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	~~You can extend~~ the ~~range~~ of the ~~existing wireless signal and obtain~~ the ~~smooth performance in streaming high definition media or gaming~~, ~~lag-free~~ and ~~jitter-free~~. ~~Often called a transmission booster~~, ~~this gadget connects for your wireless router or wifi client where your antenna attaches - and increases~~ the ~~signal reception.~~<br><br>		'''Virial coefficients''' <math>B_i</math> appear as coefficients in the [[virial expansion]] of the pressure of a [[many-particle system]] in powers of the density, providing systematic corrections to the [[ideal gas]] law. They are characteristic of the interaction potential between the particles and in general depend on the temperature. The second virial coefficient <math>B_2</math> depends only on the pair interaction between the particles, the third (<math>B_3</math>) depends on 2- and [[Quantum_mechanical_explanation_of_intermolecular_interactions#Anisotropy_and_non-additivity_of_intermolecular_forces\|non-additive 3-body interactions]], and so on.

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			The first step in obtaining a closed expression for virial coefficients is a [[cluster expansion]]<ref>{{cite book \|first=T. L. \|last=Hill \|title=Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics \|publisher=Addison-Wesley \|year=1960 }}</ref> of the [[Partition function (statistical mechanics)\|grand canonical partition function]]
			:<math> \Xi = \sum_{n}{\lambda^{n}Q_{n}} = e^{\left(pV\right)/\left(k_{B}T\right)}</math>
			Here <math>p</math> is the pressure, <math>V</math> is the volume of the vessel containing the particles, <math>k_B</math> is [[Boltzmann's constant]], <math>T</math> is the absolute
			temperature, <math>\lambda =\exp[\mu/(k_BT)] </math> is the [[fugacity]], with <math>\mu</math> the [[Chemical Potential\|chemical potential]]. The quantity <math>Q_n</math> is the [[Partition function (statistical mechanics)\|canonical partition]] function of a subsystem of <math>n</math> particles:
			:<math> Q_n = \operatorname{tr} [ e^{- H(1,2,\ldots,n)/(k_B T)} ]. </math>
			Here <math>H(1,2,\ldots,n)</math> is the Hamiltonian (energy operator) of a subsystem of
			<math>n</math> particles. The Hamiltonian is a sum of the [[kinetic energy\|kinetic energies]] of the particles
			and the total <math>n</math>-particle [[potential energy]] (interaction energy). The latter includes pair interactions and possibly 3-body and higher-body interactions.
			The grand partition function <math>\Xi</math> can be expanded in a sum of contributions from one-body, two-body, etc. clusters. The virial expansion is obtained from this expansion by observing that <math> \ln \Xi </math> equals <math>p V / (k_B T )</math>.
			In this manner one derives
			:<math> B_2 = V \left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{Q_2}{Q_1^2}\right) </math>
			:<math> B_3 = V^2 \left[ \frac{2Q_2}{Q_1^2}\Big( \frac{2Q_2}{Q_1^2}-1\Big) -\frac{1}{3}\Big(\frac{6Q_3}{Q_1^3}-1\Big)
			\right] </math>.
			These are quantum-statistical expressions containing kinetic energies. Note that the one-particle partition function <math>Q_1</math> contains only a kinetic energy term. In the classical limit
			<math>\hbar = 0</math> the kinetic energy operators commute with the potential operators and
			the kinetic energies in numerator and denominator cancel mutually. The trace (tr) becomes an integral over the configuration space. It follows that classical virial coefficients depend on the interactions between the particles only and are given as integrals over the particle coordinates.

			The derivation of higher than <math>B_3</math> virial coefficients becomes quickly a complex combinatorial problem. Making the classical approximation and
			neglecting non-additive interactions (if present), the combinatorics can be handled graphically as first shown by [[Joseph E. Mayer]] and [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]].<ref>{{cite book \|first=J. E. \|last=Mayer \|first2=M. \|last2=Goeppert-Mayer \|title=Statistical Mechanics \|publisher=Wiley \|location=New York \|year=1940 }}</ref>

			They introduced what is now known as the [[Mayer function]]:
			:<math>f(1,2) = \exp\left[- \frac{u(\|\vec{r}_1- \vec{r}_2\|)}{k_B T}\right] - 1 </math>
			and wrote the cluster expansion in terms of these functions. Here
			<math>u(\|\vec{r}_1- \vec{r}_2\|)</math>
			is the interaction potential between particle 1 and 2 (which are assumed to be identical particles).

			==Definition in terms of graphs==
			The virial coeffcients <math>B_i</math> are related to the irreducible [[Mayer cluster integral]]s <math>\beta_i</math> through

			:<math>B_{i+1}=-\frac{i}{i+1}\beta_i</math>

			The latter are concisely defined in terms of graphs.

			:<math>\beta_i=\mbox{The sum of all connected, irreducible graphs with one white and}\ i\ \mbox{black vertices}</math>

			The rule for turning these graphs into integrals is as follows:
			# Take a graph and [[vertex labeling\|label]] its white vertex by <math>k=0</math> and the remaining black vertices with <math>k=1,..,i</math>.
			# Associate a labelled coordinate '''''k''''' to each of the vertices, representing the continuous degrees of freedom associated with that particle. The coordinate '''0''' is reserved for the white vertex
			# With each bond linking two vertices associate the [[Mayer f-function]] corresponding to the interparticle potential
			# Integrate over all coordinates assigned to the black vertices
			# Multiply the end result with the [[symmetry number]] of the graph, defined as the inverse of the number of [[permutation]]s of the black labelled vertices that leave the graph topologically invariant.
			The first two cluster integrals are

			:{\|
			\|<math>b_1=</math> \|\|[[Image:Graph Cluster integral 1.PNG\|100px]] \|\| <math>=\int d\mathbf{1} f(\mathbf{0},\mathbf{1})</math>
			\|-
			\|<math>b_2=</math> \|\| [[Image:Graph Cluster integral 2.PNG\|100px]] \|\| <math>=\frac{1}{2}\int d\mathbf{1} \int d\mathbf{2} f(\mathbf{0},\mathbf{1})f(\mathbf{0},\mathbf{2})f(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{2})</math>
			\|}
			The expression of the second virial coefficient is thus:
			:<math>B_2 = -2\pi \int {\Big( e^{-u(\|\vec{r}_1\|)/(k_BT)} - 1 \Big)} \cdot r^2 d\vec{r}_1 ,</math>
			where particle 2 was assumed to define the origin (<math> \vec{r}_2 = \vec{0} </math>).
			This classical expression for the second virial coefficient was first derived by [[Leonard Ornstein]] in his 1908 [[Leiden University]] Ph.D. thesis.

			==See also==
			*[[Boyle temperature]] - temperature at which the second virial coefficient <math>B_{2}</math> vanishes
			*[[Excess molar quantity\|Excess virial coefficient]]

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			*{{cite book \|first=J. H. \|last=Dymond \|first2=E. B. \|last2=Smith \|title=The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures: a Critical Compilation \|publisher=Clarendon \|location=Oxford \|year=1980 \|isbn=0198553617 }}
			*{{cite book \|first=J. P. \|last=Hansen \|first2=I. R. \|last2=McDonald \|title=The Theory of Simple Liquids \|publisher=Academic Press \|location=London \|year=1986 \|isbn=012323851X \|edition=2nd }}
			*http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/50/10/10.1063/1.1670902
			*http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/50/11/10.1063/1.1670994
			* Reid, C. R. , Prausnitz, J. M., Poling B. E., Properties of gases and liquids, IV edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1987

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Virial Coefficient}}
			[[Category:Statistical mechanics]]

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