Renormalization group - Revision history

en>Arlene47: /* History */

2015-01-02T03:15:44Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:15, 2 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hola! I am Dalton. Acting~~ is ~~without~~ a ~~doubt a thing~~ that ~~Now i~~'~~m totally addicted~~ to. ~~My apartment~~ is ~~now~~ in ~~Vermont~~ and ~~I don~~'t ~~software on changing it~~. ~~I am~~ a ~~cashier~~. I~~'m not high-quality at webdesign but~~ you ~~might want~~ to ~~check my website: http://prometeu~~.~~net~~<br><br>~~my website~~ ... ~~hack clash~~ of ~~clans,~~ [http://~~prometeu~~.~~net mouse click~~ the ~~up coming webpage~~],		She was hoping for one baby, and the news that we are having two is a double blessing. Check out what medicines you and your partner are taking even the ones that you think may not be affecting you could have bad side effects. Sometimes just by using natural methods of eliminating stress and insomnia, infertility can be managed. When trying to get pregnant, go for having sex thrice each week that will deal with any kind of doubtful times if you aren't particularly certain if you ovulated. It is an excellent source of selenium that is considered to boost men fertility and help to avoid the breaking of chromosome that occurs in early miscarriage. <br><br>Are you looking for some information on how to get pregnant step by step. The fact that you have spent so much time wondering, How can I get pregnant. Therefore, what you eat can boost your chances of conceiving and keep your body in top condition for baby making. You can direct Sims to fall in love and start their very own family. You might reason that both of you are young and healthy, so conceiving a child won't be a problem. <br><br>In fact, it can be used as a remedy for curing quite a few other ailments and it is a superior resource of nutrition. ivf, in vitro treatment, infertility, ivf risks, ivf costs. Studies show that people who do these things have easier pregnancies and healthier babies. There will be boost in dimensions as couples age and the woman's monthly ovulation decreases. Getting pregnant after 35 doesn't have to be a stressful event. <br><br>The cleansing program, followed by optimal nutrition and vitamins supplementation, may enhance your fertility. It is just a matter of finding the perfect remedy for your situation. I eenjoy presenting people today details on acquiring pregnant. The luteal phase and begins the day of ovulation and ends on the day you begin to menstruate. Drink lots of water to rid off toxins in your body. <br><br>So for example, in case you ovulate on day 14 you'd probably remain away from sex on day 11-12. If a couple decides to go for consultation of medical experts then first thing is to fix up an appointment with infertility specialist. Couples are affected with the situation of course - they are involved in the condition and some have fallen apart from each other after trying so many methods in getting pregnant tips. It's encouraging to know that many women who have made the effort to adopt a healthy lifestyle are having no difficulty whatsoever in getting pregnant with PCOS, which has become a thing of the past for them. Alternative methods needs time to work in contrast to surgical treatment and prescribed prescription drugs but don't get disheartened since you must strive for what you wish and stay consistent so you will have a baby.<br><br>If you have any questions about where and how to use [http://www.quebec-1759.info/sitemap/ what is the best sex position to get pregnant fast], you can get in touch with us at our site.

en>Cuzkatzimhut: /* History */ wikilinking to prevent confusions as per talk page.

2014-02-25T17:32:58Z

History: wikilinking to prevent confusions as per talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:32, 25 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{Modulation techniques}}~~		Hola! I am Dalton. Acting is without a doubt a thing that Now i'm totally addicted to. My apartment is now in Vermont and I don't software on changing it. I am a cashier. I'm not high-quality at webdesign but you might want to check my website: http://prometeu.net<br><br>my website ... hack clash of clans, [http://prometeu.net mouse click the up coming webpage],
	~~A '''continuous wave''' or '''continuous waveform''' ('''CW''') is an [[electromagnetic wave]] of constant [[amplitude]] and [[frequency]]; and in [[mathematical analysis]], of infinite duration~~. ~~Continuous wave~~ is ~~also the name given to an early method of [[radio]] [[transmission (telecommunications)\|transmission]], in which~~ a [[carrier wave]] is switched on and off. [[Information]] is carried in the varying duration of the [[on-off keying\|on and off periods]] of the signal, for example by [[Morse code]] in early radio. In early [[wireless telegraphy]] radio transmission, CW waves were also known as "undamped waves", to distinguish this method from [[damped wave]] transmission.

	~~== Radio ==~~
	~~Very early radio transmitters used~~ a [[spark gap]] to produce radio-frequency oscillations in the transmitting antenna. The signals produced by these [[spark-gap transmitter]]s consisted of brief pulses of radio frequency oscillations which died out rapidly to zero, called [[damped wave]]s. The disadvantage of damped waves was that they produced [[electromagnetic interference]] that spread over the transmissions of stations at other [[Frequency\|frequencies]]. Mathematically, the extremely wideband excitation provided by the spark gap was bandpass filtered by the self-oscillating antenna side circuit, which, because of its simple construction, also had a relatively broad and poorly controlled filter characteristic.

	~~This motivated efforts~~ to produce radio frequency oscillations that decayed more slowly. Strictly speaking, an unmodulated continuous carrier has no bandwidth and cannot interfere with signals at other frequencies, but conveys no information either. ~~Thus it~~ is ~~commonly understood that the act of keying the carrier on and off is necessary. However,~~ in ~~order to bring the bandwidth of the resulting signal under control, the buildup~~ and ~~decay of the radio frequency envelope needs to be slower than that of the early spark gap implementations~~.

	~~When this is done, the spectrum of the signal approaches that of~~ a ~~continuous sinusoidal oscillation, while temporally its [[amplitude]] varies between zero and full carrier strength~~. As such, the resulting narrower bandwidth mode of operation is to this day described as "continuous wave". The resulting signal allows many radio stations to share a given band of frequencies without noticeable mutual interference.

	~~In on~~-off carrier keying, if the carrier wave is turned on or off abruptly, [[Shannon–Hartley theorem \| communications theory]] can show that the [[Bandwidth (signal processing) \|bandwidth]] will be large; if the carrier turns on and off more gradually, the bandwidth will be smaller. The bandwidth of an on-off keyed signal is related to ~~the data transmission rate as~~:
	~~<math> B_n = B K <~~/~~math>~~
	~~where <math>B_n<~~/~~math> is the necessary bandwidth in hertz,~~
	~~<math>B </math> is the keying rate in signal changes per second [[baud]],~~
	and <math> K </math> is a constant related to the expected radio propagation conditions; K=1 is difficult for a human ear to decode, K=3 or K=5 is used when fading or [[multipath propagation]] is expected. <~~ref~~> ~~L. D. Wolfgang, C. L. Hutchinson (ed) ''The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs, Sixty Eighth Edition'', ([[ARRL]], 1991) ISBN 0-87259-168-9, pages 9-8, 9-9~~ <~~/ref~~>What is transmitted in the extra bandwidth used by a [[transmitter]] that turns on/off more abruptly is known as ''key clicks''. Certain types of power amplifiers used in transmission may increase the effect of key clicks.

	~~The first transmitters capable of producing continuous wave, the [[Alexanderson alternator]] and [[vacuum tube]] [[oscillator]]s, became widely available after [[World War I]].~~

	~~[[File:Bencher paddle~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|250px\|A commercially manufactured paddle for use with electronic keyer to generate Morse code]]~~

	Early radio transmitters could not be modulated to transmit speech, and so CW radio telegraphy was the only form of communication available. CW still remained a viable form of radio communication for many years after voice transmission was perfected, because simple transmitters could be used. The low bandwidth of the code signal, due in part to low information transmission rate, allowed very selective filters to be used in the receiver which blocked out much of the atmospheric noise that would otherwise reduce the intelligibility of the signal.

	~~Continuous-wave radio was called [[radiotelegraphy]] because like the [[telegraph]], it worked by means of a simple switch to transmit [[Morse code]]~~. ~~However, instead~~ of ~~controlling the electricity in a cross-country wire~~, ~~the switch controlled the power sent to a radio [[transmitter]]. This mode is still in common use by [[amateur radio]] operators.~~

	~~A [[continuous-wave radar]] system is one where a continuous wave is transmitted by one [[Antenna (radio)\|aerial]] while a second aerial receives the reflected [[radio]] energy.~~

	In military communications and [[amateur radio]], the terms "CW" and "Morse code" are often used interchangeably, despite the distinctions between the two. Morse code may be sent using [[direct current]] in wires, sound, or light, for example. A carrier wave is keyed on and off to represent the dots and dashes of the code elements. The carrier's amplitude and frequency remains [[constant envelope \| constant]] during each code element. At the receiver, the received signal is mixed with a [[heterodyne]] signal from a BFO ([[beat frequency oscillator]]) to change the radio frequency impulses to sound. Though most commercial traffic has now ceased operation using Morse it is still popular with amateur radio operators. [[Non-directional beacon]]s used in air navigation use Morse to transmit their identifier.

	~~==Laser physics==~~
	In [[laser physics]] and engineering, "continuous wave" or "CW" refers to a [[laser]] that produces a continuous output beam, sometimes referred to as "free-running," as opposed to a [[q-switched]], [[gain-switching\|gain-switched]] or [[modelocking\|modelocked]] laser, which has a pulsed output beam.

	~~== See also ==~~
	* [[Amplitude modulation]]
	* [[The CW Operators' Club]]
	* [[Damped wave]]
	* [[On-off keying]]
	* [[Tikker]]
	* [[Types of radio emissions]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	*[http://~~www~~.~~w8ji.com/cw_bandwidth_described.htm CW Bandwidth Described]~~

	~~{{Morse code}}~~

	~~[[Category:Radio modulation modes]]~~
	~~[[Category:Amateur radio]]~~
	~~[[Category:Laser science]~~]

en>Monkbot: /* History */Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

2014-01-29T05:53:24Z

History: Fix CS1 deprecated date parameter errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:53, 29 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~The BMI~~ is a ~~measure of body fat founded~~ on ~~a formula that counts~~ the ~~ratio~~ of the ~~fat~~ and ~~height. The body mass chart is an indicator~~ of the ~~harmonious weight~~ for ~~your height plus is~~ a ~~more authentic indicator of body fat than merely fat alone~~. ~~It'~~s ~~a powerful way~~ to ~~check whether you're general~~, ~~obese or overweight~~.~~<br><br>Free resource~~ that ~~we never have to cognise how to puzzle out~~ the [~~http://safedietplansforwomen~~.~~com/bmi~~-~~chart bmi chart]~~. ~~The online tool does~~ it ~~for we~~. In order to do to ~~choose any~~ of the ~~charts on~~ this ~~page~~. ~~It won't take much time~~.<br><br>~~37. Making time for yourself: Running = sanity. Alone or with friends it has great therapeutic results which last all day long bmi chart men. I find doing it early~~ in ~~the morning~~ is ~~best because I understand I'll receive my run inside and "existence stuff" during~~ the ~~day usually not get~~ in ~~the technique.~~<br><br>~~11) Subtract~~ the ~~lean body mass from your bodyweight~~. ~~Take this amount and multiply it by 100~~. ~~Once we receive this outcome~~, ~~divide it by the bodyweight~~.<br>~~<br>Obesity~~ is ~~regarded~~ as the many ~~hyped difficulties of now~~ because of the ~~growing amount~~ of ~~people with all~~ the ~~condition plus~~ because it ~~will cause different life~~-~~threatening conditions~~. ~~An obese individual~~ is ~~more prone to diabetes~~, ~~heart diseases~~, ~~stroke~~, ~~and joint issues~~. ~~So, sustaining a healthy body weight~~ is ~~necessary~~.~~<br><br>Massage: Another Dara Torres staple~~ and ~~1 of my personal favorites~~. ~~It refuses to bmi chart women matter should you have~~ a ~~fabulous spouse like I do or get~~ from a ~~pro, it works~~ to ~~relieve~~ the ~~stress of training plus tired muscles~~. ~~You can even do~~ it ~~oneself w/ some videos by Rich Poley whom wrote~~ "~~Self Massage for Athletes~~"~~.<br><br>To make certain~~ that ~~all these measurements are accurate~~, ~~you want~~ to ~~be inside .5~~ a ~~centimeter~~, or a .~~25 centimeter, if possible. Men and ladies measure different components~~ of ~~their body.~~<br>~~<br>There are too little fluctuations in the BMI thresholds for the both sexes, plus for different races~~. ~~For instance, medical practice suggests which the grade of regular body mass chart should be lower for people of oriental origin~~. ~~If you've any worries or questions regarding the Body Mass Index then see the doctor~~.		{{Modulation techniques}}
			A '''continuous wave''' or '''continuous waveform''' ('''CW''') is an [[electromagnetic wave]] of constant [[amplitude]] and [[frequency]]; and in [[mathematical analysis]], of infinite duration. Continuous wave is also the name given to an early method of [[radio]] [[transmission (telecommunications)\|transmission]], in which a [[carrier wave]] is switched on and off. [[Information]] is carried in the varying duration of the [[on-off keying\|on and off periods]] of the signal, for example by [[Morse code]] in early radio. In early [[wireless telegraphy]] radio transmission, CW waves were also known as "undamped waves", to distinguish this method from [[damped wave]] transmission.

			== Radio ==
			Very early radio transmitters used a [[spark gap]] to produce radio-frequency oscillations in the transmitting antenna. The signals produced by these [[spark-gap transmitter]]s consisted of brief pulses of radio frequency oscillations which died out rapidly to zero, called [[damped wave]]s. The disadvantage of damped waves was that they produced [[electromagnetic interference]] that spread over the transmissions of stations at other [[Frequency\|frequencies]]. Mathematically, the extremely wideband excitation provided by the spark gap was bandpass filtered by the self-oscillating antenna side circuit, which, because of its simple construction, also had a relatively broad and poorly controlled filter characteristic.

			This motivated efforts to produce radio frequency oscillations that decayed more slowly. Strictly speaking, an unmodulated continuous carrier has no bandwidth and cannot interfere with signals at other frequencies, but conveys no information either. Thus it is commonly understood that the act of keying the carrier on and off is necessary. However, in order to bring the bandwidth of the resulting signal under control, the buildup and decay of the radio frequency envelope needs to be slower than that of the early spark gap implementations.

			When this is done, the spectrum of the signal approaches that of a continuous sinusoidal oscillation, while temporally its [[amplitude]] varies between zero and full carrier strength. As such, the resulting narrower bandwidth mode of operation is to this day described as "continuous wave". The resulting signal allows many radio stations to share a given band of frequencies without noticeable mutual interference.

			In on-off carrier keying, if the carrier wave is turned on or off abruptly, [[Shannon–Hartley theorem \| communications theory]] can show that the [[Bandwidth (signal processing) \|bandwidth]] will be large; if the carrier turns on and off more gradually, the bandwidth will be smaller. The bandwidth of an on-off keyed signal is related to the data transmission rate as:
			<math> B_n = B K </math>
			where <math>B_n</math> is the necessary bandwidth in hertz,
			<math>B </math> is the keying rate in signal changes per second [[baud]],
			and <math> K </math> is a constant related to the expected radio propagation conditions; K=1 is difficult for a human ear to decode, K=3 or K=5 is used when fading or [[multipath propagation]] is expected. <ref> L. D. Wolfgang, C. L. Hutchinson (ed) ''The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs, Sixty Eighth Edition'', ([[ARRL]], 1991) ISBN 0-87259-168-9, pages 9-8, 9-9 </ref>What is transmitted in the extra bandwidth used by a [[transmitter]] that turns on/off more abruptly is known as ''key clicks''. Certain types of power amplifiers used in transmission may increase the effect of key clicks.

			The first transmitters capable of producing continuous wave, the [[Alexanderson alternator]] and [[vacuum tube]] [[oscillator]]s, became widely available after [[World War I]].

			[[File:Bencher paddle.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|A commercially manufactured paddle for use with electronic keyer to generate Morse code]]

			Early radio transmitters could not be modulated to transmit speech, and so CW radio telegraphy was the only form of communication available. CW still remained a viable form of radio communication for many years after voice transmission was perfected, because simple transmitters could be used. The low bandwidth of the code signal, due in part to low information transmission rate, allowed very selective filters to be used in the receiver which blocked out much of the atmospheric noise that would otherwise reduce the intelligibility of the signal.

			Continuous-wave radio was called [[radiotelegraphy]] because like the [[telegraph]], it worked by means of a simple switch to transmit [[Morse code]]. However, instead of controlling the electricity in a cross-country wire, the switch controlled the power sent to a radio [[transmitter]]. This mode is still in common use by [[amateur radio]] operators.

			A [[continuous-wave radar]] system is one where a continuous wave is transmitted by one [[Antenna (radio)\|aerial]] while a second aerial receives the reflected [[radio]] energy.

			In military communications and [[amateur radio]], the terms "CW" and "Morse code" are often used interchangeably, despite the distinctions between the two. Morse code may be sent using [[direct current]] in wires, sound, or light, for example. A carrier wave is keyed on and off to represent the dots and dashes of the code elements. The carrier's amplitude and frequency remains [[constant envelope \| constant]] during each code element. At the receiver, the received signal is mixed with a [[heterodyne]] signal from a BFO ([[beat frequency oscillator]]) to change the radio frequency impulses to sound. Though most commercial traffic has now ceased operation using Morse it is still popular with amateur radio operators. [[Non-directional beacon]]s used in air navigation use Morse to transmit their identifier.

			==Laser physics==
			In [[laser physics]] and engineering, "continuous wave" or "CW" refers to a [[laser]] that produces a continuous output beam, sometimes referred to as "free-running," as opposed to a [[q-switched]], [[gain-switching\|gain-switched]] or [[modelocking\|modelocked]] laser, which has a pulsed output beam.

			== See also ==
			* [[Amplitude modulation]]
			* [[The CW Operators' Club]]
			* [[Damped wave]]
			* [[On-off keying]]
			* [[Tikker]]
			* [[Types of radio emissions]]

			==References==
			<references/>

			*[http://www.w8ji.com/cw_bandwidth_described.htm CW Bandwidth Described]

			{{Morse code}}

			[[Category:Radio modulation modes]]
			[[Category:Amateur radio]]
			[[Category:Laser science]]

en>Bibcode Bot: Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 0 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot

2012-08-23T13:07:48Z

Adding 1 arxiv eprint(s), 0 bibcode(s) and 0 doi(s). Did it miss something? Report bugs, errors, and suggestions at User talk:Bibcode Bot

New page

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