Wiener deconvolution - Revision history

78.53.198.139 at 18:30, 2 March 2014

2014-03-02T18:30:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 2 March 2014
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	~~{{Technical\|date=May 2008}}~~		The author is known as Irwin. Bookkeeping is my occupation. California is exactly where I've always been living and I love every working day residing here. To perform baseball is the pastime he will never quit doing.<br><br>Here is my web site ... [http://www.reachoutsociety.info/blog/435 std home test]

	~~In [[mathematical physics]], '''global hyperbolicity'''~~ is a certain condition on the [[causal structure]] of a [[spacetime]] [[manifold]] (that is, a Lorentzian manifold). This is relevant to [[Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]], and potentially to other metric gravitational theories.

	~~== Definitions ==~~
	~~There are several equivalent definitions of global hyperbolicity. Let ''M'' be a smooth connected Lorentzian manifold without boundary. We make the following preliminary definitions:~~
	* ''M'' is ''causal'' if it has no closed causal curves.
	* Given any point ''p'' in ''M'', <math>J^+(p)</math> [resp. <math>J^-(p)</math>] is the collection of points which can be reached by a future-directed [resp. past-directed] continuous causal curve starting from ''p''.
	* Given a subset ''S'' of ''M'', the ''domain of dependence'' of ''S'' is the set of all points ''p'' in ''M'' such that every inextendible causal curve through ''p'' intersects ''S''.
	* A subset ''S'' of ''M'' is ''achronal'' if no timelike curve intersects ''S'' more than once.
	* A ''Cauchy surface'' for ''M'' is ~~a closed achronal set whose domain of dependence is ''M''~~.
	~~The following conditions are equivalent:~~
	* The spacetime is ~~causal, and for every pair of points ''p'' and ''q'' in ''M~~'~~', the space <math>J^-(p)\cap J^+(q)</math> is compact.~~
	* The spacetime is causal, and ~~for~~ every ~~pair of points ''p'' and ''q'' in ''M'', the space of continuous future directed causal curves from ''p'' to ''q'' is compact~~.
	* The spacetime has a [[Cauchy surface]].
	~~If any of these conditions are satisfied, we say ''M'' is ''globally hyperbolic''. If ''M'' is a smooth connected Lorentzian manifold with boundary, we say it is globally hyperbolic if its interior~~ is ~~globally hyperbolic.~~

	~~== Remarks ==~~
	~~In older literature,~~ the condition of causality in the first two definitions of global hyperbolicity given above is replaced by the stronger condition of ''strong causality''. To be precise, a spacetime ''M'' is strongly causal if for any point ''p'' in ''M'' and any neighborhood ''U'' of ''p'', there is a neighborhood ''V'' of ''p'' contained in ''U'' such that any causal curve with endpoints in ''V'' is contained in ''U''. ~~In 2007, Bernal and Sánchez~~<~~ref name="bernal_sanchez1"~~>Antonio N. Bernal and Miguel Sánchez, "Globally hyperbolic spacetimes can be defined as 'causal' instead of 'strongly causal'", ''[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]]'' '''24''' (2007), no. 3, 745–749 [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0611138]<~~/ref~~> ~~showed that the condition of strong causality can be replaced by causality. In particular, any globally hyperbolic manifold as defined in the previous section~~ is ~~strongly causal~~.

	~~In 2003, Bernal and Sánchez<ref name="bernal_sanchez2">Antonio N~~. ~~Bernal and Miguel Sánchez, " On smooth Cauchy hypersurfaces and Geroch's splitting theorem", ''[[Communications in Mathematical Physics]]'' '''243''' (2003), no~~. ~~3, 461–470~~ [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0306108]</ref> showed that any globally hyperbolic manifold ''M'' has a smooth embedded three-dimensional Cauchy surface, and furthermore that any two Cauchy surfaces for ''M'' are diffeomorphic. In particular, ''M'' is diffeomorphic to the product of a Cauchy surface with <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. It was previously well-known that any Cauchy surface of a globally hyperbolic manifold is an embedded three-dimensional <math>C^0</math> submanifold, any two of which are homeomorphic, and such that the manifold splits topologically as the product of the Cauchy surface and <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. In particular, a globally hyperbolic manifold is foliated by Cauchy surfaces.

	~~Global hyperbolicity, in the second form given above, was introduced by Leray<ref name="leray">Jean Leray, "Hyperbolic Differential Equations~~.~~" Mimeographed notes, Princeton, 1952~~.</ref> in order to consider well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation on the manifold. In 1970 Geroch<ref name="geroch">Robert P. Geroch, "Domain of dependence", ''[[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]'' '''11''', (1970) 437, 13pp</ref> proved the equivalence of the second and third definitions above. The first definition and its equivalence to the other two was given by Hawking and Ellis.<ref name="hawkingellis">Stephen Hawking and George Ellis, "The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1973).</ref>

	In view of the [[Initial value formulation (general relativity)\|initial value formulation]] for Einstein's equations, global hyperbolicity is seen to be a very natural condition in the context of general relativity, in the sense that given arbitrary initial data, there is a unique maximal globally hyperbolic solution of Einstein's equations.

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Causality conditions]]
	* [[Causal structure]]
	* [[Light cone]]

	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references~~/>

	* {{cite book \| author=Hawking, Stephen; and Ellis, G. F. R. \| title = The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time \| location= Cambridge \| publisher=Cambridge University Press \| year=1973 \|isbn = 0-521-09906-4}}
	* {{cite book \| author=Wald, Robert M.\| title = General Relativity \| location= Chicago \| publisher=The University of Chicago Press \| year=1984 \|isbn = 0-226-87033-2}}

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Globally Hyperbolic}}~~
	~~[[Category:General relativity]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mathematical methods in general relativity]~~]

91.145.120.246 at 06:08, 4 September 2013

2013-09-04T06:08:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:08, 4 September 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~The name~~ of the ~~author~~ is ~~Jayson~~. ~~My wife~~ and ~~I reside~~ in ~~Mississippi~~ and ~~I adore~~ every ~~day residing here~~. ~~Office supervising~~ is ~~exactly where her primary earnings arrives from but she~~'~~s currently utilized~~ for ~~another one~~. It's ~~not~~ a ~~typical factor but what I like performing~~ is to ~~climb but I don't have~~ the ~~time lately~~.<br><br>~~Check out my web~~-~~site:~~ [~~http~~://~~appin~~.co.~~kr/board_Zqtv22/688025 tarot readings~~]		{{Technical\|date=May 2008}}

			In [[mathematical physics]], '''global hyperbolicity''' is a certain condition on the [[causal structure]] of a [[spacetime]] [[manifold]] (that is, a Lorentzian manifold). This is relevant to [[Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]], and potentially to other metric gravitational theories.

			== Definitions ==
			There are several equivalent definitions of global hyperbolicity. Let ''M'' be a smooth connected Lorentzian manifold without boundary. We make the following preliminary definitions:
			* ''M'' is ''causal'' if it has no closed causal curves.
			* Given any point ''p'' in ''M'', <math>J^+(p)</math> [resp. <math>J^-(p)</math>] is the collection of points which can be reached by a future-directed [resp. past-directed] continuous causal curve starting from ''p''.
			* Given a subset ''S'' of ''M'', the ''domain of dependence'' of ''S'' is the set of all points ''p'' in ''M'' such that every inextendible causal curve through ''p'' intersects ''S''.
			* A subset ''S'' of ''M'' is ''achronal'' if no timelike curve intersects ''S'' more than once.
			* A ''Cauchy surface'' for ''M'' is a closed achronal set whose domain of dependence is ''M''.
			The following conditions are equivalent:
			* The spacetime is causal, and for every pair of points ''p'' and ''q'' in ''M'', the space <math>J^-(p)\cap J^+(q)</math> is compact.
			* The spacetime is causal, and for every pair of points ''p'' and ''q'' in ''M'', the space of continuous future directed causal curves from ''p'' to ''q'' is compact.
			* The spacetime has a [[Cauchy surface]].
			If any of these conditions are satisfied, we say ''M'' is ''globally hyperbolic''. If ''M'' is a smooth connected Lorentzian manifold with boundary, we say it is globally hyperbolic if its interior is globally hyperbolic.

			== Remarks ==
			In older literature, the condition of causality in the first two definitions of global hyperbolicity given above is replaced by the stronger condition of ''strong causality''. To be precise, a spacetime ''M'' is strongly causal if for any point ''p'' in ''M'' and any neighborhood ''U'' of ''p'', there is a neighborhood ''V'' of ''p'' contained in ''U'' such that any causal curve with endpoints in ''V'' is contained in ''U''. In 2007, Bernal and Sánchez<ref name="bernal_sanchez1">Antonio N. Bernal and Miguel Sánchez, "Globally hyperbolic spacetimes can be defined as 'causal' instead of 'strongly causal'", ''[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]]'' '''24''' (2007), no. 3, 745–749 [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0611138]</ref> showed that the condition of strong causality can be replaced by causality. In particular, any globally hyperbolic manifold as defined in the previous section is strongly causal.

			In 2003, Bernal and Sánchez<ref name="bernal_sanchez2">Antonio N. Bernal and Miguel Sánchez, " On smooth Cauchy hypersurfaces and Geroch's splitting theorem", ''[[Communications in Mathematical Physics]]'' '''243''' (2003), no. 3, 461–470 [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0306108]</ref> showed that any globally hyperbolic manifold ''M'' has a smooth embedded three-dimensional Cauchy surface, and furthermore that any two Cauchy surfaces for ''M'' are diffeomorphic. In particular, ''M'' is diffeomorphic to the product of a Cauchy surface with <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. It was previously well-known that any Cauchy surface of a globally hyperbolic manifold is an embedded three-dimensional <math>C^0</math> submanifold, any two of which are homeomorphic, and such that the manifold splits topologically as the product of the Cauchy surface and <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. In particular, a globally hyperbolic manifold is foliated by Cauchy surfaces.

			Global hyperbolicity, in the second form given above, was introduced by Leray<ref name="leray">Jean Leray, "Hyperbolic Differential Equations." Mimeographed notes, Princeton, 1952.</ref> in order to consider well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation on the manifold. In 1970 Geroch<ref name="geroch">Robert P. Geroch, "Domain of dependence", ''[[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]'' '''11''', (1970) 437, 13pp</ref> proved the equivalence of the second and third definitions above. The first definition and its equivalence to the other two was given by Hawking and Ellis.<ref name="hawkingellis">Stephen Hawking and George Ellis, "The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1973).</ref>

			In view of the [[Initial value formulation (general relativity)\|initial value formulation]] for Einstein's equations, global hyperbolicity is seen to be a very natural condition in the context of general relativity, in the sense that given arbitrary initial data, there is a unique maximal globally hyperbolic solution of Einstein's equations.

			== See also ==
			* [[Causality conditions]]
			* [[Causal structure]]
			* [[Light cone]]

			== References ==
			<references/>

			* {{cite book \| author=Hawking, Stephen; and Ellis, G. F. R. \| title = The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time \| location= Cambridge \| publisher=Cambridge University Press \| year=1973 \|isbn = 0-521-09906-4}}
			* {{cite book \| author=Wald, Robert M.\| title = General Relativity \| location= Chicago \| publisher=The University of Chicago Press \| year=1984 \|isbn = 0-226-87033-2}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Globally Hyperbolic}}
			[[Category:General relativity]]
			[[Category:Mathematical methods in general relativity]]

184.17.66.79: /* Derivation */

2012-05-19T19:41:00Z

Derivation

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