Sensor array - Revision history

67.151.161.67: /* Array Design */ Corrected spelling errors

2015-01-08T17:28:31Z

Array Design: Corrected spelling errors

129.110.242.17: /* Spectrum-Based Beamforming */

2014-02-13T23:07:21Z

Spectrum-Based Beamforming

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	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2012}}~~		You may discover simple techniques to speed up computer by making the many from the built inside tools in your Windows and obtaining the Service Pack updates-speed up the PC plus fix error. Simply follow a limited policies to immediately create a computer quick than ever.<br><br>Firstly, we should use your Antivirus or safety tool plus run a scan on the computer. It can be done that the computer is afflicted with virus or malware which slows down the computer. If there is nothing found in the scanning report, it could be a RAM which cause the problem.<br><br>So what if you look for whenever you compare registry products. Many of the registry cleaners accessible now, have pretty similar attributes. The principal ones which we should be seeking are these.<br><br>Check your Windows taskbar, that is on the lower appropriate hand corner of your computer screen. This taskbar comprise of programs we have running inside the background. If you have too countless of them, they might steal the computer's resources.<br><br>Use a [http://bestregistrycleanerfix.com/tune-up-utilities tuneup utilities 2014]. This usually search a Windows registry for 3 types of keys which really can hurt PC performance. These are: duplicate, missing, plus corrupted.<br><br>S/w related error handling - If the blue screen bodily memory dump occurs following the installation of s/w application or perhaps a driver it could be which there is program incompatibility. By booting into safe mode plus removing the software you can swiftly fix this error. We may moreover try out a "system restore" to revert to an earlier state.<br><br>The initial reason a computer could be slow is considering it needs more RAM. You'll notice this matter right away, incredibly should you have less than a gig of RAM. Most brand-new computers come with a least that much. While Microsoft claims Windows XP can run on 128 MB, it plus Vista truly need at least a gig to run smoothly plus let we to run several programs at when. Fortunately, the cost of RAM has dropped significantly, and there are a gig installed for $100 or less.<br><br>Registry cleaners can enable a computer run in a better mode. Registry cleaners ought to be piece of the normal scheduled maintenance program for your computer. You don't have to wait forever for the computer or the programs to load and run. A small maintenance usually bring back the speed we lost.
	~~'''John James Waterston''' (1811 – 18 June 1883) was a [[Scotland\|Scottish]] [[physicist]], a neglected pioneer of~~ the ~~[[kinetic theory of gases]].~~

	~~==Early life==~~
	~~Waterston's father, George, was an [[Edinburgh]] [[sealing wax]] manufacturer and stationer, a relative of~~ the ~~Sandeman family [[Robert Sandeman (theologian)\|Robert]] and his brother, George. John was born, the sixth of nine children, into a family alive with interests~~ in ~~literature, science~~ and ~~music. He was educated at Edinburgh High School before becoming apprenticed as a [[civil engineer]] to Messrs. Grainger and Miller. His employers encouraged him to attend lectures at~~ the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He studied [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] under Sir [[John Leslie (physicist)\|John Leslie]] as well as attending lectures in [[chemistry]], [[anatomy]] and surgery and becoming an active participant in the ~~student literary society~~.

	~~At age nineteen, Waterston published~~ a ~~paper proposing~~ a [[Mechanical explanations of gravitation\|mechanical explanation of gravitation]], accounting for ''[[action at a distance (physics)\|action at a distance]]'' in terms of colliding particles and discussing interactions between linear and rotational motion that would play a part in his later kinetic theory.

	~~Waterston moved to London at age twenty-one, where he worked as a railroad [[Surveyor (surveying)\|surveyor]]~~, ~~becoming an associate of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] and publishing~~ a ~~paper~~ on ~~a graphical method for planning [[engineering geology\|earthwork]]s. The travel and disruption associated with his surveying work left Waterston little time to pursue his studies so he joined~~ the ~~[[hydrography]] department of the [[Admiralty]] under [[Francis Beaufort]]~~. It ~~was Beaufort who, in 1839, supported Waterston for~~ the ~~post of naval instructor for cadets of~~ the ~~[[British East India Company\|East India Company]]~~ in ~~[[Bombay]]. The posting worked well for Waterston who was able to pursue his reading and research at~~ the ~~library of [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals\|Grant College]].~~

	~~==Kinetic theory==~~

	~~While in [[India]], he first developed his kinetic theory~~, ~~independently of earlier and equally neglected partial accounts by [[Daniel Bernoulli]] and [[John Herapath]]. He published~~ it~~, at his own expense, in his book ''Thoughts on~~ the ~~Mental Functions'' (1843)~~. He correctly derived all the consequences of the premise that gas [[pressure]] is a [[function (mathematics)\|function]] of the number of [[molecule]]s per unit [[volume]], ''N''; molecular [[mass]], ''M''; and molecular mean-squared [[velocity]], <~~math~~>~~\bar{v^2}~~<~~/math~~>. ~~He established~~ the ~~relationship:~~

	:<~~math~~>~~P=NM\bar{v^2}~~<~~/math~~>.

	He had been motivated to think of a ''wave theory of heat'' by analogy with the [[wave theory of light]] and some experiments by [[James Forbes (physicist)\|James Forbes]] and [[Macedonio Melloni]] on [[heat transfer\|radiant heat]]. His statement that ~~''... in mixed media the mean square molecular velocity~~ is ~~inversely proportional to~~ the ~~specific weight~~ of ~~the molecules'' has been seen as the first statement~~ of the ~~[[equipartition theorem]] for translational motion~~. ~~Waterston grasped that~~, ~~while~~ the ~~[[kinetic energy]] of an individual molecule with velocity ''v'' is ½''mv''², heat energy is proportional to temperature, ''T'~~'. ~~That insight led him to derive the [[ideal gas law]]:~~

	:<~~math~~>~~\frac {PV} {T} = \mbox{a constant}~~<~~/math~~>.

	~~The publication made little impact, perhaps because of the title. He submitted his theory, under Beaufort's sponsorship, to the~~ [~~[Royal Society]] in 1845 but was rejected~~. ~~Referee Sir [[John William Lubbock]~~] ~~wrote ''The paper is nothing but nonsense~~.''

	~~Unable to retrieve~~ a ~~copy~~ of ~~his paper (he had failed to make a copy for himself before submitting the paper to the Royal Society)~~, ~~he rewrote the work and sought to advertise it elsewhere~~, ~~attracting little attention other than from [[William John Macquorn Rankine]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] through whom it may have influenced [[August Krönig]]~~. ~~The theory gained acceptance only when~~ it ~~was proposed by [[Rudolf Clausius]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in the 1850s by~~ which ~~time Waterston's contribution had been forgotten~~.

	~~==Later life==~~
	~~He returned to Edinburgh in 1857 to pursue his own novel physical ideas but met with unyielding neglect and discouragement from~~ the ~~scientific establishment~~. ~~Neglect was exacerbated by his own increasing reclusiveness and hostility~~ to ~~the learned societies. He worked on [[acoustics]], [[astronomy]], [[fluid mechanics]] and [[thermodynamics]].~~

	~~He left his Edinburgh home on 18 June and drowned in a nearby canal, possibly falling into the canal due~~ to ~~heat stress from his astronomical observation activities~~.<~~ref~~>~~[http://weblogs.uni.edu/hockey/archives/2008/09/how_astronomers.html ''How Astronomers Die'', a presentation by Historian Thomas Hockey]~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~==Recognition after death==~~
	~~As discussed above, Waterston's paper submitted to the Royal Society was rejected~~. ~~Some years after Waterston~~'~~s death~~, ~~[[Lord Rayleigh]] (Secretary~~ of ~~Royal Society at~~ that ~~time) managed to dig it out from the archives of the Royal Society~~. ~~Finally, Waterson's paper was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1892. (Please see below.)~~

	~~==John Herapath ==~~

	~~[[John Herapath ]] was another contemporaneous English physicist who also worked~~ on ~~the kinetic theory~~, ~~and whose work was also neglected~~ at ~~the time.~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~==Bibliography==~~
	*J.~~J. Waterston~~, ~~"On~~ the ~~physics~~ of ~~media that~~ are ~~composed of free and perfectly elastic molecules in~~ a ~~state of motion", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, vol~~. ~~183 (1892), pp. 1–79. (Note: Waterston died~~ in ~~1883 and his paper was published some years after his death.)~~
	*Haldane, J. S. (ed.) (1928) ''The Collected Scientific Papers of John James Waterston'', including a ~~biography by Haldane~~.
	*Brush, S. G. (1957) "The development of the ~~kinetic theory of gases: II~~. ~~Waterston",~~ '~~'Annals of Science'', vol. 13, pp275-282~~
	*- (1961) "John James Waterston and ~~the kinetic theory of gases", ''American Scientist'', vol~~. ~~49, pp202-214~~
	* Daub, E. E. (1970) "Waterston, Rankine and Clausius on the ~~kinetic theory of gases", ''Isis'' vol. 61, pp105-106~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*{{MacTutor Biography\|id=Waterston}}
	* [http://www.math.~~umd.edu/~lvrmr/History/Neglected.html Neglected Pioneers: John Herapath]~~

	~~{{Authority control\|VIAF=11834043}}~~
	~~{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->~~
	~~\| NAME = Waterston, John James~~
	~~\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =~~
	~~\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Scottish physicist~~
	~~\| DATE OF BIRTH = 1811~~
	~~\| PLACE OF BIRTH =~~
	~~\| DATE OF DEATH = 18 June 1883~~
	~~\| PLACE OF DEATH =~~
	}}
	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Waterston, John James}}~~
	~~[[Category:1811 births]]~~
	~~[[Category:1883 deaths]]~~
	~~[[Category:Scottish physicists]]~~
	~~[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]~~

en>BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9838)

2014-01-11T22:38:16Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9838)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:38, 12 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2012}}
			'''John James Waterston''' (1811 – 18 June 1883) was a [[Scotland\|Scottish]] [[physicist]], a neglected pioneer of the [[kinetic theory of gases]].

			==Early life==
			Waterston's father, George, was an [[Edinburgh]] [[sealing wax]] manufacturer and stationer, a relative of the Sandeman family [[Robert Sandeman (theologian)\|Robert]] and his brother, George. John was born, the sixth of nine children, into a family alive with interests in literature, science and music. He was educated at Edinburgh High School before becoming apprenticed as a [[civil engineer]] to Messrs. Grainger and Miller. His employers encouraged him to attend lectures at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He studied [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] under Sir [[John Leslie (physicist)\|John Leslie]] as well as attending lectures in [[chemistry]], [[anatomy]] and surgery and becoming an active participant in the student literary society.

	~~Luke is actually~~ a ~~celebrity inside the creating as well~~ as the ~~vocation advancement 1st second~~ to his ~~third studio record~~, ~~And~~ , ~~is definitely~~ the ~~confirmation~~. ~~He burst open~~ to the ~~picture~~ in ~~2013 with~~ his ~~best combination~~ of ~~downward-home accessibility~~, ~~movie celebrity excellent seems and lines~~, is ~~placed t inside~~ a ~~key way~~. ~~The newest recording Top~~ on the ~~nation graph and #2 around~~ the ~~pop graphs, making it~~ the ~~next top~~ first ~~appearance during~~ that ~~time~~ of ~~2011 for any region performer~~. <br><br>The ~~boy~~ of ~~your~~ , ~~knows patience and willpower are~~ [~~http://www~~.~~ffpjp24~~.~~org vip luke bryan tickets] key elements when it comes~~ to a ~~prosperous career- . His very first recording~~, ~~Remain Me, generated~~ the ~~Top strikes “All My Pals “Country~~ and ~~Say” Person~~,” when his ~~work~~, ~~Doin’ Factor~~, ~~identified the artist-a few directly No~~. ~~9 single men~~ and ~~women: More Calling Is usually~~ a ~~Good Thing~~.”<br><br>~~From~~ the ~~slip~~ of ~~2005, Tour: Luke Bryan &~~ that ~~have an outstanding list~~ of , ~~including City~~. ~~“It’s vip luke bryan tickets~~ ([~~http://lukebryantickets~~.~~sgs-suparco~~.~~org http://lukebryantickets~~.~~sgs-suparco~~.~~org/]~~) ~~almost like you’re [http~~:~~//lukebryantickets~~.~~asiapak~~.~~net luke bryan 2014 tickets] getting~~ a ~~endorsement to visit one stage further~~, ~~affirms all those artists that have been an element~~ of the ~~Concertsabove into a larger sized degree~~ of ~~designers~~.~~” It covered as one~~ of the ~~best tours within its twenty~~-~~12 months historical past.<br><br>Also visit my page~~ ... [http://~~lukebryantickets~~.~~hamedanshahr~~.~~com luke bryan concert dates~~]		At age nineteen, Waterston published a paper proposing a [[Mechanical explanations of gravitation\|mechanical explanation of gravitation]], accounting for ''[[action at a distance (physics)\|action at a distance]]'' in terms of colliding particles and discussing interactions between linear and rotational motion that would play a part in his later kinetic theory.

			Waterston moved to London at age twenty-one, where he worked as a railroad [[Surveyor (surveying)\|surveyor]], becoming an associate of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] and publishing a paper on a graphical method for planning [[engineering geology\|earthwork]]s. The travel and disruption associated with his surveying work left Waterston little time to pursue his studies so he joined the [[hydrography]] department of the [[Admiralty]] under [[Francis Beaufort]]. It was Beaufort who, in 1839, supported Waterston for the post of naval instructor for cadets of the [[British East India Company\|East India Company]] in [[Bombay]]. The posting worked well for Waterston who was able to pursue his reading and research at the library of [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals\|Grant College]].

			==Kinetic theory==

			While in [[India]], he first developed his kinetic theory, independently of earlier and equally neglected partial accounts by [[Daniel Bernoulli]] and [[John Herapath]]. He published it, at his own expense, in his book ''Thoughts on the Mental Functions'' (1843). He correctly derived all the consequences of the premise that gas [[pressure]] is a [[function (mathematics)\|function]] of the number of [[molecule]]s per unit [[volume]], ''N''; molecular [[mass]], ''M''; and molecular mean-squared [[velocity]], <math>\bar{v^2}</math>. He established the relationship:

			:<math>P=NM\bar{v^2}</math>.

			He had been motivated to think of a ''wave theory of heat'' by analogy with the [[wave theory of light]] and some experiments by [[James Forbes (physicist)\|James Forbes]] and [[Macedonio Melloni]] on [[heat transfer\|radiant heat]]. His statement that ''... in mixed media the mean square molecular velocity is inversely proportional to the specific weight of the molecules'' has been seen as the first statement of the [[equipartition theorem]] for translational motion. Waterston grasped that, while the [[kinetic energy]] of an individual molecule with velocity ''v'' is ½''mv''², heat energy is proportional to temperature, ''T''. That insight led him to derive the [[ideal gas law]]:

			:<math>\frac {PV} {T} = \mbox{a constant}</math>.

			The publication made little impact, perhaps because of the title. He submitted his theory, under Beaufort's sponsorship, to the [[Royal Society]] in 1845 but was rejected. Referee Sir [[John William Lubbock]] wrote ''The paper is nothing but nonsense.''

			Unable to retrieve a copy of his paper (he had failed to make a copy for himself before submitting the paper to the Royal Society), he rewrote the work and sought to advertise it elsewhere, attracting little attention other than from [[William John Macquorn Rankine]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] through whom it may have influenced [[August Krönig]]. The theory gained acceptance only when it was proposed by [[Rudolf Clausius]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in the 1850s by which time Waterston's contribution had been forgotten.

			==Later life==
			He returned to Edinburgh in 1857 to pursue his own novel physical ideas but met with unyielding neglect and discouragement from the scientific establishment. Neglect was exacerbated by his own increasing reclusiveness and hostility to the learned societies. He worked on [[acoustics]], [[astronomy]], [[fluid mechanics]] and [[thermodynamics]].

			He left his Edinburgh home on 18 June and drowned in a nearby canal, possibly falling into the canal due to heat stress from his astronomical observation activities.<ref>[http://weblogs.uni.edu/hockey/archives/2008/09/how_astronomers.html ''How Astronomers Die'', a presentation by Historian Thomas Hockey]</ref>

			==Recognition after death==
			As discussed above, Waterston's paper submitted to the Royal Society was rejected. Some years after Waterston's death, [[Lord Rayleigh]] (Secretary of Royal Society at that time) managed to dig it out from the archives of the Royal Society. Finally, Waterson's paper was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1892. (Please see below.)

			==John Herapath ==

			[[John Herapath ]] was another contemporaneous English physicist who also worked on the kinetic theory, and whose work was also neglected at the time.

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			==Bibliography==
			*J.J. Waterston, "On the physics of media that are composed of free and perfectly elastic molecules in a state of motion", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, vol. 183 (1892), pp. 1–79. (Note: Waterston died in 1883 and his paper was published some years after his death.)
			*Haldane, J. S. (ed.) (1928) ''The Collected Scientific Papers of John James Waterston'', including a biography by Haldane.
			*Brush, S. G. (1957) "The development of the kinetic theory of gases: II. Waterston", ''Annals of Science'', vol. 13, pp275-282
			*- (1961) "John James Waterston and the kinetic theory of gases", ''American Scientist'', vol. 49, pp202-214
			* Daub, E. E. (1970) "Waterston, Rankine and Clausius on the kinetic theory of gases", ''Isis'' vol. 61, pp105-106

			==External links==
			*{{MacTutor Biography\|id=Waterston}}
			* [http://www.math.umd.edu/~lvrmr/History/Neglected.html Neglected Pioneers: John Herapath]

			{{Authority control\|VIAF=11834043}}
			{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
			\| NAME = Waterston, John James
			\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
			\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Scottish physicist
			\| DATE OF BIRTH = 1811
			\| PLACE OF BIRTH =
			\| DATE OF DEATH = 18 June 1883
			\| PLACE OF DEATH =
			}}
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Waterston, John James}}
			[[Category:1811 births]]
			[[Category:1883 deaths]]
			[[Category:Scottish physicists]]
			[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]

en>AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}}

2012-08-04T11:46:08Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}}

New page

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