Wave function collapse - Revision history

67.176.81.39: /* History and context */

2014-12-26T00:30:32Z

History and context

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	~~I'm a 41 years old and work at the high school (Latin American Studies)~~.~~<br>In my spare time~~ I ~~learn Chinese.~~ I ~~have been twicethere and look forward~~ to ~~returning sometime near future~~. I ~~like to read~~, ~~preferably on my ebook reader~~. I ~~like~~ to ~~watch Sons of Anarchy and Two and a Half Men as well as docus about anything scientific. I like Games Club - [http://Dungeons.com/ Dungeons] and Dragons~~, ~~Monopoly, Etc.~~.<br><br>~~Look at~~ my ~~weblog~~ ... [http://~~conitphutthoi~~.com~~/how-to-get-free-fifa-15-coins-3/~~ Fifa 15 Coin Generator]		Hello, dear friend! My name is Reinaldo. I smile that I could unify to the entire world. I live in Norway, in the region. I dream to check out the various nations, to obtain acquainted with interesting people.<br><br>Also visit my web-site ... [http://fifa15-coingenerator.com Fifa 15 Coin Generator]

en>SayanTIFR: /* Quantum decoherence */

2014-02-11T13:46:54Z

Quantum decoherence

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 11 February 2014
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	~~In [[physics]],~~ '~~''exotic matter''' is [[matter]] that somehow deviates from~~ the ~~norm and have "exotic" properties~~. ~~There are several types of exotic matter:~~		I'm a 41 years old and work at the high school (Latin American Studies).<br>In my spare time I learn Chinese. I have been twicethere and look forward to returning sometime near future. I like to read, preferably on my ebook reader. I like to watch Sons of Anarchy and Two and a Half Men as well as docus about anything scientific. I like Games Club - [http://Dungeons.com/ Dungeons] and Dragons, Monopoly, Etc..<br><br>Look at my weblog ... [http://conitphutthoi.com/how-to-get-free-fifa-15-coins-3/ Fifa 15 Coin Generator]

	* Hypothetical [[subatomic particle\|particles]] that have "exotic" [[physical property\|physical properties]] that would violate known [[laws of physics]], such as a particle having a [[negative mass]].
	* Hypothetical particles that have ~~not yet~~ been ~~encountered, such as [[exotic baryon]]s, but whose properties would be within the realm of mainstream physics if found~~ to ~~exist~~. ~~[[Futurist]] [[Ray Kurzweil]] has speculated that by the end of the 21st century it may be possible by using [[femtotechnology]]~~ to create new [[chemical element]]s composed of exotic baryons that would eventually constitute a new [[periodic table of elements]] in which the elements would have completely different properties from the regular chemical elements.<ref>[[Ray Kurzweil\|Kurzweil, ~~Ray]] ''[[The Age of Spiritual Machines]]'' 1999</ref>~~
	* [[State of matter\|States of matter]] that are not commonly encountered, such as [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]s and [[quark–gluon plasma]], but whose properties are perfectly within the realm of mainstream physics
	* States of matter that are poorly understood, such as [[dark matter]]
	* Ordinary matter placed under high pressure

	~~== Negative mass ==~~
	~~{{main\|Negative mass}}~~

	~~Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied [[force]]~~. For example, an object with negative inertial mass and positive [[electric charge]] would accelerate away from objects with negative charge, and towards objects with positive charge, the opposite of the normal rule that like ~~charges repel and opposite charges attract. This behaviour can produce bizarre results: for instance, a gas containing a mixture~~ of ~~positive~~ and negative matter particles will have the positive matter portion increase in [[temperature]] without bound. However, the negative matter portion gains negative temperature at the same rate, again balancing out.

	~~Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of "normal" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent~~ and ~~introduces no violation of [[conservation of momentum]] or [[conservation of energy\|energy]]. It is used in certain speculative theories, such~~ as ~~on the construction of [[wormhole]]s~~. ~~The closest known real representative of such exotic matter is the region of pseudo~~-[~~[Negative pressure\|negative-pressure]] density produced by the [[Casimir effect]].~~

	~~== Imaginary mass ==~~
	~~{{Main\|Tachyon#Mass}}~~

	A hypothetical particle with [[imaginary number\|imaginary]] rest mass would always travel faster than the [[speed of light]]. Such particles are called [[tachyon]]s. There is no confirmed existence of tachyons.

	: ~~<math>E = \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1 - v^2~~/~~c^2}}<~~/~~math>~~

	~~If the rest mass is imaginary this implies that the denominator is imaginary because the total [[energy]] is an [[observable]~~] and ~~thus must be [[real number\|real]]; therefore the quantity under the square root must be negative~~, ~~which can only happen if [[speed\|''v'']] is greater than [[speed of light\|''c'']]~~. ~~As noted by [[Gregory Benford]] ''et al~~.~~,'' [[special relativity]] implies that tachyons, if they existed, could be used to communicate backwards in time~~<~~ref~~>
	~~{{cite journal~~
	~~\| author=G. A. Benford, D. L. Book, and W. A. Newcomb~~
	~~\| year=1970~~
	~~\| title=The Tachyonic Antitelephone~~
	~~\| journal=[[Physical Review D]]~~
	~~\| volume=2 \|page=263~~
	~~\| doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.2.263~~
	~~\| bibcode = 1970PhRvD...2..263B }}~~<~~/ref~~> (see [[tachyonic antitelephone]]). Because [[time travel]] is considered to be non-physical, tachyons are believed by physicists either to not exist, or else to be incapable of interacting with normal matter.{{citation needed\|date=November 2010}}

	~~In quantum field theory, imaginary mass would induce [[tachyon condensation]].~~

	~~== Materials at high pressure ==~~

	At high pressure, materials such as NaCl in the presence of an excess of either chlorine or sodium were transformed into compounds "forbidden" by classical chemistry, such as {{chem\|Na\|3\|Cl}} and {{chem\|Na\|Cl\|3}}. Quantum mechanical calculations predict the possibility of other compounds, such as {{chem\|Na\|Cl\|7}}, {{chem\|Na\|3\|Cl\|2}}, {{chem\|Na\|2\|Cl}}, and {{chem\|Na\|3\|Cl}}. The materials are thermodynamically stable at high pressures. Such compounds may exist in natural environments that exist at ~~high pressure, such as the deep ocean or inside planetary cores. The materials have potentially useful properties~~. ~~For instance, {{chem\|Na\|3\|Cl}} is a two dimensional metal, made of layers of pure sodium and salt that can conduct electricity~~. ~~The salt layers act as insulators while the sodium layers act as conductors~~.~~<ref>{{cite web\|url=~~http://~~www.gizmag~~.com/~~scientists~~-~~create~~-~~forbidden~~-~~compounds~~-~~table~~-~~salt/30520/ \|title=Scientists turn table salt into forbidden compounds that violate textbook rules \|publisher=Gizmag.com \|date= \|accessdate=2014~~-01-~~21}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi\|10.1126/science.1244989}}<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~== See also ==~~

	* [[Gravitational interaction of antimatter]]

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~{{Physics-footer}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Exotic Matter}}~~

	~~[[Category:Particle physics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Gravitation]]~~
	~~[[Category:Wormhole theory]]~~
	~~[[Category:Warp drive theory]]~~
	~~[[Category:Exotic matter\| ]]~~
	~~[[Category:Hypothetical objects]~~]

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2013-12-05T00:17:04Z

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2012-09-02T00:17:42Z

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