Zeta potential - Revision history

en>Rjwilmsi: /* Calculation of zeta potential */Journal cites, completed 1 page range using AWB (10493)

2014-11-16T19:45:17Z

Calculation of zeta potential: Journal cites, completed 1 page range using AWB (10493)

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:45, 16 November 2014
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	'''Water potential''' is the [[potential energy]] of [[water]] per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to [[osmosis]], [[gravity]], mechanical [[pressure]], or matrix effects such as [[capillary action]] (which is caused by [[surface tension]]). Water potential has proved especially useful in understanding water movement within [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, and [[soil]]. Water potential is typically expressed in potential energy per unit volume and very often is represented by the Greek letter <math>\Psi</math>.

	Water potential integrates a variety of different potential drivers of water movement, which may operate in the same or different directions. Within complex biological systems, it is common for many potential factors to be important. For example, the addition of solutes to water lowers the water's potential (makes it more negative), just as the increase in pressure increases its potential (makes it more positive). If there is no restriction on flow, water will move from an area of higher water potential to an area that has a lower water potential. One very common example is water that contains a dissolved salt, like sea water or the solution within living cells. These solutions typically have negative water potentials, relative to the pure water reference. If there is no restriction on flow, water molecules will proceed from the locus of pure water to the more negative water potential of the solution; flow proceeds until the difference in solute potential is balanced by another force, for example, pressure potential.

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	~~Many different factors may affect~~ the ~~total water potential,~~ and the ~~sum of these potentials determines the overall water potential and the direction of water flow:~~

	~~:<math>\Psi = \Psi_0 + \Psi_\pi + \Psi_p + \Psi_s + \Psi_v + \Psi_m </math><ref>Taiz and Zeiger~~, ~~Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition, Sinauer Associates~~, ~~2002</ref>~~

	~~where:~~
	*<math>\Psi_0</math> is the ~~reference correction,~~
	*<math>\Psi_\pi</math> is the [[Solution\|solute]] potential,
	*<math>\Psi_p</math> is the [[pressure]] component,
	*<math>\Psi_s</math> is the [[gravity\|gravimetric]] component,
	*<math>\Psi_v</math> is the potential due to ~~[[humidity]], and~~
	*<math>\Psi_m</math> is the ~~potential due to matrix effects (e.g., fluid cohesion and surface tension.)~~

	~~All~~ of ~~these factors are quantified as potential energies per unit volume~~, and different subsets of these terms may be used for particular applications (e.g., plants or soils). Different conditions are also defined as reference depending on the application: for example, in soils, the reference condition is typically defined as pure water at the soil surface.

	~~===Pressure Potential===~~

	~~Pressure potential is based on mechanical pressure~~, ~~and~~ is ~~an important component of the total water potential~~ within ~~plant [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s~~. ~~Pressure potential increases as water enters~~ a ~~cell. As water passes through~~ the ~~[[cell wall]]~~ and ~~[[cell membrane]]~~, it ~~increases~~ the ~~total amount of water present inside the cell, which exerts an outward pressure~~ that ~~is opposed by the structural rigidity~~ of ~~the cell wall. By creating this pressure, the plant can maintain [[turgor pressure\|turgor]], which allows the plant to keep its rigidity. Without turgor, plants lose structure and [[wilting\|wilt]].~~

	The pressure potential in a living plant cell is usually positive. In [[Plasmolysis\|plasmolysed cells]], pressure potential is almost zero. Negative pressure potentials occur when water is pulled through an open system such as a ~~plant [[xylem]] vessel~~. ~~Withstanding negative pressure potentials (frequently called ''tension'') is an important adaptation of xylem. This tension can be measured empirically using the [[Pressure bomb]].~~

	~~===Osmotic potential===~~

	~~Pure water is usually defined as having an osmotic potential (~~<~~math~~>~~\Psi_\pi~~<~~/math~~>~~) of zero, and in this case, solute potential can never be positive.~~ The ~~relationship~~ of ~~solute concentration (in molarity) to solute potential is given by the~~ [~~[van 't Hoff equation]]:~~

	:~~<math>\Psi_\pi = - MiRT<~~/~~math>~~

	~~where <math>M<~~/~~math> is the concentration in molarity of the solute~~, ~~<math>i</math> is the~~ [~~[van 't Hoff factor]], the ratio of amount of particles in solution to amount of formula units dissolved, <math>R<~~/~~math> is the [[ideal gas constant]], and <math>T<~~/~~math> is the absolute~~
	~~temperature~~.

	~~For example, when a [[Solution\|solute~~]~~] is dissolved in water, water molecules~~ are ~~less likely~~ to ~~[[diffusion\|diffuse]] away via [[osmosis]] than when there is no solute. A solution will have a lower and hence more negative water potential than that of pure water.~~ ~~Furthermore, the more solute molecules present, the more negative the solute potential is~~.

	~~Osmotic potential has important implication for many living [[organisms]]. If a living cell is surrounded by a more concentrated solution~~, the cell will tend to lose water to the more negative water potential (<math>\Psi_w</math>) of the surrounding environment. This can be the case for [[Marine (ocean)\|marine]] organisms living in sea water and [[halophytic]] plants growing in [[soil salinity\|saline]] environments. ~~In the case of a plant cell~~, the ~~flow of water out of the cell may eventually cause the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall, leading to [[plasmolysis]].~~ ~~Most plants~~, ~~however, have the ability to increase solute inside the cell to drive the flow of water into the cell and maintain turgor.~~

	~~This effect can be used to power an [[osmotic power plant]].<ref>~~[http://www.~~statkraft~~.~~com/presscentre/press-releases/2007/statkraft-to-build-worlds-firsk-osmotic-power-plant.aspx Statkraft to build world's first osmotic power plant~~]~~</ref>~~

	~~===Matrix potential (Matric potential)===~~

	~~When water is in contact with solid particles (e.g.~~, ~~[[clay]] or [[sand]] particles within [[soil]])~~, ~~[[adhesion\|adhesive]] [[intermolecular force]]s between~~ the ~~water~~ and ~~the [[solid]] can be large and important~~. ~~The forces between the water molecules and the solid particles~~ in ~~combination with attraction among water molecules promote [[surface tension]] and~~ the ~~formation~~ of ~~[[menisci]] within the solid matrix~~. ~~Force is then required~~ to ~~break these [[menisci]]. The magnitude~~ of ~~matrix potential depends on~~ the ~~distances between solid particles—the width~~ of ~~the [[menisci]] (see also [[capillary action]])--and the chemical composition~~ of the ~~solid matrix.~~ ~~In many cases, matrix potential can be quite large and comparable to the other components of water potential discussed above~~.

	It is ~~worth noting that matrix potentials are very important for plant water relations~~. ~~Strong (very negative) matrix potentials bind water to soil particles within very dry soils~~. Plants then create even more negative matrix potentials within [[transpirational pull\|tiny pores in the cell walls of their leaves]] to extract water from the soil and allow physiological activity to continue through dry periods. [~~[germination\|Germinating seeds]] have a very negative matrix potentials, creating water uptake in even somewhat dry soils and hydrates the dry seed.~~

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~<references />~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*http://~~lawr.ucdavis~~.~~edu/classes/ssc107/SSC107Syllabus/chapter2-00~~.~~pdf~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Potential}}~~
	~~[[Category:Plant physiology]]~~
	~~[[Category:Hydrostatics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Soil physics]~~]

41.41.246.2 at 15:41, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T15:41:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 31 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hi there~~. ~~Let me begin~~ by ~~introducing~~ the ~~author~~, ~~her name~~ is ~~Myrtle Cleary~~. For a ~~whilst I've been~~ in ~~South Dakota~~ and ~~my mothers~~ and ~~fathers reside close~~ by. ~~My day occupation~~ is a ~~meter reader~~. ~~What I love doing~~ is to ~~gather badges but I~~'~~ve been taking on new issues recently~~.<br><br>~~Also visit my web blog~~ ... ~~healthy food delivery;~~ [http://~~tinyurl~~.com/~~k7cuceb agree~~ with ~~this~~],		'''Water potential''' is the [[potential energy]] of [[water]] per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to [[osmosis]], [[gravity]], mechanical [[pressure]], or matrix effects such as [[capillary action]] (which is caused by [[surface tension]]). Water potential has proved especially useful in understanding water movement within [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, and [[soil]]. Water potential is typically expressed in potential energy per unit volume and very often is represented by the Greek letter <math>\Psi</math>.

			Water potential integrates a variety of different potential drivers of water movement, which may operate in the same or different directions. Within complex biological systems, it is common for many potential factors to be important. For example, the addition of solutes to water lowers the water's potential (makes it more negative), just as the increase in pressure increases its potential (makes it more positive). If there is no restriction on flow, water will move from an area of higher water potential to an area that has a lower water potential. One very common example is water that contains a dissolved salt, like sea water or the solution within living cells. These solutions typically have negative water potentials, relative to the pure water reference. If there is no restriction on flow, water molecules will proceed from the locus of pure water to the more negative water potential of the solution; flow proceeds until the difference in solute potential is balanced by another force, for example, pressure potential.

			==Components of water potential==

			Many different factors may affect the total water potential, and the sum of these potentials determines the overall water potential and the direction of water flow:

			:<math>\Psi = \Psi_0 + \Psi_\pi + \Psi_p + \Psi_s + \Psi_v + \Psi_m </math><ref>Taiz and Zeiger, Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition, Sinauer Associates, 2002</ref>

			where:
			*<math>\Psi_0</math> is the reference correction,
			*<math>\Psi_\pi</math> is the [[Solution\|solute]] potential,
			*<math>\Psi_p</math> is the [[pressure]] component,
			*<math>\Psi_s</math> is the [[gravity\|gravimetric]] component,
			*<math>\Psi_v</math> is the potential due to [[humidity]], and
			*<math>\Psi_m</math> is the potential due to matrix effects (e.g., fluid cohesion and surface tension.)

			All of these factors are quantified as potential energies per unit volume, and different subsets of these terms may be used for particular applications (e.g., plants or soils). Different conditions are also defined as reference depending on the application: for example, in soils, the reference condition is typically defined as pure water at the soil surface.

			===Pressure Potential===

			Pressure potential is based on mechanical pressure, and is an important component of the total water potential within plant [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s. Pressure potential increases as water enters a cell. As water passes through the [[cell wall]] and [[cell membrane]], it increases the total amount of water present inside the cell, which exerts an outward pressure that is opposed by the structural rigidity of the cell wall. By creating this pressure, the plant can maintain [[turgor pressure\|turgor]], which allows the plant to keep its rigidity. Without turgor, plants lose structure and [[wilting\|wilt]].

			The pressure potential in a living plant cell is usually positive. In [[Plasmolysis\|plasmolysed cells]], pressure potential is almost zero. Negative pressure potentials occur when water is pulled through an open system such as a plant [[xylem]] vessel. Withstanding negative pressure potentials (frequently called ''tension'') is an important adaptation of xylem. This tension can be measured empirically using the [[Pressure bomb]].

			===Osmotic potential===

			Pure water is usually defined as having an osmotic potential (<math>\Psi_\pi</math>) of zero, and in this case, solute potential can never be positive. The relationship of solute concentration (in molarity) to solute potential is given by the [[van 't Hoff equation]]:

			:<math>\Psi_\pi = - MiRT</math>

			where <math>M</math> is the concentration in molarity of the solute, <math>i</math> is the [[van 't Hoff factor]], the ratio of amount of particles in solution to amount of formula units dissolved, <math>R</math> is the [[ideal gas constant]], and <math>T</math> is the absolute
			temperature.

			For example, when a [[Solution\|solute]] is dissolved in water, water molecules are less likely to [[diffusion\|diffuse]] away via [[osmosis]] than when there is no solute. A solution will have a lower and hence more negative water potential than that of pure water. Furthermore, the more solute molecules present, the more negative the solute potential is.

			Osmotic potential has important implication for many living [[organisms]]. If a living cell is surrounded by a more concentrated solution, the cell will tend to lose water to the more negative water potential (<math>\Psi_w</math>) of the surrounding environment. This can be the case for [[Marine (ocean)\|marine]] organisms living in sea water and [[halophytic]] plants growing in [[soil salinity\|saline]] environments. In the case of a plant cell, the flow of water out of the cell may eventually cause the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall, leading to [[plasmolysis]]. Most plants, however, have the ability to increase solute inside the cell to drive the flow of water into the cell and maintain turgor.

			This effect can be used to power an [[osmotic power plant]].<ref>[http://www.statkraft.com/presscentre/press-releases/2007/statkraft-to-build-worlds-firsk-osmotic-power-plant.aspx Statkraft to build world's first osmotic power plant]</ref>

			===Matrix potential (Matric potential)===

			When water is in contact with solid particles (e.g., [[clay]] or [[sand]] particles within [[soil]]), [[adhesion\|adhesive]] [[intermolecular force]]s between the water and the [[solid]] can be large and important. The forces between the water molecules and the solid particles in combination with attraction among water molecules promote [[surface tension]] and the formation of [[menisci]] within the solid matrix. Force is then required to break these [[menisci]]. The magnitude of matrix potential depends on the distances between solid particles—the width of the [[menisci]] (see also [[capillary action]])--and the chemical composition of the solid matrix. In many cases, matrix potential can be quite large and comparable to the other components of water potential discussed above.

			It is worth noting that matrix potentials are very important for plant water relations. Strong (very negative) matrix potentials bind water to soil particles within very dry soils. Plants then create even more negative matrix potentials within [[transpirational pull\|tiny pores in the cell walls of their leaves]] to extract water from the soil and allow physiological activity to continue through dry periods. [[germination\|Germinating seeds]] have a very negative matrix potentials, creating water uptake in even somewhat dry soils and hydrates the dry seed.

			==Notes==
			<references />

			==External links==
			*http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ssc107/SSC107Syllabus/chapter2-00.pdf

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Potential}}
			[[Category:Plant physiology]]
			[[Category:Hydrostatics]]
			[[Category:Soil physics]]

en>NHSavage: dab particulates

2012-07-27T16:19:16Z

dab particulates

New page

Hi there. Let me begin by introducing the author, her name is Myrtle Cleary. For a whilst I've been in South Dakota and my mothers and fathers reside close by. My day occupation is a meter reader. What I love doing is to gather badges but I've been taking on new issues recently.<br><br>Also visit my web blog ... healthy food delivery; [http://tinyurl.com/k7cuceb agree with this],