en>Schlafly: /* Physics */ add thermodynamics

2013-08-16T06:29:08Z

Physics: add thermodynamics

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:29, 16 August 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hi there~~, ~~I am Alyson Boon although~~ it is not the ~~title on my birth certificate~~. ~~I've~~ usually ~~cherished living~~ in ~~Kentucky but now I'~~m ~~contemplating other options~~. ~~What I adore performing~~ is ~~soccer but I don't~~ have the ~~time recently~~. ~~Invoicing~~ is ~~my profession~~.<br><br>~~My homepage real psychics~~ - [http://~~myfusionprofits~~.~~com~~/~~groups~~/~~find~~-~~out~~-~~about~~-~~self-improvement-tips-here~~/ ~~myfusionprofits~~.com] -		'''Zero moment point''' is a concept related with [[dynamics (mechanics)\|dynamics]] and control of legged [[wikt:locomotion\|locomotion]], e.g., for [[humanoid robot]]s. It specifies the point with respect to which dynamic reaction force at the contact of the foot with the ground does not produce any [[moment of inertia\|moment]] in the horizontal direction, i.e. the point where the total of vertical [[inertia]] and gravity forces equals 0 (zero). The concept assumes the contact area is planar and has sufficiently high friction to keep the feet from sliding.

			==Introduction==

			This concept was introduced in January 1968 by [[Miomir Vukobratović]] at The Third All-Union Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics in Moscow. In the following works and papers that were produced between 1970 and 1972 it would then be called zero moment point and would be spread around the world.

			The zero moment point is a very important concept in the [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] planning for biped robots. Since they have only two points of contact with the floor and they are supposed to [[walk]], “[[running\|run]]” or “[[jumping\|jump]]” (in the motion context), their motion has to be planned concerning the dynamical stability of their whole body. This is not an easy task, especially because the upper body of the robot (torso) has larger [[mass]] and [[inertia]] than the legs which are supposed to support and move the robot. This can be compared to the problem of balancing an [[inverted pendulum]].

			The [[trajectory]] of a walking robot is planned using the [[angular momentum\| angular momentum equation]] to ensure that the generated [[joint]] trajectories guarantee the dynamical postural stability of the robot, which usually is quantified by the distance of the zero moment point in the boundaries of a predefined stability region. The position of the zero moment point is affected by the referred mass and inertia of the robot’s torso, since its motion generally requires large ankle [[torque]]s to maintain a satisfactory dynamical postural stability.

			One approach to solve this problem consists in using small trunk motions to stabilize the posture of the robot. However, some new planning methods are being developed to define the trajectories of the legs’ links in such a way that the torso of the robot is naturally steered in order to reduce the ankle torque needed to compensate its motion. If the trajectory planning for the leg links is well succeeded, then the zero moment point won’t move out of the predefined stability region and the motion of the robot will become smoother, mimicking a natural trajectory.

			==ZMP computation==

			The resultant force of the inertia and gravity forces acting on a biped robot is expressed by the formula:

			:<math>F_{}^{gi} = mg - ma_G</math>

			where <math>m</math> is the total mass of the robot, <math>g</math> is the acceleration of the gravity, <math>G</math> is the center of mass and <math>a_G</math> is the acceleration of the center of mass.

			The moment in any point <math>X</math> can be defined as:

			:<math>M_X^{gi} = \overrightarrow{XG} \times mg - \overrightarrow{XG} \times ma_G - \dot {H}_G</math>

			where <math>\dot{H}_G</math> is the rate of angular momentum at the center of mass.

			The Newton–Euler equations of the global motion of the biped robot can be written as:

			:<math>F_{}^c + mg = ma_G</math>

			:<math>M_X^c + \overrightarrow{XG} \times mg = \dot {H}_G + \overrightarrow{XG} \times ma_G</math>

			where <math>F_{}^c</math> is the resultant of the contact forces at X and <math>M_X^c</math> is the moment related with contact forces about any point X.

			The Newton–Euler equations can be rewritten as:

			:<math>F_{}^c + (mg - ma_G) = 0</math>

			:<math>M_X^c + (\overrightarrow{XG} \times mg - \overrightarrow{XG} \times ma_G - \dot {H}_G) = 0</math>

			so it’s easier to see that we have:

			:<math>F_{}^c + F^{gi} = 0</math>

			:<math>M_X^c + M_X^{gi} = 0</math>

			These equations show that the biped robot is dynamically balanced if the contact forces and the inertia and gravity forces are strictly opposite.

			If an axis <math>\Delta^{gi}</math> is defined, where the moment is parallel to the normal vector <math>n</math> from the surface about every point of the axis, then the Zero Moment Point (ZMP) necessarily belongs to this axis, since it is by definition directed along the vector <math>n</math>. The ZMP will then be the intersection between the axis <math>\Delta^{gi}</math> and the ground surface such that:

			:<math>M_Z^{gi} = \overrightarrow{ZG} \times mg - \overrightarrow{ZG} \times ma_G - \dot{H}_G</math>

			with

			:<math>M_Z^{gi} \times n = 0</math>

			where <math>Z</math> represents the ZMP.

			Because of the opposition between the gravity and inertia forces and the contact forces mentioned before, the <math>Z</math> point (ZMP) can be defined by:

			:<math>\overrightarrow{PZ} = \frac {n \times M_P^{gi}}{F^{gi} \cdot n}</math>

			where <math>P</math> is a point on the contact plane, e.g. the normal projection of the center of mass.

			==See also==
			* Honda's [[Asimo]] robot, which uses ZMP control.
			* [[TOPIO]]
			* [[HUBO]]

			==External links==
			* [http://www.takanishi.mech.waseda.ac.jp/top/research/wabian/index.htm WABIAN-2R]

			==References==
			* [http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2004.832811 Forces Acting on a Biped Robot, Center of Pressure—Zero Moment Point.] Philippe Sardain and Guy Bessonnet. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics—Part A. Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 630–637, 2004. ([http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1325327 alt1], [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/tsmc/tsmca34.html#SardainB04 alt2])
			* [[Miomir Vukobratovic\|Vukobratović, Miomir]] and Borovac, Branislav. [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~cga/legs/vukobratovic.pdf Zero-moment point—Thirty five years of its life]. [[International Journal of Humanoid Robotics]], Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 157–173, 2004.
			* Goswami, Ambarish. [http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/6/523 Postural Stability of Biped Robots and the Foot-Rotation Indicator (FRI) Point]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, Vol. 18, No. 6, 523–533 (1999).

			[[Category:Robot control]]
			[[Category:1968 introductions]]
			[[Category:1968 in robotics]]

en>David Eppstein: /* See also */ add Reversible cellular automaton; alphabetize

2012-01-16T01:35:09Z

See also: add Reversible cellular automaton; alphabetize

New page

Hi there, I am Alyson Boon although it is not the title on my birth certificate. I've usually cherished living in Kentucky but now I'm contemplating other options. What I adore performing is soccer but I don't have the time recently. Invoicing is my profession.<br><br>My homepage real psychics - [http://myfusionprofits.com/groups/find-out-about-self-improvement-tips-here/ myfusionprofits.com] -

Reversible dynamics - Revision history

en>Schlafly: /* Physics */ add thermodynamics

en>David Eppstein: /* See also */ add Reversible cellular automaton; alphabetize