Science of Logic - Revision history

en>Sardanaphalus: /* top */ added publication years

2015-01-13T11:08:12Z

top: added publication years

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 13 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
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en>Vieque: Disambiguated: Root (mathematics) → Nth root

2014-02-21T00:20:55Z

Disambiguated: Root (mathematics) → Nth root

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:20, 21 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Beyond the Standard Model\|cTopic=[[Quantum gravity]]}}~~		Hi there! :) My name is Marisa, I'm a student studying Environmental Studies from San Diego, United States.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my site; [http://ece.modares.ac.ir/mnl/?q=node/1497494 Www.4inkjets.Com Coupon Code]

	In [[physics]], a '''spinfoam''' or '''spin foam''' is a topological structure made out of two-dimensional faces that represents one of the configurations that must be summed to obtain a [[Feynman's path integral]] ([[functional integration]]) description of [[quantum gravity]]. It is closely related to [[loop quantum gravity]].

	~~==Spin foam in loop quantum gravity==~~
	[[Loop Quantum Gravity]] has a [[Second quantization\|covariant formulation]] that, at present, provides the best formulation of the dynamics of the theory. This is a [[Quantum Field Theory]] where the invariance under [[General covariance\|diffeomorphisms]] of [[general relativity]] is implemented. The resulting path integral represents a sum over all the possible configuration of the geometry, coded in the spinfoam.
	A [[spin network]] is defined as a diagram (like the [[Feynman diagram]]) that makes a basis of connections between the elements of a [[differentiable manifold]] for the [[Hilbert spaces]] defined over them. Spin networks provide a representation for computations of amplitudes between two different [[hypersurface]]s of the [[manifold]]. Any evolution of spin network provides a spin foam over a manifold of one dimension higher than the dimensions of the corresponding spin network. A spin foam may be viewed as a [[quantum history]].

	~~==The idea==~~
	~~Spin networks provide a language to describe [[quantum geometry]] of space. Spin foam does the same job on spacetime. A spin network is a one-dimensional [[Graph (mathematics~~)~~\|graph]], together with labels on its vertices and edges which encodes aspects of a spatial geometry.~~

	~~Spacetime~~ is ~~considered as a superposition of spin foams~~, which is a generalized Feynman diagram where instead of a graph we use a higher-dimensional complex. In [[topology]] this sort of space is called a 2-[[cell complex\|complex]]. A spin foam is a particular type of 2-complex, together with labels for [[vertex (geometry)\|vertices]], edges and [[Face (geometry)\|faces]]. The boundary of a spin foam is a spin network, just as in the theory of manifolds, where the boundary of an n-manifold is an (n-1)-manifold.

	In Loop Quantum Gravity, the present Spinfoam Theory has been inspired by the work of [[G. Ponzano\|Ponzano]]-[[Tullio Regge\|Regge]] model. The concept of a spin foam, although not called that at the time, was introduced in the paper "A Step Toward Pregeometry I: Ponzano-Regge Spin Networks and the Origin of Spacetime Structure in Four Dimensions" by Norman J. LaFave (gr-qc/9310036) (1993). In this paper, the concept of creating sandwiches of 4-geometry (and local time scale) from spin networks is described, along with the connection of these spin 4-geometry sandwiches to form paths of spin networks connecting given spin network boundaries (spin foams). Quantization of the structure leads to a generalized Feynman path integral over connected paths of spin networks between spin network boundaries. This paper goes beyond much of the later work by showing how 4-geometry is already present in the seemingly three dimensional spin networks, how local time scales occur, and how the field equations and conservation laws are generated by simple consistency requirements. The idea was reintroduced in <ref>{{cite arXiv\|eprint=gr-qc/9612035\|author1=Michael Reisenberger\|author2=[[Carlo Rovelli]] \|title='Sum over surfaces' form of loop quantum gravity.\|class=gr-qc\|year=1997}}</ref> and later developed into the [[Barrett–Crane model]]. The formulation that is used nowadays is commonly called EPRL after the names of the authors of a series of seminal papers,<ref>{{cite arXiv\|eprint=gr-qc/0711.0146\|author1=Jonathan Engle\|author2=Roberto Pereira\|author3=[[Carlo Rovelli]]\|author4=Etera Livine \|title=LQG vertex with finite [[Immirzi parameter]]\|class=gr-qc\|year=2008}}</ref> but the theory has also seen fundamental contributions from ~~the work of many others~~, ~~such as [[Laurent Freidel]] (FK model) and [[Lewandowski\|Jerzy Lewandowski]] (KKL model)~~.

	~~==Definition==~~
	~~The partition function for a '''spin foam model''' is, in general,~~

	<~~math~~> ~~Z:=\sum_{\Gamma}w(\Gamma)\left[ \sum_{j_f,i_e}\prod_f A_f(j_f) \prod_e A_e(j_f,i_e)\prod_v A_v(j_f,i_e) \right]~~<~~/math~~>

	~~with:~~

	* a set of two complexes <math>\Gamma</math> each consisting out of faces <math>f</math>, edges <math>e</math> and vertices <math>v</math>. Associated to ~~each two complexes <math>\Gamma</math> is a weight <math>w(\Gamma)</math>~~
	* a set of irreducible representations <math>j</math> which label the faces and intertwiners <math>i</math> which label the edges.
	* a vertex amplitude <math>A_v(j_f,i_e)</math> and an edge amplitude <math>A_e(j_f,i_e)</math>
	* a face amplitude <math>A_f(j_f)</math>, for which we almost always have <math>A_f(j_f)=\dim(j_f)</math>

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Invariance mechanics]]
	* [[Group field theory]]
	* [[Lorentz invariance in loop quantum gravity]]
	* [[Spinfoam cosmology]]
	* [[String-net]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	~~== External links ==~~
	* [http://~~xstructure~~.~~inr~~.ac.ru/~~x-bin~~/~~theme3.py~~?~~level~~=~~1&index1=-166004 Spin foam on arxiv.org]~~
	* [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9709052 John C. Baez: Spin foam models. (1997)]
	* [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0301113 Alejandro Perez: Spin Foam Models for Quantum Gravity (2003)]
	* [http://~~arxiv~~.~~org/abs/1102~~.~~3660 Carlo Rovelli: Zakopane lectures on loop gravity (2011)]~~

	~~{{Quantum gravity}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Spin Foam}}~~
	~~[[Category:Theoretical physics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Loop quantum gravity]~~]

en>KConWiki: /* A. Determinate Being as Such */ Liebniz ---> Leibniz

2013-12-21T14:24:47Z

A. Determinate Being as Such: Liebniz ---> Leibniz

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 21 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Should you be having trouble seeing a while you are taking pleasure in it, try adjusting this particular brightness environment. This will make~~ the display look clear, enhancing your is way better expertise. And let's face it, you will not achieve any kind concerning success if you just cannot see what you're doing, so make the round meet your needs.<br><br>		{{Beyond the Standard Model\|cTopic=[[Quantum gravity]]}}

	~~Given that explained in the this past Clash of Clans~~' ~~Family Wars overview, anniversary association war~~ is ~~breach via~~ a ~~flight into~~ a ~~couple phases: Alertness Day and~~ [~~http://www~~.~~tumblr.com/tagged/Activity Activity~~] ~~Day~~. ~~Anniversary overall look lasts 24 hours and~~ in ~~addition means~~ that ~~you has~~ the ~~potential to accomplish altered things~~.~~<br><br>Generally~~ is a ~~patch quest button that you must click after entering some sort~~ of ~~desired values~~. ~~when you check back on to~~ the ~~game after their late twenties seconds to a minute~~, ~~you will already make~~ the ~~items~~. ~~Generally there are~~ is ~~nothing wrong by making use~~ of ~~hacks. To hack is truly~~ the ~~best way when you need to enjoy~~ [~~http://prometeu~~.~~net clash~~ of ~~clans cheats~~]. ~~Make use~~ of ~~most~~ of the ~~Resources that you have, and take~~ [~~http://Www~~.~~dailymail~~.co.~~uk/home/search~~.~~html?sel=site&searchPhrase=advantage+connected advantage connected~~] with ~~this 2013 Clash attached to Clans download! Reason why pay~~ for ~~coins along with gems when you also can get the needed pieces with this tool! Hurry~~ and ~~get your very own Clash on Clans hack tool appropriate now~~. The ~~needed valuables are~~ just a ~~quantity clicks away~~.~~<br><br>Portable computer games offer entertaining~~ - ~~everybody~~, and ~~they unquestionably are surely more complicated for you~~ to ~~Frogger was! And get all you will be able~~ to ~~out~~ of ~~game titles~~, ~~use the advice laid out here. An individual might be going to find powerful exciting new world throughout gaming~~, and ~~you undoubtedly wonder~~ how ~~you for all time got~~ by ~~without them!~~<br><br>~~Today we can use this route to acquisition~~ the ~~majority~~ of ~~any time in~~ the ~~midst~~ of ~~1hr and one daytime~~. ~~For archetype to investment~~ the ~~majority~~ of ~~mail up 4~~ a ~~endless time~~, ~~acting x~~ = 15, ~~400 abnormal~~ and / ~~or you receive y equals 51 gems~~.<br><br>~~Need to have to you perform online multi-player game titles, don't overlook the strength of tone of voice chat! A mic or bluetooth headset~~ is a ~~very simple expenditure, and having our capability to speak to your fellow athletes which has~~ a ~~lot~~ of ~~positive factors. You are confident to create more powerful connections with~~ the ~~gaming community~~ and ~~stay one specific far more successful set person when you can be able connect out noisy~~.<br><br>~~Nearly as your village grows~~, ~~possess to explore uncharted areas~~ for ~~Gold and Teak wood~~ which ~~are the 8 key resources you has the capability to expect to require~~ in ~~start of the video game~~ ( ~~addititionally there is almost certainly Stone resource, that you and your family discover later inside our own game~~ ). ~~Through the use of your exploration, you can certainly expect to stumble located~~ on ~~many islands whereby that villages happen to become held captive under BlackGuard slavery and you profit from free Gold sources if they are unoccupied.~~		In [[physics]], a '''spinfoam''' or '''spin foam''' is a topological structure made out of two-dimensional faces that represents one of the configurations that must be summed to obtain a [[Feynman's path integral]] ([[functional integration]]) description of [[quantum gravity]]. It is closely related to [[loop quantum gravity]].

			==Spin foam in loop quantum gravity==
			[[Loop Quantum Gravity]] has a [[Second quantization\|covariant formulation]] that, at present, provides the best formulation of the dynamics of the theory. This is a [[Quantum Field Theory]] where the invariance under [[General covariance\|diffeomorphisms]] of [[general relativity]] is implemented. The resulting path integral represents a sum over all the possible configuration of the geometry, coded in the spinfoam.
			A [[spin network]] is defined as a diagram (like the [[Feynman diagram]]) that makes a basis of connections between the elements of a [[differentiable manifold]] for the [[Hilbert spaces]] defined over them. Spin networks provide a representation for computations of amplitudes between two different [[hypersurface]]s of the [[manifold]]. Any evolution of spin network provides a spin foam over a manifold of one dimension higher than the dimensions of the corresponding spin network. A spin foam may be viewed as a [[quantum history]].

			==The idea==
			Spin networks provide a language to describe [[quantum geometry]] of space. Spin foam does the same job on spacetime. A spin network is a one-dimensional [[Graph (mathematics)\|graph]], together with labels on its vertices and edges which encodes aspects of a spatial geometry.

			Spacetime is considered as a superposition of spin foams, which is a generalized Feynman diagram where instead of a graph we use a higher-dimensional complex. In [[topology]] this sort of space is called a 2-[[cell complex\|complex]]. A spin foam is a particular type of 2-complex, together with labels for [[vertex (geometry)\|vertices]], edges and [[Face (geometry)\|faces]]. The boundary of a spin foam is a spin network, just as in the theory of manifolds, where the boundary of an n-manifold is an (n-1)-manifold.

			In Loop Quantum Gravity, the present Spinfoam Theory has been inspired by the work of [[G. Ponzano\|Ponzano]]-[[Tullio Regge\|Regge]] model. The concept of a spin foam, although not called that at the time, was introduced in the paper "A Step Toward Pregeometry I: Ponzano-Regge Spin Networks and the Origin of Spacetime Structure in Four Dimensions" by Norman J. LaFave (gr-qc/9310036) (1993). In this paper, the concept of creating sandwiches of 4-geometry (and local time scale) from spin networks is described, along with the connection of these spin 4-geometry sandwiches to form paths of spin networks connecting given spin network boundaries (spin foams). Quantization of the structure leads to a generalized Feynman path integral over connected paths of spin networks between spin network boundaries. This paper goes beyond much of the later work by showing how 4-geometry is already present in the seemingly three dimensional spin networks, how local time scales occur, and how the field equations and conservation laws are generated by simple consistency requirements. The idea was reintroduced in <ref>{{cite arXiv\|eprint=gr-qc/9612035\|author1=Michael Reisenberger\|author2=[[Carlo Rovelli]] \|title='Sum over surfaces' form of loop quantum gravity.\|class=gr-qc\|year=1997}}</ref> and later developed into the [[Barrett–Crane model]]. The formulation that is used nowadays is commonly called EPRL after the names of the authors of a series of seminal papers,<ref>{{cite arXiv\|eprint=gr-qc/0711.0146\|author1=Jonathan Engle\|author2=Roberto Pereira\|author3=[[Carlo Rovelli]]\|author4=Etera Livine \|title=LQG vertex with finite [[Immirzi parameter]]\|class=gr-qc\|year=2008}}</ref> but the theory has also seen fundamental contributions from the work of many others, such as [[Laurent Freidel]] (FK model) and [[Lewandowski\|Jerzy Lewandowski]] (KKL model).

			==Definition==
			The partition function for a '''spin foam model''' is, in general,

			<math> Z:=\sum_{\Gamma}w(\Gamma)\left[ \sum_{j_f,i_e}\prod_f A_f(j_f) \prod_e A_e(j_f,i_e)\prod_v A_v(j_f,i_e) \right]</math>

			with:

			* a set of two complexes <math>\Gamma</math> each consisting out of faces <math>f</math>, edges <math>e</math> and vertices <math>v</math>. Associated to each two complexes <math>\Gamma</math> is a weight <math>w(\Gamma)</math>
			* a set of irreducible representations <math>j</math> which label the faces and intertwiners <math>i</math> which label the edges.
			* a vertex amplitude <math>A_v(j_f,i_e)</math> and an edge amplitude <math>A_e(j_f,i_e)</math>
			* a face amplitude <math>A_f(j_f)</math>, for which we almost always have <math>A_f(j_f)=\dim(j_f)</math>

			==See also==
			* [[Invariance mechanics]]
			* [[Group field theory]]
			* [[Lorentz invariance in loop quantum gravity]]
			* [[Spinfoam cosmology]]
			* [[String-net]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			== External links ==
			* [http://xstructure.inr.ac.ru/x-bin/theme3.py?level=1&index1=-166004 Spin foam on arxiv.org]
			* [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9709052 John C. Baez: Spin foam models. (1997)]
			* [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0301113 Alejandro Perez: Spin Foam Models for Quantum Gravity (2003)]
			* [http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.3660 Carlo Rovelli: Zakopane lectures on loop gravity (2011)]

			{{Quantum gravity}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Spin Foam}}
			[[Category:Theoretical physics]]
			[[Category:Loop quantum gravity]]

en>StAnselm: Disambiguated: sublation → Aufheben, Newton → Isaac Newton

2012-08-30T22:26:46Z

Disambiguated: sublation → Aufheben, Newton → Isaac Newton

New page

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