).
 
==Compatibility==
LaTeX documents (<tt>*.tex</tt>) can be opened with any text editor.  Additionally, TeX documents can be shared by rendering the LaTeX file to [[Rich Text Format]] (.rtf) or [[XML]]. This can be done using the free software programs [[LaTeX2RTF]] or [[TeX4ht]].  LaTeX can also be rendered to PDF files using the tool pdfLaTeX.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[AMS-LaTeX]] – American Mathematical Society extension for LaTeX
* [[xdvi]] – software for viewing DVI files while using [[Unix]]
* [[BibTeX]] reference management software typically used with LaTeX
* [[Comparison of TeX editors]]
* [[List of document markup languages]]
* [[REVTeX]] – Publication Styles of the American Physical Society
* [[Formula editor]]
* [[MathML]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Griffiths | first=David F. | coauthors=Highman, David S. | title=Learning LaTeX | publisher=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics | location=Philadelphia | year=1997 | isbn=0-89871-383-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Kopka | first=Helmut | coauthors=Daly, Patrick W. | title=Guide to LaTeX | edition=4th | publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional | year=2003 | isbn=0-321-17385-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Lamport | first=Leslie | authorlink=Leslie Lamport | others=illustrations by Duane Bibby | title=LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference | edition=2nd | publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional | location=Reading, Mass |year=1994 | isbn=0-201-52983-1 }}
* {{cite book | last=Mittelbach | first=Frank | coauthors=Goosens, Michel | title=The LaTeX Companion |edition=2nd | publisher=Addison-Wesley | year=2004 | isbn=0-201-36299-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Flynn | first=Peter | title=Formatting Information: A Beginner's Guide to LaTeX | publisher=Silmaril | location=Cork | year=2011 | edition=5th online | url=http://latex.silmaril.ie/formattinginformation/ | origyear=2002 | page=193}}
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=LaTeX|b=LaTeX|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=LaTeX|voy=no|species=no|d=Q5310}}
* {{official website|latex-project.org}}
* [[wikia:latex|LaTeX wiki]]
* [http://www.ctan.org CTAN — the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network]
* [http://tug.org/ The TeX Users Group]
* [http://tex.stackexchange.com/ TeX and LaTeX questions and answers at StackExchange]
* [http://www.latex-project.org/l3news/ LaTeX3 newsletter]
* [http://www.LaTeXTemplates.com LaTeX Templates]
* [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LaTeX Ubuntu GNU/Linux documentation about LaTeX] - pleasantly clear
 
{{TeX navbox}}
{{LaTeX navbox}}
{{ebooks}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Latex}}
[[Category:Declarative markup languages]]
[[Category:Free TeX software]]
[[Category:Free typesetting software]]
[[Category:SRI International software]]

Latest revision as of 14:14, 28 December 2014

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