Turing degree - Revision history

en>Michael Hardy: /* top */

2015-01-02T03:57:59Z

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	[~~[Image~~:~~Pointsot2~~.~~jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|''Louis Poinsot. Lithograph~~.'~~']]~~		Jerrie is what you could certainly call me but [http://search.usa.gov/search?query=I+don%27t I don't] like when consumers use my full name or company name. The job I've been occupying for years is a real people manager. Guam is where I've always been difficult. What I truly doing is fish preserving and I'll be initiating something else along going without running shoes. Go to my website to find competeing more: http://circuspartypanama.com<br><br>My blog - How To Hack Clash Of Clans ([http://circuspartypanama.com Http://Circuspartypanama.Com])

	~~'''Louis Poinsot''' (1777–1859) was a [[France\|French]] [[mathematician]] and [[physicist]~~]. ~~Poinsot was the inventor of [[geometrical]] [[mechanics]], showing how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could be resolved into a single [[force]] and a [[couple (mechanics)\|couple]].~~

	~~==Life==~~

	:Everyone makes for himself a clear idea of the motion of a point, that is to say, of the motion of a corpuscle which one supposes to be infinitely small, and which one reduces by thought in some way to a mathematical point.
	~~::—Louis Poinsot,~~ '~~'Théorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps'' (1834)~~

	Louis was born in [[Paris]] on 3 January 1777. He attended the school of [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] for secondary preparatory education for entrance to the famous [[École Polytechnique]]. In October 1794, at age 17, he took the École Polytechnique entrance exam and failed the [[algebra]] section but was still accepted. A student there for ~~two~~ years, he left in 1797 to study at [[École des Ponts et Chaussées]] to become a [[civil engineering\|civil engineer]]. Although now on course for the practical and secure professional study of civil engineering, he discovered his true passion, [[abstract mathematics]].

	Poinsot thus left the École des Ponts et Chaussées and civil engineering to become a mathematics teacher at the secondary school [[Lycée Bonaparte]] in Paris, from 1804 to 1809. From there he became inspector general of the [[University of France\|Imperial University of France]]. He shared the post with another famous mathematician, [[Delambre]]. On 1 November 1809, Poinsot became assistant professor of analysis and mechanics at his old school the École Polytechnique. During this period of transitions between schools and work, Poinsot had remained active in research and published a number of works on geometry, mechanics and statics so that by 1809 he had an excellent reputation.

	By 1812 Poinsot was no longer directly teaching at École Polytechnique using substitute teacher [[Antoine André Louis Reynaud\|Reynaud]], and later [[Cauchy]], and lost his post in 1816 when they re-organized, but he did become admissions examiner and held that for another 10 years. He also worked at the famous [[Bureau des Longitudes]] from 1839 until his death. On the death of [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] in 1813, Poinsot was elected to fill his place at the [[Académie des Sciences]]. In 1840 he became a member of the superior council of public instruction. In 1846 he was awarded an Officer of the [[Legion of Honor]], and on the formation of the Senate in 1852 he was chosen a member of that body. Poinsot was elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] in 1858. He died in Paris on 5 December 1859.

	~~From the diary of [[Thomas Hirst]], 20 December 1857:~~

	~~:...[Poinsot] shook me kindly by the hand, bid me be seated, and took his seat near me. He~~ is ~~now between 60 and 70 years old, with silver silken hair neatly arranged on~~ a ~~fine intelligent head~~. He is tall and thin, but although he now stoops with age and feebleness one can see that one time his figure was more than ordinarily graceful. He was loosely but neatly dressed in a large ample robe de chambre. His features are finely moulded — indeed everything about the man betokens good blood. He talks incessantly and well. I ~~did not misunderstand a word, although he spoke~~ always ~~in a low tone, and now and then his voice dropped as if from weariness, but he never wandered from his point~~...

	~~==Legacy and tributes==~~
	~~The crater [[Poinsot (crater)\|Poinsot]] on the moon~~ is named after Poinsot. A street in Paris is called Rue Poinsot (14th Arrondissement). [[Gustave Eiffel]] included Poinsot among the [[List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower\|72 names of prominent French scientists]] on plaques around the first stage of the [[Eiffel Tower]].

	~~== Work ==~~

	~~:''"Poinsot was determined to publish only fully developed results~~ and ~~to present them with clarity and elegance. Consequently he left a rather limited body of work ..."~~''
	~~::—Dictionary of Scientific Biography (see Sources)~~

	~~Works include:~~

	*''Eléments de statique'' (1803) (translated as ''The Elements of Statics'' in 1848 by Thomas Sutton)<ref>{{Google books\|UZxPAAAAYAAJ\|The elements of statics - Part 1}}</ref>
	*''memoirs that dealt with the composition of moments and the composition of areas'' (1806)
	*''the general theory of equilibrium and of movements in systems'' (1806)
	*''polygons and polyhedra'' (1809)
	*''Theorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps'' (1834)

	~~Poinsot was the inventor of geometrical mechanics, which showed how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could~~ be ~~resolved into a single force and a couple~~. ~~Previous work done on the motion of a rigid body had been purely analytical with no visualization of the motion, and the great value of the work, as Poinsot says, ''it enables us~~ to ~~represent~~ to ourselves the motion of a rigid body as clearly that as a moving point'' (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911). In particular he devised, what is now known as, [[Poinsot's construction]]. This construction describes the motion of the [[angular velocity]] vector <math>\mathbf{\omega}</~~math> of a [[rigid body]] with one point fixed (usually its [[center of mass]]). He proved that the endpoint of the vector <math>\mathbf{\omega}<~~/~~math> moves in a plane perpendicular to the [[angular momentum]] (in absolute space) of the rigid body~~.<~~ref~~>~~E.T. Whittaker, ''Analytic Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies'', Cambridge UP, 4th edition, (1938), p. 152 ff.~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~He discovered four new regular polyhedra, in 1809, two of which appear in [[Johannes Kepler\|Kepler]]'s work of 1619, although Poinsot was unaware of this. There are only four [[Kepler~~-Poinsot polyhedra]], the other two are the great icosahedron and great dodecahedron, some people call these two the ''Poinsot solids''. In 1810 Cauchy proved, using Poinsot's definition of regular, that the enumeration of regular polyhedra is complete. In 1990 a mistake was discovered in Poinsot's and Cauchy's definition when an internal inconsistency was discovered.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2009}}.

	Poinsot worked on number theory studying [[Diophantine equation]]s. However he is best known for his work in geometry and, together with [[Monge]], regained geometry's leading role in mathematical research in France in the 19th century. Poinsot also contributed to the importance of geometry by creating a chair of advanced geometry at the [[University of Paris\|Sorbonne]] in 1846. Poinsot created the chair for [[Michel Chasles\|Chasles]] which he occupied until his death in 1880.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~== Sources ==~~
	* Bertrand, J. L. F. ''Discours aux funérailles de Poinsot'', Paris, 1860.
	* Bertrand, J. L. F. ''Notice sur Louis Poinsot'', Journal des savants (~~1872), pp. 405–420.~~
	* {{DSB \|first=René \|last=Taton \|title=Poinsot, Louis \|volume=11 \|pages=61-62 }}

	~~== External links ==~~

	~~{{wikiquote}}~~
	*[http://~~www-gap~~.~~dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poinsot.html Biography] by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland~~
	*[http://~~maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=103015796427039682952.00046ac5940f4335f749d&ll=48.840846,2~~.~~323265&spn=0.003615,0.007778&z=17 Rue Poinsot], Paris~~

	~~{{1911}}~~

	~~{{Authority control\|VIAF=4935248}}~~

	~~{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->~~
	~~\| NAME = Poinsot, Louis~~
	~~\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =~~
	~~\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French mathematician and physicist~~
	~~\| DATE OF BIRTH = 1777~~
	~~\| PLACE OF BIRTH =~~
	~~\| DATE OF DEATH = 1859~~
	~~\| PLACE OF DEATH =~~
	}}
	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Poinsot, Louis}}~~
	~~[[Category:1777 births]]~~
	~~[[Category:1859 deaths]]~~
	~~[[Category:19th-century French mathematicians]]~~
	~~[[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]]~~
	~~[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]~~
	~~[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]~~
	~~[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]~~
	~~[[Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]~~]

en>TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.29 - Double pipe in one link (Fixed using WP:WCW)

2013-10-26T16:35:30Z

WPCleaner v1.29 - Double pipe in one link (Fixed using WP:WCW)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:35, 26 October 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Nice~~ to ~~meet you~~, I ~~am Marvella Shryock~~. ~~Since she~~ was ~~eighteen she~~'s been ~~operating~~ as a ~~receptionist but her marketing never arrives~~. ~~California~~ is ~~our birth place~~. ~~To gather coins is~~ a ~~factor~~ that ~~I'm completely addicted~~ to.<br><br>~~my web~~-~~site~~ [http://B-~~east~~.co/~~weightlossfooddelivery24650 diet meal delivery~~]		[[Image:Pointsot2.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|''Louis Poinsot. Lithograph.'']]

			'''Louis Poinsot''' (1777–1859) was a [[France\|French]] [[mathematician]] and [[physicist]]. Poinsot was the inventor of [[geometrical]] [[mechanics]], showing how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could be resolved into a single [[force]] and a [[couple (mechanics)\|couple]].

			==Life==

			:Everyone makes for himself a clear idea of the motion of a point, that is to say, of the motion of a corpuscle which one supposes to be infinitely small, and which one reduces by thought in some way to a mathematical point.
			::—Louis Poinsot, ''Théorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps'' (1834)

			Louis was born in [[Paris]] on 3 January 1777. He attended the school of [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] for secondary preparatory education for entrance to the famous [[École Polytechnique]]. In October 1794, at age 17, he took the École Polytechnique entrance exam and failed the [[algebra]] section but was still accepted. A student there for two years, he left in 1797 to study at [[École des Ponts et Chaussées]] to become a [[civil engineering\|civil engineer]]. Although now on course for the practical and secure professional study of civil engineering, he discovered his true passion, [[abstract mathematics]].

			Poinsot thus left the École des Ponts et Chaussées and civil engineering to become a mathematics teacher at the secondary school [[Lycée Bonaparte]] in Paris, from 1804 to 1809. From there he became inspector general of the [[University of France\|Imperial University of France]]. He shared the post with another famous mathematician, [[Delambre]]. On 1 November 1809, Poinsot became assistant professor of analysis and mechanics at his old school the École Polytechnique. During this period of transitions between schools and work, Poinsot had remained active in research and published a number of works on geometry, mechanics and statics so that by 1809 he had an excellent reputation.

			By 1812 Poinsot was no longer directly teaching at École Polytechnique using substitute teacher [[Antoine André Louis Reynaud\|Reynaud]], and later [[Cauchy]], and lost his post in 1816 when they re-organized, but he did become admissions examiner and held that for another 10 years. He also worked at the famous [[Bureau des Longitudes]] from 1839 until his death. On the death of [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] in 1813, Poinsot was elected to fill his place at the [[Académie des Sciences]]. In 1840 he became a member of the superior council of public instruction. In 1846 he was awarded an Officer of the [[Legion of Honor]], and on the formation of the Senate in 1852 he was chosen a member of that body. Poinsot was elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] in 1858. He died in Paris on 5 December 1859.

			From the diary of [[Thomas Hirst]], 20 December 1857:

			:...[Poinsot] shook me kindly by the hand, bid me be seated, and took his seat near me. He is now between 60 and 70 years old, with silver silken hair neatly arranged on a fine intelligent head. He is tall and thin, but although he now stoops with age and feebleness one can see that one time his figure was more than ordinarily graceful. He was loosely but neatly dressed in a large ample robe de chambre. His features are finely moulded — indeed everything about the man betokens good blood. He talks incessantly and well. I did not misunderstand a word, although he spoke always in a low tone, and now and then his voice dropped as if from weariness, but he never wandered from his point...

			==Legacy and tributes==
			The crater [[Poinsot (crater)\|Poinsot]] on the moon is named after Poinsot. A street in Paris is called Rue Poinsot (14th Arrondissement). [[Gustave Eiffel]] included Poinsot among the [[List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower\|72 names of prominent French scientists]] on plaques around the first stage of the [[Eiffel Tower]].

			== Work ==

			:''"Poinsot was determined to publish only fully developed results and to present them with clarity and elegance. Consequently he left a rather limited body of work ..."''
			::—Dictionary of Scientific Biography (see Sources)

			Works include:

			*''Eléments de statique'' (1803) (translated as ''The Elements of Statics'' in 1848 by Thomas Sutton)<ref>{{Google books\|UZxPAAAAYAAJ\|The elements of statics - Part 1}}</ref>
			*''memoirs that dealt with the composition of moments and the composition of areas'' (1806)
			*''the general theory of equilibrium and of movements in systems'' (1806)
			*''polygons and polyhedra'' (1809)
			*''Theorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps'' (1834)

			Poinsot was the inventor of geometrical mechanics, which showed how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could be resolved into a single force and a couple. Previous work done on the motion of a rigid body had been purely analytical with no visualization of the motion, and the great value of the work, as Poinsot says, ''it enables us to represent to ourselves the motion of a rigid body as clearly that as a moving point'' (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911). In particular he devised, what is now known as, [[Poinsot's construction]]. This construction describes the motion of the [[angular velocity]] vector <math>\mathbf{\omega}</math> of a [[rigid body]] with one point fixed (usually its [[center of mass]]). He proved that the endpoint of the vector <math>\mathbf{\omega}</math> moves in a plane perpendicular to the [[angular momentum]] (in absolute space) of the rigid body.<ref>E.T. Whittaker, ''Analytic Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies'', Cambridge UP, 4th edition, (1938), p. 152 ff.</ref>

			He discovered four new regular polyhedra, in 1809, two of which appear in [[Johannes Kepler\|Kepler]]'s work of 1619, although Poinsot was unaware of this. There are only four [[Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra]], the other two are the great icosahedron and great dodecahedron, some people call these two the ''Poinsot solids''. In 1810 Cauchy proved, using Poinsot's definition of regular, that the enumeration of regular polyhedra is complete. In 1990 a mistake was discovered in Poinsot's and Cauchy's definition when an internal inconsistency was discovered.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2009}}.

			Poinsot worked on number theory studying [[Diophantine equation]]s. However he is best known for his work in geometry and, together with [[Monge]], regained geometry's leading role in mathematical research in France in the 19th century. Poinsot also contributed to the importance of geometry by creating a chair of advanced geometry at the [[University of Paris\|Sorbonne]] in 1846. Poinsot created the chair for [[Michel Chasles\|Chasles]] which he occupied until his death in 1880.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			== Sources ==
			* Bertrand, J. L. F. ''Discours aux funérailles de Poinsot'', Paris, 1860.
			* Bertrand, J. L. F. ''Notice sur Louis Poinsot'', Journal des savants (1872), pp. 405–420.
			* {{DSB \|first=René \|last=Taton \|title=Poinsot, Louis \|volume=11 \|pages=61-62 }}

			== External links ==

			{{wikiquote}}
			*[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Poinsot.html Biography] by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland
			*[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=103015796427039682952.00046ac5940f4335f749d&ll=48.840846,2.323265&spn=0.003615,0.007778&z=17 Rue Poinsot], Paris

			{{1911}}

			{{Authority control\|VIAF=4935248}}

			{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
			\| NAME = Poinsot, Louis
			\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
			\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French mathematician and physicist
			\| DATE OF BIRTH = 1777
			\| PLACE OF BIRTH =
			\| DATE OF DEATH = 1859
			\| PLACE OF DEATH =
			}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Poinsot, Louis}}
			[[Category:1777 births]]
			[[Category:1859 deaths]]
			[[Category:19th-century French mathematicians]]
			[[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]]
			[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
			[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
			[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
			[[Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]

en>Gabbe: made "MathSciNet" implementations more brief

2012-08-29T20:54:05Z

made "MathSciNet" implementations more brief

New page

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